Development and validation of a Quality of Life Scale for elementary school students | International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology

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Note. Anxiety scores, displayed under a loglineal transformation, from the treatment (SSL) groups (dark lines), the waiting-list groups (solid grey lines), and the placebo (SW) groups (dashed grey lines). Error bars depict the standard error of the mean." ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Xavier Bornas, Alejandro de la Torre-Luque, Aina Fiol-Veny, Maria Balle" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Xavier" "apellidos" => "Bornas" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Alejandro" "apellidos" => "de la Torre-Luque" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Aina" "apellidos" => "Fiol-Veny" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Maria" "apellidos" => "Balle" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1697260017300030?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/16972600/0000001700000002/v1_201705240017/S1697260017300030/v1_201705240017/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:18 [ "pii" => "S1697260017300224" "issn" => "16972600" "doi" => "10.1016/j.ijchp.2017.04.001" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2017-05-01" "aid" => "92" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Int J Clin Health Psychol. 2017;17:171-9" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 1822 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 68 "HTML" => 1204 "PDF" => 550 ] ] "en" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Original Article" "titulo" => "Peer sexual cybervictimization in adolescents: Development and validation of a scale" "tienePdf" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "171" "paginaFinal" => "179" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Cibervictimización sexual entre adolescentes: desarrollo y validación de una escala" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 2645 "Ancho" => 2685 "Tamanyo" => 181337 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Diagram of the second-order model for sexual cybervictimization. Note. SCV=Sexual cybervictimization (α=.84); ASCV=Ambiguous sexual Cybervictimization; PSCV=Personal sexual Cybervictimization; all values shown in the diagram are standardized; the standardized errors appear in brackets. n=292." ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Virginia Sánchez, Noelia Muñoz-Fernández, Esther Vega-Gea" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Virginia" "apellidos" => "Sánchez" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Noelia" "apellidos" => "Muñoz-Fernández" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Esther" "apellidos" => "Vega-Gea" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1697260017300224?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/16972600/0000001700000002/v1_201705240017/S1697260017300224/v1_201705240017/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:19 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Original article" "titulo" => "Development and validation of a Quality of Life Scale for elementary school students" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "180" "paginaFinal" => "191" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Chun-Hsia Huang, Tze-Fang Wang, Fu-In Tang, I-Ju Chen, Shu Yu" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Chun-Hsia" "apellidos" => "Huang" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Tze-Fang" "apellidos" => "Wang" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Fu-In" "apellidos" => "Tang" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "I-Ju" "apellidos" => "Chen" ] 4 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Shu" "apellidos" => "Yu" "email" => array:2 [ 0 => "yushu@ym.edu.tw" 1 => "shuyuym@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author. School of Nursing, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nong St., Taipei 11221, Taiwan." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Desarrollo y validadción de la Quality Life Scale para escolares de Educación Primaria" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1843 "Ancho" => 2500 "Tamanyo" => 337032 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Conceptual framework of fifth and sixth grade students’ quality of life (Retrieved from <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Huang et al., 2007</a>)." ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "According to the World Health Organization (WHO), mental health and emotional well-being are as crucial as physical health in determining the performance and success of children in school. Quality of life (QoL) is a construct for quantifying well-being and evaluating the effectiveness of interventions for children and adolescents (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160">Ravens-Sieberer, Karow, Barthel, & Klasen, 2014</a>), and schools offer the most suitable environments for providing interventions for children with poor QoL (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215">Weare & Nind, 2011</a>). The World Health Organization (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225">WHO, 1996</a>) defines QoL as an “individual's perceptions of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards and concerns”. However, this definition of QoL does not specifically apply to children and adolescents. Children's QoL has been defined as the subjective perception of well-being and happiness (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">Davis, Waters, Shelly, & Gold, 2008</a>). A multifaceted concept, QoL has extensive outcome measures (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165">Rodrigues, Pedroso, & Pontes, 2015</a>).In previous studies, children's QoL has been measured by employing “adult-centric” instruments (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140">Parizi et al., 2014</a>). Therefore, developing child-specific QoL instruments is imperative. Moreover, instruments specifically customized to assess QoL in children and adolescents are inferior to those available for adults (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160">Ravens-Sieberer et al., 2014</a>). Social, community, family, and school environments are more relevant in assessing children's QoL than that of adults (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200">Thorrington & Eames, 2015</a>). In addition to overall health, QoL affects children's learning and academic achievements, which are regulated by factors such as familial and societal influences and life experiences (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125">Maggino, 2016</a>). Furthermore, children's QoL assessments must be age sensitive because physical and cognitive development is a major influence; children experience various problems and concerns at the different development stages (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220">Wee, Chua, & Li, 2006</a>). For instance, children aged between 10 and 12 years are in the early stages of puberty, which is a period of rapid growth, characterized by a desire for more independence, increased attention to appearance, disagreement with parents, and increased importance of peer relationships (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135">Missotten, Luyckx, Branje, Vanhalst, & Goossens, 2011</a>).In addition to the difference in concerns among age groups, the relevance of relationships with parents, teachers, and peers varies among cultures (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035">Clefberg Liberman, Altuzarra, Ost, & Oilendren, 2012; Schwarz et al., 2012</a>). Although cultural differences are diminishing because of globalization, certain disparities remain, necessitating the cross-cultural validation of QoL instruments (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015">Carbó-Carreté, Guàrdia-Olmos, & Giné, 2015; Rajmil et al., 2012</a>). However, most QoL instruments for children and adolescents have been developed in Western countries and therefore cannot be applied to children and adolescents from countries with different cultural backgrounds (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085">Houben-van Herten, Bai, Hafkamp, Landgraf, & Raat, 2015; Simões, Santos, & Biscaia, 2016</a>). In Asian countries such as China, Taiwan, Japan, and Korea, emphasis has traditionally been placed on school performance, and this emphasis persists today.In 2015, there were 35 publications on English-language instruments relevant to health-related QOL for children and adolescents (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">Janssens et al., 2015</a>): only 21 have been used in published studies and only one was specifically for adolescents, aged 13–15 years, in Taiwan (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">Fuh, Wang, Lu, & Juang, 2005</a>); none of the studies applied to early adolescents in Taiwan. An age- and culture-specific QoL measurement instrument for children can facilitate the evaluation of their well-being. Therefore, we developed and validated a QoL instrument specifically for Taiwanese children in the early stages of puberty (the upper grades of elementary school). The elementary school QoL instrument can measure the health and well-being of these students. Because well-being is one of the crucial factors that can positively affect a student's academic experience (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215">Weare & Nind, 2011</a>), evaluating QoL may facilitate optimizing elementary school students’ performance at school.In this study we developed a QoL instrument specific for children in the early phase of puberty (the upper grades of elementary school), and then evaluated the scale's reliability, factor structure, and validity.MethodParticipantsWe recruited students, aged 10–12 years, from 14 elementary schools in Taiwan to test the psychometric properties of the ESQoL. Consent for the schools’ participation was obtained from the directors of student affairs through in-person visits. The students and one of their respective parents provided written informed consent. We distributed questionnaires to 953 students and 711 were returned, resulting in a response rate of 74.61%. Furthermore, for reliability testing, 60 students participated in a test–retest reliability evaluation over a 2-week period, and another 49 students participated in convergent and discriminant validity assessment.Instrument developmentThe elementary school students’ QoL (termed ESQoL) scale was developed by employing a standardized multistep method (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">Barry, Chancy, Stellefson, & Chaney, 2011</a>). We validated the scale by using a two-stage test. At Stage 1, the goal of the data reduction was to develop a comprehensive scale, which measured quality of life of students at the age of early puberty. At Stage 2, we examined the final ESQoL scale for construct validity and internal consistency.ProcedureBefore the study was conducted, institutional review boards (IRBs) reviewed and approved the study protocol, informed consent, and questionnaire. We obtained informed consent from all participants included in the study. The students were provided a consent form that explained the purpose and method of the study and participants’ rights. They then shared the consent form with their parents. Participation was anonymous, confidential, and voluntary. We allowed the students and parents the freedom to decide whether to participate and provide information.Statistical analysesSPSS for Windows (version 18.0) was used for the statistical analyses. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, item analysis, EFA, and Pearson's correlation coefficient; LISREL 8.8 Software (SSI International, Inc.) was used for the CFA.Item generationWe began developing the ESQoL by applying a content analysis and constant comparison methods approach to the in-depth interview data for the focus group of fifth and sixth grade elementary students in Taiwan (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Huang, Yu, Lai, & Sheu, 2007</a>). We divided the 70 questionnaire items into four major domains (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>): self-fulfillment of growth and independence (16 items); family wholeness and harmony (18 items); adaptation of identity to the school environment (20 items); and perceived social safety and stability (16 items). Items worded negatively for the construct were reverse coded and scored. The respondents rated each item on a 5-point scale, with 1=never, 2=rarely, 3=sometimes, 4=often, and 5=always.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Item reductionContent validity. The panel comprised six experts: two pediatric nursing experts, two school nurses, one qualitative research expert, and one community health expert. We provide the measurement aim, the target population, a clear framework definition, and item selection to a panel. The panel also determined the content validity index (CVI), which is used for evaluating meaning and clarity, by using a 4-point Likert scale (1=not relevant, 2=somewhat relevant, 3=quite relevant, 4=highly relevant) to avoid a neutral midpoint (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">Davis, 1992</a>). The panel met thrice to evaluate the original 70 items and exclude any theoretically or practically irrelevant questions or any ambiguous items that apparently repeated the essential content of other items. We eliminated items with CVI values lower than .83, which resulted in a 50-item questionnaire. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115">Lynn (1986)</a> indicated that content validity depends on subjective or professional judgment; however, inclusion of at least five experts in the field determined that the I-CVI must be 1.00; when there are six experts, the I-CVI must be at least .83. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195">Terwee et al. (2007)</a> suggested that excellent content validity has an I-CVI of .78 or higher.Stage 1. We examined student responses to the 50-item questionnaire in Stage 1. The goal of the data reduction was to develop a comprehensive scale, which measured quality of life of students at the age of early puberty. Further item reduction occurred in Stage 1. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">DeVellis (2012)</a> suggests item reduction is a valuable means of improving the quality of items that will be used in later tests, and to assess the quality of the test as a whole. 283 students answered the 50-item preliminary questionnaire, 151 male (53.4%) and 132 female (46.4%). Participants answered the questions by responding to with one of five statements (1=never, to 5=always). The scale scores were analyzed with descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviations, slope), item difficulty measures, item discrimination indexes, and item: total correlation. Examination of the 50-item questionnaire by exploratory factor analysis (EFA) allowed for further item reduction. EFA can be employed for data reduction as it can identify items that are interrelated (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">DeVellis, 2012</a>) and can eliminate redundant items, consisting of any items with similar meaning, as well as any items causing confusion. The aim of the analysis was to reveal the underlying factors and reduce the question set to retain those items that reflected a broad based definition of ESQoL.Stage 2: Validity of the ESQoL scale. Stage 2 determined whether the final ESQoL scale accurately identified factors that are important for quality of life of elementary school students. A 24-item ESQoL questionnaire was tested in Stage 2. Validity of the questionnaire was confirmed with criterion validity, to evaluate by correlations between scores on the PedsQoL scale (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210">Varni, Seld, & Rode, 1999</a>) and the ESQoL, internal consistency measured and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). In Stage 2 428 children from 5th and 6th grade completed the 24-item, 6-factor questionnaire 222 male (51.9%) and 206 female (48.1%). The CFA of the ESQoL scale assessed the relevance of the questionnaire constructed through the EFA. If the model developed from the exploratory data set has a good fit with the confirmatory data set, then the same factor structure is considered to exist in both data sets, confirming the factor structure. A maximum likelihood estimation was used to assess the model fit according to the covariance matrix of the confirmatory data set. We followed the recommendation by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">Browne and Cudeck (1993)</a> and calculated the chi-square (χ2) value, the standardized root mean square residual (SRMR), and the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA). Supplementing these indices, we examined model fit by using the comparative fit index (CFI), goodness of fit index (GFI), normed fit index (NFI), and nonnormed fit index (NNFI). Generally, the criterion for establishing model fit suggests that CFI, GFI, and NFI values close to 0.90 represent an acceptable fit and values of 0.90 or higher indicate a good fit (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">McCoach, Gable, & Madura, 2013</a>).ResultsSociodemographic characteristicsOf the participants, 373 (52.46%) were male and 338 (47.57%) were female. 547 healthy participants, and 164 with chronic disease (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>). At Stage 1, using cluster random sampling, we recruited 283, 151 male (53.4%) and 132 female (46.4%), fifth and sixth grade students from six elementary schools to complete a 50-item preliminary questionnaire.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia>At Stage 2, we selected 428, 222 male (51.9%) and 206 female (48.1%), fifth and sixth grade students from eight elementary schools to complete a 24-item, six-factor questionnaire.Stage 1: Evaluation of the 50-item ESQoL scaleItem analysis. The means for ESQoL items ranged from 2.92 to 4.58 (SD ranged from 0.81 to 1.49). The scores for all items did not exceed 2.5 SDs from the mean, indicating that all items were adequate. In the extreme groups, the t value of each item was between 2.15 and 9.08 (p=.033 to<001); for the homogeneity test, the item-total correlation coefficients ranged from .36 to .53. On the basis of the item analysis results, we retained all items at this stage.Exploratory factor analysis. We examined the 50-item questionnaire through the EFA, which enabled further item reduction. Following the EFA, 26 items were excluded from the 50-item scale, which resulted in 24 items and six common factors with eigenvalues greater than 1.0. The Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin measure of sampling adequacy was .81. We identified six factors, School function, Family function, Environmental life, Vitality for life, Learning ability, and Peer relationships, that explained 44.01% of the total variance (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>). The School function factor comprises five items for investigating the children's view of relationships with teachers and friends at school. The Family function factor comprises four items for assessing the extent of caring and interaction with family members and parents’ willingness to listen. The Environmental life factor comprises two items regarding the cleanliness, pollution, and noise level of the home environment. The Vitality for life factor comprises three items for assessing feelings about extracurricular activities and autonomy; this factor explores the children's level of leisure time and independence, which includes freedom of choice and negative reactions. The Learning ability factor comprises four items for examining feelings about academic work (difficulty in studying, comprehension of course work, and time), learning and concentration, and negative academic achievement. The Peer relationships factor comprises three items for investigating interactions with classmates, including negative relationships, acceptance by peers, and presence of friendships and bullying.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia>Stage 2: Evaluation of the final ESQoL scaleConcurrent validity. We determined the validity of the ESQoL scale by assessing criterion validity with reference to the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) generic core scale (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210">Varni et al., 1999</a>). Since 1998, many countries have translated, tested, and proven the validity of this scale, and it has been applied to both healthy and ill children. The self-report PedsQL gathers information from children of ages 5–18years. The four-dimensional 23-item scale comprises the domains of physical functioning (eight items), emotional functioning (five items), social functioning (five items), and school functioning (five items). Internal consistency reliability was defined as α=.09 on the original scale, or α=.62–.90 on the Chinese scale (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110">Lin, 2012</a>). A correlation of .30–.50 was medium; at least .70 was deemed acceptable (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045">Cohen, 1977; Terwee et al., 2007</a>).In order to estimate the concurrent validity between the PedsQL and ESQoL, Pearson's correlation coefficient for the total scale (n=49) was .43 (p<.002).Reliability. Cronbach's α was used to examine the internal consistency of the scales. A coefficient of .70 was acceptable (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">DeVellis, 2012</a>). Test–retest reliability was assessed over a 2-week period in 60 students. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to calculate the test–retest reliability, and ICC>.70 was considered an adequate reliability score (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">McCoach et al., 2013</a>). The overall scale reliability for the items was very good, with Cronbach's alpha for the subscale ranging from .74 to .90 and being .90 for the entire scale. The ICCs (test–retest reliability) ranged from .79 to .89 for the subscales and .89 for the entire scale. These results confirmed that the ESQoL has good stability.Confirmatory factor analysis. CFA was applied to the 24 items identified in the EFA data set and provided an acceptable, but relatively poor, fit based on the goodness-of-fit statistics: χ2/df=608.17/237, p<.001, CFI=.93, GFI=.89, NFI=0.88, NNFI=.91, SRMR=.069, and RMSEA=.061. Inspection revealed that three of the 24 items had quality values lower than .50, and we excluded them. The factor structure model was retested on the remaining 21 items, and we observed support for the model in the confirmatory data set: χ2=347.27, df=174, p<001, CFI=.95, GFI=.93, NFI=.91, NNFI=.94, SRMR=.05, and RMSEA=.048 (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 2</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia>We performed additional CFA to determine the goodness of fit; the ESQoL was compared with conceptualizations of five-factor structure models. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a> illustrates that the fit indices improved immensely when both the one-factor and uncorrelated factors models were compared with the null model. The hierarchical model was retained as the model with the best fit because it indicated that each of the six factors were interrelated first-order factors and that they were also all related to a second-order factor termed ESQoL. Retention of this model supported the assumption that these six scales are subscales of one larger scale (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Figure 3</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia>Therefore, the six scales can be administered individually or combined into one scale. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Figure 3</a> presents the hierarchical model with factor loadings and the standardized maximum likelihood parameter estimates (path coefficients). The factor loadings and most path coefficients were strong; however, the Environmental Life factor had a weak coefficient of 0.29.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">Hair, Black, Babin, Anderson, and Tatham (2006)</a> suggested using multiple criteria when performing CFA, in addition to model fit evaluation, to gain a clear understanding of the individual parameters. We performed three additional factor extractions to confirm the model structure, as presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>: item quality (λ), composite reliability (CR), and average variance extracted (AVE). The data in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a> demonstrate the statistical significance that each observation variable had relative to its individual latent variable factor load (λ). All factors had values of .50 or higher, demonstrating that the observed variable sufficiently reflected its construct's latent variable (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190">Tabachnick & Fidell, 2007</a>). Factors with a CR of .63 were considered good (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145">Raine-Eudy, 2000</a>), and all factors appropriately exceeded this level, except for the Vitality for Life factor, which had a value of .63. The acceptable AVE ranged between .30 and .66; all six first-order factors demonstrated values within this range, exhibiting good strength (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">Fornell & Larcker, 1981</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">Table 5</a> presents estimates for Pearson's correlation from all factors, which are similar to those the model originally proposed.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0025"></elsevierMultimedia>Reported quality of lifeAs show in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0030">Table 6</a>, the overall of “Elementary schoolchildren quality of life” was 3.64 (SD=0.55). Analyzing from the six domains, we discovered overall quality of life have “peer relationship” rated as the highest (mean±SD=4.38±0.87), followed by “learning ability” (mean±SD=4.16±0.69), and lastly “environment life” (mean±SD=3.88±1.03). In addition, total score (t=-3.38, p<.001), school function (t=-5.70, p<.001) and vitality for life (t=-3.39, p=.001), females have significant higher than males.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0030"></elsevierMultimedia>DiscussionThis study developed a new instrument for evaluating the QoL of fifth and sixth grade students in Taiwan. The 21-item six-factor ESQoL was determined to be reliable through both EFA and CFA. The factors identified are consistent with the elements reported to influence learning and academics, which can affect early adolescents’ QoL. We conducted EFA and CFA, which have been used to assess reliability and validity as well as the factor structure for a scale (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">Barry et al., 2011</a>). The CFA confirmed that the ESQoL can be employed as a measurement instrument to assess the QoL of fifth and sixth grade elementary school students.In terms of concurrent validity, ESQoL total scores were determined to be moderately correlated with PedsQL total scores. This result may be caused by two reasons. First, the sample size of 49 students may have been too small, therefore it may have resulted in minimal correlations. This can be an area of improvement in future studies. Secondly, this study assumes that societal differences between Eastern and Western countries should be considered when evaluating children's quality of life; the concurrent validity result of this study seems to support this assumption, but larger samples should be investigated for verification.Analyses of the ESQoL identified six factors, of which School Function, Family Function, Environmental Life, learning ability and Peer Relationships are similar to the factors identified in previous studies on QoL for children (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035">Clefberg Liberman et al., 2012; Landgraf, 2014; Ravens-Sieberer et al., 2006; Starfield et al., 1995; Varni et al., 1999</a>); however, our questionnaire is minor different because it evaluates Learning ability and Vitality for Life. These are crucial measures for students in most developed countries in Asia, including Taiwan, where parents are extremely concerned about their children's academic performance (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025">Chan, Ng, & Chan, 2014; Tzeng, 2007</a>). A focus group study in Singapore demonstrated that Asian and Western children although minor and important different exist, such as school work load, but still shared similar notions of QoL (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220">Wee et al., 2006</a>). Most parents believe that providing numerous learning activities is essential for their children; however, they also believe that “children's time in school should not be wasted without learning anything” (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175">Shih & Yi, 2014</a>). Thus, children attend after-school programs (known as “cram” schools) to not only reinforce schoolwork but also learn other skills, such as language, music, dance, and computer skills. Consequently, children experience pressure from long hours of after-school learning, which prevents children from having a high level of Vitality for Life, and they often experience unhappiness. By contrast, children's free time in the United States is not restricted by the family requirement that extracurricular activities must have an academic component; children in the United States may learn more by playing and exploring their environments (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030">Chen, 2005; Shih & Yi, 2014</a>). If used in a different cultural setting, the ESQoL instrument can accurately measure Vitality for Life to reveal cultural differences in the student population.In the quality of life reported, we found that females scored significantly higher than males in total scores, school function, and vitally for life, this is similar to the study result conducted by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">Ghotra, McIsaac, Kirk, and Kuhle (2016)</a> which investigated 629 Canadian elementary school children in grades four to six; however, it is different from the findings of <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">Clefberg Liberman, Larsson, Altuzarra, Öst, and Ollendick (2015)</a>’s study, which investigated 1,352 children in Chile and Sweden, and found that males scored significantly higher than females; in addition, it is also different from the findings of <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">Clefberg Liberman et al., 2012</a>’s study, which investigated 729 students aged 8 to 14, and found that there is no significant difference between both genders. Therefore, this is subject to future studies of different age groups, economic conditions and cross-national comparisons to better understand their differences.This study provides the groundwork for the further expansion of the ESQoL scale, which requires additional psychometric testing to develop a more comprehensive scale. Additional validation of the ESQoL instrument will necessitate longitudinal studies that examine the causal relationships between the factors of ESQoL and school performance in elementary school settings. ESQoL scale measurement can also provide data for investigating the gradual changes in students’ QoL.The results of this study suggest that the ESQoL scale is provide an appropriate instrument for measuring the QoL of elementary school students in the early stages of puberty (fifth and sixth grade students) and support the factor structure, reliability, and validity of the measures. We identified six factors of the ESQoL scale and these fit the hierarchical model: School function, Family function, Environmental life, Vitality for life, Learning ability, and Peer relationships. Each of these six factors exhibited good internal reliability and constituted a model with a good fit with the data. The six factors were moderately correlated with each other, suggesting that they each assess related, although distinct, components of elementary school children's QoL. The 21-item ESQoL is a short questionnaire that can be administered in a school setting. It can facilitate identifying concerns that may interfere with a student's ability to perform adequately and feel comfortable in school.ConclusionsThe 21-item ESQoL is a short questionnaire that can be administered in a school setting. To our knowledge, this is the first instrument for measuring QoL concerns that pertain to elementary school students in Taiwan. It evaluates the QoL of students in the early stages of puberty. However, the extent to which the ESQoL can facilitate identifying concerns that may interfere with a student's ability to perform adequately and feel comfortable in school requires additional studies.Health care providers have the responsibility to monitor the overall health and well-being of children. Nurses and pediatricians are responsible for “providing preventive services, early identification of problems, interventions, and referrals to foster health and educational success” (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120">Magalnick & Mazyck, 2008</a>). This can also include alleviating academic stress, bullying, and family concerns by identifying the problems and providing emotional support and interventions (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">Lineberry & Ickes, 2015</a>).The ESQoL instrument developed in this study was a valid instrument and an appropriate for assessing students’ life satisfied and performance levels. Understanding the school and personal difficulties of fifth and sixth grade students can facilitate identifying a student's problems that can be resolved with interventions such as the application of coping strategies.Despite its contributions, this study has certain limitations. The study was limited to fifth and sixth grade students in the early adolescence stage; the age range of the students may have been too narrow. Regarding the concurrent validity, and the test - retest reliability, we enrolled two samples of 49 and 60 students as subjects for testing. Most questionnaires collected from students were anonymous, and it was difficult to obtain consent from parents and students while using the test–retest method. We look forward to having larger samples for testing and retesting, which would allow for greater consistency in similar studies in the future. Furthermore, we did not examine the influence of the family's socioeconomic status, physical activity and cross culture data (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">Carbó-Carreté, Guàrdia-Olmos, Giné, & Schalock, 2016</a>); all such factors may affect fifth and sixth graders’ QoL. Hence, we recommend that future studies on the ESQoL scale consider these additional variables.FundingThis study was conducted with the support from the Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Grant VGH 46504." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:10 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres842532" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Background/Objective" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec837758" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres842531" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Antecedentes/Objetivo" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec837759" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Method" "secciones" => array:6 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Participants" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Instrument development" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Procedure" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Statistical analyses" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Item generation" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Item reduction" ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Results" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Sociodemographic characteristics" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Stage 1: Evaluation of the 50-item ESQoL scale" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Stage 2: Evaluation of the final ESQoL scale" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "Reported quality of life" ] ] ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0065" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0070" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0075" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 9 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2016-06-25" "fechaAceptado" => "2017-01-02" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec837758" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Quality of life" 1 => "Elementary school students" 2 => "Psychometric properties" 3 => "Instrumental study" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec837759" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Calidad de vida" 1 => "escolares de Educación primaria" 2 => "Propiedades psicométricas" 3 => "estudio instrumental" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "Background/ObjectiveEmotional well-being affects the school performance of elementary school children. Quality of life (QoL) measurements are indicative of emotional well-being; however, the development of assessment tools suitable for measuring the QoL of elementary school children has received little attention and, therefore, the creation of reliable assessment tools for measuring QoL among this population is required. Method: We employed qualitative and quantitative research methods to develop and validate a QoL scale for elementary school children in Taiwan. We used cluster random sampling to recruit 711 fifth and sixth grade students, aged 10–12 years, from 14 elementary schools. Results: The scale comprised six factors (School function, Family function, Environmental life, Vitality for life, Learning ability, and Peer relationships) that explained 44% of the variance. The developed 21-item elementary school QoL (ESQoL) instrument had high internal consistency and satisfactory reliability and validity. Conclusions: The ESQoL instrument can facilitate the evaluation of factors associated with students’ emotional well-being. Additional studies using the ESQoL instrument are required to assess its applicability for evaluating relationships between QoL and school performance and other areas of student life." "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Background/Objective" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "Antecedentes/ObjetivoEl bienestar emocional afecta el rendimiento escolar de los niños de Educación Primaria. Las mediciones de la calidad de vida (QoL) son indicativas del bienestar emocional. Sin embargo, el desarrollo de herramientas de evaluación adecuadas para medir la calidad de vida de niños de Educación Primaria ha recibido escasa atención y, por lo tanto, se requiere la creación de herramientas de evaluación confiables para medir la calidad de vida en esta población. Método: Se empleraron métodos de investigación cualitativa y cuantitativa para desarrollar y validar una escala de QoL para niños de Primaria en Taiwán. Se utilizó un muestreo aleatorio por grupos para reclutar a 711 estudiantes de Quinto y Sexto Grado, de 10 a 12 años, de 14 escuelas primarias. Resultados: La escala agrupa seis factores (Función escolar, Función familiar, Vida ambiental, Vitalidad para la vida, Capacidad de aprendizaje y Relaciones entre compañeros) que explican el 44% de la varianza. El instrumento de QoL (ESQoL) de 21 ítems tiene alta fiabilidad de consistencia interna y validez satisfactoria. Conclusiones: El instrumento ESQoL puede facilitar la evaluación de factores asociados con el bienestar emocional de los escolares. Se requieren estudios adicionales utilizando el instrumento ESQoL para evaluar su aplicabilidad en el análisis de las relaciones entre QoL y rendimiento escolar, y otras áreas del ámbito escolar." "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Antecedentes/Objetivo" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:9 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1843 "Ancho" => 2500 "Tamanyo" => 337032 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Conceptual framework of fifth and sixth grade students’ quality of life (Retrieved from <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Huang et al., 2007</a>)." ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 5660 "Ancho" => 5334 "Tamanyo" => 1035782 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Elementary school students’ quality of life model. Confirmatory factor analysis based on 21 items and six factors. Note. School=School Function; Family=Family Function; Environment=Environmental Life; Vitality=Vitality for Life; Learning=Learning Ability; Peer=Peer Relationships; df=degrees of freedom; RMSEA=root mean square error of approximation." ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 5240 "Ancho" => 6000 "Tamanyo" => 801647 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Hierarchical model and factor loadings resulting from confirmatory factor analysis. Note. ESQoL=elementary school students’ quality of life; School=School Function; Family=Family Function; Environment=Environmental Life; Vitality=Vitality for Life; Learning=Learning Ability; Peer=Peer Relationships." ] ] 3 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "Note. Stage 1: Evaluation of the 50-item ESQoL scale. Stage 2: Evaluation of the final ESQoL scale." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"></th><th class="td" title="table-head " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total (N=711)</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="4" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Stage1 (n=283)</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="4" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Stage2 (n=428)</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Male</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Female</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Male</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Female</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="11" align="left" valign="top">Grade</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">5th \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">357 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">50.21 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">73 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">25.80 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">70 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">24.73 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">110 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">25.70 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">104 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">24.30 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">6th \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">354 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">49.79 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">78 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">27.56 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">62 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">21.91 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">112 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">26.17 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">102 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">23.83 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="11" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="11" align="left" valign="top">State of health</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Healthy \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">547 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">76.93 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">123 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">43.46 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">96 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">52.46 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">174 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">40.65 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">154 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">35.98 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Chronic disease \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">164 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">23.07 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">28 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">15.30 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">36 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">14.24 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">48 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">11.21 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">52 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">12.15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1422942.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Sociodemographic characteristics of the participants." ] ] 4 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at2" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "Note. Extraction Method: Principal Component Factoring. Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization. Only factor loadings greater than .50 are reported, in order to aid interpretation of the factor structure. Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy: .81" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Domain/Item</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="6" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Component</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top">Factor 1: School function</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">C39. I have close friends \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.73 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">C35. I am willing to share pleasure with classmates \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.71 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">C36. I have many other good friends \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.65 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">C38. Classmates will comfort me, when I feel down \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.63 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">C33. My teacher cares about me \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.55 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top">Factor 2: Family function</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">C16. My family cares for each other \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.64 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">C17. My family makes time to talk \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.62 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">C18. My family spends time going out \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.60 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">C12. My parents will listen patiently \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.55 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top">Factor 3: Environmental life</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">C2. My living environment is dirty and polluted \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.75 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">C3. My living environment is very noise \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.71 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">C40. I feel fear or frightened \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.60 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">C42. I am worried that something might happen to me \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.56 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top">Factor 4: Vitality for life</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">C22. After school tutoring make me feel tired \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.69 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">C23. I do not have enough leisure time \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.65 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">C46. I cannot make my own daily schedule \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.58 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top">Factor 5: Learning ability</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">C21. I have difficulty with school wok \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.68 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">C24. I cannot understand the school course \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">C27. I feel no one cares about my school work in my family \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.59 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">C28. I feel I cannot learn any better \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.52 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">C20. I do not have time to do school work \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.51 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top">Factor 6: Peer relationships</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">C32. My classmates exclude me \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.81 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">C30. I do not want to be friends with anyone \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.79 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">C31. I am bullied for no reason \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.63 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Eigenvalue \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.87 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.47 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.16 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.98 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.60 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.38 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">% of variance \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">9.22 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">8.27 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.53 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6.19 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5.67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Cumulative % \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">9.22 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">17.49 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">25.02 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">32.14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">38.332 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">44.01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1422944.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Exploratory factor analyses of 24-item elementary schoolchildren quality of life scale." ] ] 5 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at3" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "Note. *p<.05. **p<.01." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Model \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">X2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">df \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Chi/df \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">GFI \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">NNFI \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">CFI \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">RMSEA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SRMR \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Null \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1432.70<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">***</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">188 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.62 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.72 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.63 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.140 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">One factor \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1745.44<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">***</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">189 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">9.24 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.72 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.63 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.139 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Uncorrelated factors \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1352.85<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">***</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">188 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.84 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.65 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.69 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.084 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Correlated factors \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">347.27<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">***</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">174 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.00 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.93 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.94 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.95 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.048 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Hierarchical \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">397.09<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">***</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">183 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.17 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.92 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.93 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.94 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.052 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.65 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1422941.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0005" "etiqueta" => "***" "nota" => "p<.001." ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Elementary School Students’ Quality of Life Scale." ] ] 6 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0020" "etiqueta" => "Table 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at4" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "Note. λ=Oblique pattern parameter estimation; CR=Composite reality; AVE=Average variance extracted." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Item \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">λ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">CR \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">AVE \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Factor 1: School function (S) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.79 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.43 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">S1: I have close friends \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.68 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">S2: I am willing to share pleasure with classmates \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.75 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">S3: I have many other good friends \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.64 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">S4: Classmates will comfort me, when I feel down \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.69 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">S5: My teacher cares about me \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.52 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Factor 2: Family function (F) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.70 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.37 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">F1: My family cares for each other \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.65 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">F2: My family makes time to talk \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.69 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">F3: My family spends time going out \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.59 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">F4: My parents will listen patiently \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.51 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Factor 3: Environmental life (E) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.79 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.65 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">E1: My living environment is dirty and polluted \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.76 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">E2: My living environment is very noisy \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.86 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Factor 4: Vitality for life (V) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.63 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.36 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">V1: After school tutoring makes me feel tired \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.55 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">V2: I do not have enough leisure time \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.71 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">V3: I cannot make my own daily schedule \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.54 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Factor 5: Learning ability (L) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.63 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.31 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">L1: I have difficulty with schoolwork \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.66 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">L2: I cannot understand the school courses \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.50 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">L3: I feel I cannot learn any better \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.50 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">L4: I do not have time to do school work \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.55 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Factor 6: Peer Relationships (P) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.80 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.57 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">P1: My classmates exclude me \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.82 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">P2: I do not want to be friends with anyone \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.79 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">P3: I am bullied for no reason \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.65 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1422943.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "The 21-Item 6-Factor Elementary School Students’ Quality of Life (ESQOL) Scale." ] ] 7 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0025" "etiqueta" => "Table 5" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at5" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "Note. *p<.05." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SF \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">FF \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">EL \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">VOL \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">LA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">PR \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Total \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">SF \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.73<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">***</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">FF \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.61<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">***</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.40<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">***</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">EL \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.35<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">***</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.07 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.04 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">VOL \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.62<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">***</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.22<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">***</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.26<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">***</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.15<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.59<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">***</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.19<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">***</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.22<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">***</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.17 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.35<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">***</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">PR \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.56<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">***</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.27<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">***</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.09 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.17 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.28<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">***</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.36<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">***</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1422940.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0010" "etiqueta" => "**" "nota" => "p<.01." ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0015" "etiqueta" => "***" "nota" => "p<.001.; SF=school function, FF=family function, EL= environmental life, VOL=vitality for life, LA=learning ability, PR=peer relationships." ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Correlations between 6 factors and the total score." ] ] 8 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0030" "etiqueta" => "Table 6" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at6" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "Note. SF=school function, FF=family function, EL=environmental life, VOL=vitality for life, LA=learning ability, PR=peer relationships." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Scales \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Male \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Female \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">t \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Total \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.64 (0.55) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.56 (0.55) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.74 (0.53) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">−3.38 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">SF \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.67 (1.02) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.41 (1.04) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.96 (0.94) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">−5.70 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">FF \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.28 (1.03) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.24 (1.03) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.31 (1.03) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">−.67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.506 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">EL \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.88 (1.03) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.89 (1.03) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.86 (1.03) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.375 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.708 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">VOL \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.65 (1.05) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.48 (1.10) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.82 (0.96) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">−3.39 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4.16 (0.69) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4.19 (0.68) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4.13 (0.70) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.80 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.424 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">PR \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4.38 (0.87) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4.35 (0.89) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4.41 (0.85) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">−.70 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.484 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1422939.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Means (SD) ESQoL scores by the gender." ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:45 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "Barry et al., 2011" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "So you want to develop a survey: Practical recommendations for scale development" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "A.E. 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Development and validation of a Quality of Life Scale for elementary school students

Desarrollo y validadción de la Quality Life Scale para escolares de Educación Primaria

Chun-Hsia Huang, Tze-Fang Wang, Fu-In Tang, I-Ju Chen, Shu Yu

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yushu@ym.edu.tw
shuyuym@gmail.com

Corresponding author. School of Nursing, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nong St., Taipei 11221, Taiwan.

National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan

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          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Conceptual framework of fifth and sixth grade students&#8217; quality of life &#40;Retrieved from <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Huang et al&#46;&#44; 2007</a>&#41;&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to the World Health Organization &#40;WHO&#41;&#44; mental health and emotional well-being are as crucial as physical health in determining the performance and success of children in school&#46; Quality of life &#40;QoL&#41; is a construct for quantifying well-being and evaluating the effectiveness of interventions for children and adolescents &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160">Ravens-Sieberer&#44; Karow&#44; Barthel&#44; &#38; Klasen&#44; 2014</a>&#41;&#44; and schools offer the most suitable environments for providing interventions for children with poor QoL &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215">Weare &#38; Nind&#44; 2011</a>&#41;&#46; The World Health Organization &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225">WHO&#44; 1996</a>&#41; defines QoL as an &#8220;individual&#39;s perceptions of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals&#44; expectations&#44; standards and concerns&#8221;&#46; However&#44; this definition of QoL does not specifically apply to children and adolescents&#46; Children&#39;s QoL has been defined as the subjective perception of well-being and happiness &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">Davis&#44; Waters&#44; Shelly&#44; &#38; Gold&#44; 2008</a>&#41;&#46; A multifaceted concept&#44; QoL has extensive outcome measures &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165">Rodrigues&#44; Pedroso&#44; &#38; Pontes&#44; 2015</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In previous studies&#44; children&#39;s QoL has been measured by employing &#8220;adult-centric&#8221; instruments &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140">Parizi et al&#46;&#44; 2014</a>&#41;&#46; Therefore&#44; developing child-specific QoL instruments is imperative&#46; Moreover&#44; instruments specifically customized to assess QoL in children and adolescents are inferior to those available for adults &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160">Ravens-Sieberer et al&#46;&#44; 2014</a>&#41;&#46; Social&#44; community&#44; family&#44; and school environments are more relevant in assessing children&#39;s QoL than that of adults &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200">Thorrington &#38; Eames&#44; 2015</a>&#41;&#46; In addition to overall health&#44; QoL affects children&#39;s learning and academic achievements&#44; which are regulated by factors such as familial and societal influences and life experiences &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125">Maggino&#44; 2016</a>&#41;&#46; Furthermore&#44; children&#39;s QoL assessments must be age sensitive because physical and cognitive development is a major influence&#59; children experience various problems and concerns at the different development stages &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220">Wee&#44; Chua&#44; &#38; Li&#44; 2006</a>&#41;&#46; For instance&#44; children aged between 10 and 12 years are in the early stages of puberty&#44; which is a period of rapid growth&#44; characterized by a desire for more independence&#44; increased attention to appearance&#44; disagreement with parents&#44; and increased importance of peer relationships &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135">Missotten&#44; Luyckx&#44; Branje&#44; Vanhalst&#44; &#38; Goossens&#44; 2011</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In addition to the difference in concerns among age groups&#44; the relevance of relationships with parents&#44; teachers&#44; and peers varies among cultures &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035">Clefberg Liberman&#44; Altuzarra&#44; Ost&#44; &#38; Oilendren&#44; 2012&#59; Schwarz et al&#46;&#44; 2012</a>&#41;&#46; Although cultural differences are diminishing because of globalization&#44; certain disparities remain&#44; necessitating the cross-cultural validation of QoL instruments &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015">Carb&#243;-Carret&#233;&#44; Gu&#224;rdia-Olmos&#44; &#38; Gin&#233;&#44; 2015&#59; Rajmil et al&#46;&#44; 2012</a>&#41;&#46; However&#44; most QoL instruments for children and adolescents have been developed in Western countries and therefore cannot be applied to children and adolescents from countries with different cultural backgrounds &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085">Houben-van Herten&#44; Bai&#44; Hafkamp&#44; Landgraf&#44; &#38; Raat&#44; 2015&#59; Sim&#245;es&#44; Santos&#44; &#38; Biscaia&#44; 2016</a>&#41;&#46; In Asian countries such as China&#44; Taiwan&#44; Japan&#44; and Korea&#44; emphasis has traditionally been placed on school performance&#44; and this emphasis persists today&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In 2015&#44; there were 35 publications on English-language instruments relevant to health-related QOL for children and adolescents &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">Janssens et al&#46;&#44; 2015</a>&#41;&#58; only 21 have been used in published studies and only one was specifically for adolescents&#44; aged 13&#8211;15 years&#44; in Taiwan &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">Fuh&#44; Wang&#44; Lu&#44; &#38; Juang&#44; 2005</a>&#41;&#59; none of the studies applied to early adolescents in Taiwan&#46; An age- and culture-specific QoL measurement instrument for children can facilitate the evaluation of their well-being&#46; Therefore&#44; we developed and validated a QoL instrument specifically for Taiwanese children in the early stages of puberty &#40;the upper grades of elementary school&#41;&#46; The elementary school QoL instrument can measure the health and well-being of these students&#46; Because well-being is one of the crucial factors that can positively affect a student&#39;s academic experience &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215">Weare &#38; Nind&#44; 2011</a>&#41;&#44; evaluating QoL may facilitate optimizing elementary school students&#8217; performance at school&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this study we developed a QoL instrument specific for children in the early phase of puberty &#40;the upper grades of elementary school&#41;&#44; and then evaluated the scale&#39;s reliability&#44; factor structure&#44; and validity&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Method</span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Participants</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We recruited students&#44; aged 10&#8211;12 years&#44; from 14 elementary schools in Taiwan to test the psychometric properties of the ESQoL&#46; Consent for the schools&#8217; participation was obtained from the directors of student affairs through in-person visits&#46; The students and one of their respective parents provided written informed consent&#46; We distributed questionnaires to 953 students and 711 were returned&#44; resulting in a response rate of 74&#46;61&#37;&#46; Furthermore&#44; for reliability testing&#44; 60 students participated in a test&#8211;retest reliability evaluation over a 2-week period&#44; and another 49 students participated in convergent and discriminant validity assessment&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Instrument development</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The elementary school students&#8217; QoL &#40;termed ESQoL&#41; scale was developed by employing a standardized multistep method &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">Barry&#44; Chancy&#44; Stellefson&#44; &#38; Chaney&#44; 2011</a>&#41;&#46; We validated the scale by using a two-stage test&#46; At Stage 1&#44; the goal of the data reduction was to develop a comprehensive scale&#44; which measured quality of life of students at the age of early puberty&#46; At Stage 2&#44; we examined the final ESQoL scale for construct validity and internal consistency&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Procedure</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Before the study was conducted&#44; institutional review boards &#40;IRBs&#41; reviewed and approved the study protocol&#44; informed consent&#44; and questionnaire&#46; We obtained informed consent from all participants included in the study&#46; The students were provided a consent form that explained the purpose and method of the study and participants&#8217; rights&#46; They then shared the consent form with their parents&#46; Participation was anonymous&#44; confidential&#44; and voluntary&#46; We allowed the students and parents the freedom to decide whether to participate and provide information&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Statistical analyses</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">SPSS for Windows &#40;version 18&#46;0&#41; was used for the statistical analyses&#46; Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics&#44; item analysis&#44; EFA&#44; and Pearson&#39;s correlation coefficient&#59; LISREL 8&#46;8 Software &#40;SSI International&#44; Inc&#46;&#41; was used for the CFA&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Item generation</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We began developing the ESQoL by applying a content analysis and constant comparison methods approach to the in-depth interview data for the focus group of fifth and sixth grade elementary students in Taiwan &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Huang&#44; Yu&#44; Lai&#44; &#38; Sheu&#44; 2007</a>&#41;&#46; We divided the 70 questionnaire items into four major domains &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>&#41;&#58; self-fulfillment of growth and independence &#40;16 items&#41;&#59; family wholeness and harmony &#40;18 items&#41;&#59; adaptation of identity to the school environment &#40;20 items&#41;&#59; and perceived social safety and stability &#40;16 items&#41;&#46; Items worded negatively for the construct were reverse coded and scored&#46; The respondents rated each item on a 5-point scale&#44; with 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">never</span>&#44; 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>rarely</span>&#44; 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">sometimes</span>&#44; 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">often</span>&#44; and 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">always</span>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Item reduction</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Content validity&#46; The panel comprised six experts&#58; two pediatric nursing experts&#44; two school nurses&#44; one qualitative research expert&#44; and one community health expert&#46; We provide the measurement aim&#44; the target population&#44; a clear framework definition&#44; and item selection to a panel&#46; The panel also determined the content validity index &#40;CVI&#41;&#44; which is used for evaluating meaning and clarity&#44; by using a 4-point Likert scale &#40;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">not relevant</span>&#44; 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">somewhat relevant</span>&#44; 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">quite relevant</span>&#44; 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">highly relevant</span>&#41; to avoid a neutral midpoint &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">Davis&#44; 1992</a>&#41;&#46; The panel met thrice to evaluate the original 70 items and exclude any theoretically or practically irrelevant questions or any ambiguous items that apparently repeated the essential content of other items&#46; We eliminated items with CVI values lower than &#46;83&#44; which resulted in a 50-item questionnaire&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115">Lynn &#40;1986&#41;</a> indicated that content validity depends on subjective or professional judgment&#59; however&#44; inclusion of at least five experts in the field determined that the I-CVI must be 1&#46;00&#59; when there are six experts&#44; the I-CVI must be at least &#46;83&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195">Terwee et al&#46; &#40;2007&#41;</a> suggested that excellent content validity has an I-CVI of &#46;78 or higher&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Stage 1&#46; We examined student responses to the 50-item questionnaire in Stage 1&#46; The goal of the data reduction was to develop a comprehensive scale&#44; which measured quality of life of students at the age of early puberty&#46; Further item reduction occurred in Stage 1&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">DeVellis &#40;2012&#41;</a> suggests item reduction is a valuable means of improving the quality of items that will be used in later tests&#44; and to assess the quality of the test as a whole&#46; 283 students answered the 50-item preliminary questionnaire&#44; 151 male &#40;53&#46;4&#37;&#41; and 132 female &#40;46&#46;4&#37;&#41;&#46; Participants answered the questions by responding to with one of five statements &#40;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">never</span>&#44; to 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">always</span>&#41;&#46; The scale scores were analyzed with descriptive statistics &#40;mean&#44; standard deviations&#44; slope&#41;&#44; item difficulty measures&#44; item discrimination indexes&#44; and item&#58; total correlation&#46; Examination of the 50-item questionnaire by exploratory factor analysis &#40;EFA&#41; allowed for further item reduction&#46; EFA can be employed for data reduction as it can identify items that are interrelated &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">DeVellis&#44; 2012</a>&#41; and can eliminate redundant items&#44; consisting of any items with similar meaning&#44; as well as any items causing confusion&#46; The aim of the analysis was to reveal the underlying factors and reduce the question set to retain those items that reflected a broad based definition of ESQoL&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Stage 2&#58; Validity of the ESQoL scale&#46; Stage 2 determined whether the final ESQoL scale accurately identified factors that are important for quality of life of elementary school students&#46; A 24-item ESQoL questionnaire was tested in Stage 2&#46; Validity of the questionnaire was confirmed with criterion validity&#44; to evaluate by correlations between scores on the PedsQoL scale &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210">Varni&#44; Seld&#44; &#38; Rode&#44; 1999</a>&#41; and the ESQoL&#44; internal consistency measured and confirmatory factor analysis &#40;CFA&#41;&#46; In Stage 2 428 children from 5th and 6th grade completed the 24-item&#44; 6-factor questionnaire 222 male &#40;51&#46;9&#37;&#41; and 206 female &#40;48&#46;1&#37;&#41;&#46; The CFA of the ESQoL scale assessed the relevance of the questionnaire constructed through the EFA&#46; If the model developed from the exploratory data set has a good fit with the confirmatory data set&#44; then the same factor structure is considered to exist in both data sets&#44; confirming the factor structure&#46; A maximum likelihood estimation was used to assess the model fit according to the covariance matrix of the confirmatory data set&#46; We followed the recommendation by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">Browne and Cudeck &#40;1993&#41;</a> and calculated the chi-square &#40;&#967;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41; value&#44; the standardized root mean square residual &#40;SRMR&#41;&#44; and the root mean square error of approximation &#40;RMSEA&#41;&#46; Supplementing these indices&#44; we examined model fit by using the comparative fit index &#40;CFI&#41;&#44; goodness of fit index &#40;GFI&#41;&#44; normed fit index &#40;NFI&#41;&#44; and nonnormed fit index &#40;NNFI&#41;&#46; Generally&#44; the criterion for establishing model fit suggests that CFI&#44; GFI&#44; and NFI values close to 0&#46;90 represent an acceptable fit and values of 0&#46;90 or higher indicate a good fit &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">McCoach&#44; Gable&#44; &#38; Madura&#44; 2013</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Results</span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Sociodemographic characteristics</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Of the participants&#44; 373 &#40;52&#46;46&#37;&#41; were male and 338 &#40;47&#46;57&#37;&#41; were female&#46; 547 healthy participants&#44; and 164 with chronic disease &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; At Stage 1&#44; using cluster random sampling&#44; we recruited 283&#44; 151 male &#40;53&#46;4&#37;&#41; and 132 female &#40;46&#46;4&#37;&#41;&#44; fifth and sixth grade students from six elementary schools to complete a 50-item preliminary questionnaire&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At Stage 2&#44; we selected 428&#44; 222 male &#40;51&#46;9&#37;&#41; and 206 female &#40;48&#46;1&#37;&#41;&#44; fifth and sixth grade students from eight elementary schools to complete a 24-item&#44; six-factor questionnaire&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Stage 1&#58; Evaluation of the 50-item ESQoL scale</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Item analysis<span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#46;</span> The means for ESQoL items ranged from 2&#46;92 to 4&#46;58 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SD</span> ranged from 0&#46;81 to 1&#46;49&#41;&#46; The scores for all items did not exceed 2&#46;5 SDs from the mean&#44; indicating that all items were adequate&#46; In the extreme groups&#44; the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span> value of each item was between 2&#46;15 and 9&#46;08 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;033 to<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>001&#41;&#59; for the homogeneity test&#44; the item-total correlation coefficients ranged from &#46;36 to &#46;53&#46; On the basis of the item analysis results&#44; we retained all items at this stage&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Exploratory factor analysis<span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#46;</span> We examined the 50-item questionnaire through the EFA&#44; which enabled further item reduction&#46; Following the EFA&#44; 26 items were excluded from the 50-item scale&#44; which resulted in 24 items and six common factors with eigenvalues greater than 1&#46;0&#46; The Kaiser&#8211;Meyer&#8211;Olkin measure of sampling adequacy was &#46;81&#46; We identified six factors&#44; School function&#44; Family function&#44; Environmental life&#44; Vitality for life&#44; Learning ability&#44; and Peer relationships&#44; that explained 44&#46;01&#37; of the total variance &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46; The School function factor comprises five items for investigating the children&#39;s view of relationships with teachers and friends at school&#46; The Family function factor comprises four items for assessing the extent of caring and interaction with family members and parents&#8217; willingness to listen&#46; The Environmental life factor comprises two items regarding the cleanliness&#44; pollution&#44; and noise level of the home environment&#46; The Vitality for life factor comprises three items for assessing feelings about extracurricular activities and autonomy&#59; this factor explores the children&#39;s level of leisure time and independence&#44; which includes freedom of choice and negative reactions&#46; The Learning ability factor comprises four items for examining feelings about academic work &#40;difficulty in studying&#44; comprehension of course work&#44; and time&#41;&#44; learning and concentration&#44; and negative academic achievement&#46; The Peer relationships factor comprises three items for investigating interactions with classmates&#44; including negative relationships&#44; acceptance by peers&#44; and presence of friendships and bullying&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Stage 2&#58; Evaluation of the final ESQoL scale</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Concurrent validity&#46; We determined the validity of the ESQoL scale by assessing criterion validity with reference to the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory &#40;PedsQL&#41; generic core scale &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210">Varni et al&#46;&#44; 1999</a>&#41;&#46; Since 1998&#44; many countries have translated&#44; tested&#44; and proven the validity of this scale&#44; and it has been applied to both healthy and ill children&#46; The self-report PedsQL gathers information from children of ages 5&#8211;18years&#46; The four-dimensional 23-item scale comprises the domains of physical functioning &#40;eight items&#41;&#44; emotional functioning &#40;five items&#41;&#44; social functioning &#40;five items&#41;&#44; and school functioning &#40;five items&#41;&#46; Internal consistency reliability was defined as &#945;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;09 on the original scale&#44; or &#945;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;62&#8211;&#46;90 on the Chinese scale &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110">Lin&#44; 2012</a>&#41;&#46; A correlation of &#46;30&#8211;&#46;50 was medium&#59; at least &#46;70 was deemed acceptable &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045">Cohen&#44; 1977&#59; Terwee et al&#46;&#44; 2007</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In order to estimate the concurrent validity between the PedsQL and ESQoL&#44; Pearson&#39;s correlation coefficient for the total scale &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>49&#41; was &#46;43 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;002&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Reliability<span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#46;</span> Cronbach&#39;s &#945; was used to examine the internal consistency of the scales&#46; A coefficient of &#46;70 was acceptable &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">DeVellis&#44; 2012</a>&#41;&#46; Test&#8211;retest reliability was assessed over a 2-week period in 60 students&#46; The intraclass correlation coefficient &#40;ICC&#41; was used to calculate the test&#8211;retest reliability&#44; and ICC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;70 was considered an adequate reliability score &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">McCoach et al&#46;&#44; 2013</a>&#41;&#46; The overall scale reliability for the items was very good&#44; with Cronbach&#39;s alpha for the subscale ranging from &#46;74 to &#46;90 and being &#46;90 for the entire scale&#46; The ICCs &#40;test&#8211;retest reliability&#41; ranged from &#46;79 to &#46;89 for the subscales and &#46;89 for the entire scale&#46; These results confirmed that the ESQoL has good stability&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Confirmatory factor analysis&#46; CFA was applied to the 24 items identified in the EFA data set and provided an acceptable&#44; but relatively poor&#44; fit based on the goodness-of-fit statistics&#58; &#967;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#47;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">df</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>608&#46;17&#47;237&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&#44; CFI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;93&#44; GFI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;89&#44; NFI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;88&#44; NNFI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;91&#44; SRMR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;069&#44; and RMSEA<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;061&#46; Inspection revealed that three of the 24 items had quality values lower than &#46;50&#44; and we excluded them&#46; The factor structure model was retested on the remaining 21 items&#44; and we observed support for the model in the confirmatory data set&#58; &#967;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>347&#46;27&#44; df<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>174&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>001&#44; CFI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;95&#44; GFI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;93&#44; NFI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;91&#44; NNFI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;94&#44; SRMR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;05&#44; and RMSEA<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;048 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We performed additional CFA to determine the goodness of fit&#59; the ESQoL was compared with conceptualizations of five-factor structure models&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a> illustrates that the fit indices improved immensely when both the one-factor and uncorrelated factors models were compared with the null model&#46; The hierarchical model was retained as the model with the best fit because it indicated that each of the six factors were interrelated first-order factors and that they were also all related to a second-order factor termed ESQoL&#46; Retention of this model supported the assumption that these six scales are subscales of one larger scale &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Figure 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Therefore&#44; the six scales can be administered individually or combined into one scale&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Figure 3</a> presents the hierarchical model with factor loadings and the standardized maximum likelihood parameter estimates &#40;path coefficients&#41;&#46; The factor loadings and most path coefficients were strong&#59; however&#44; the Environmental Life factor had a weak coefficient of 0&#46;29&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">Hair&#44; Black&#44; Babin&#44; Anderson&#44; and Tatham &#40;2006&#41;</a> suggested using multiple criteria when performing CFA&#44; in addition to model fit evaluation&#44; to gain a clear understanding of the individual parameters&#46; We performed three additional factor extractions to confirm the model structure&#44; as presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>&#58; item quality &#40;&#955;&#41;&#44; composite reliability &#40;CR&#41;&#44; and average variance extracted &#40;AVE&#41;&#46; The data in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a> demonstrate the statistical significance that each observation variable had relative to its individual latent variable factor load &#40;&#955;&#41;&#46; All factors had values of &#46;50 or higher&#44; demonstrating that the observed variable sufficiently reflected its construct&#39;s latent variable &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190">Tabachnick &#38; Fidell&#44; 2007</a>&#41;&#46; Factors with a CR of &#46;63 were considered good &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145">Raine-Eudy&#44; 2000</a>&#41;&#44; and all factors appropriately exceeded this level&#44; except for the Vitality for Life factor&#44; which had a value of &#46;63&#46; The acceptable AVE ranged between &#46;30 and &#46;66&#59; all six first-order factors demonstrated values within this range&#44; exhibiting good strength &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">Fornell &#38; Larcker&#44; 1981</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">Table 5</a> presents estimates for Pearson&#39;s correlation from all factors&#44; which are similar to those the model originally proposed&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0025"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Reported quality of life</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As show in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0030">Table 6</a>&#44; the overall of &#8220;Elementary schoolchildren quality of life&#8221; was 3&#46;64 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SD</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;55&#41;&#46; Analyzing from the six domains&#44; we discovered overall quality of life have &#8220;peer relationship&#8221; rated as the highest &#40;mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SD</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#46;38<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;87&#41;&#44; followed by &#8220;learning ability&#8221; &#40;mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SD</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#46;16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;69&#41;&#44; and lastly &#8220;environment life&#8221; &#40;mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SD</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#46;88<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;03&#41;&#46; In addition&#44; total score &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>-3&#46;38&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#60;&#46;001&#41;&#44; school function &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>-5&#46;70&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#60;&#46;001&#41; and vitality for life &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>-3&#46;39&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&#41;&#44; females have significant higher than males&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0030"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Discussion</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study developed a new instrument for evaluating the QoL of fifth and sixth grade students in Taiwan&#46; The 21-item six-factor ESQoL was determined to be reliable through both EFA and CFA&#46; The factors identified are consistent with the elements reported to influence learning and academics&#44; which can affect early adolescents&#8217; QoL&#46; We conducted EFA and CFA&#44; which have been used to assess reliability and validity as well as the factor structure for a scale &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">Barry et al&#46;&#44; 2011</a>&#41;&#46; The CFA confirmed that the ESQoL can be employed as a measurement instrument to assess the QoL of fifth and sixth grade elementary school students&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In terms of concurrent validity&#44; ESQoL total scores were determined to be moderately correlated with PedsQL total scores&#46; This result may be caused by two reasons&#46; First&#44; the sample size of 49 students may have been too small&#44; therefore it may have resulted in minimal correlations&#46; This can be an area of improvement in future studies&#46; Secondly&#44; this study assumes that societal differences between Eastern and Western countries&#160;should be considered when evaluating children&#39;s quality of life&#59; the concurrent validity result of this study seems to support this assumption&#44; but larger samples should be investigated for verification&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Analyses of the ESQoL identified six factors&#44; of which School Function&#44; Family Function&#44; Environmental Life&#44; learning ability and Peer Relationships are similar to the factors identified in previous studies on QoL for children &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035">Clefberg Liberman et al&#46;&#44; 2012&#59; Landgraf&#44; 2014&#59; Ravens-Sieberer et al&#46;&#44; 2006&#59; Starfield et al&#46;&#44; 1995&#59; Varni et al&#46;&#44; 1999</a>&#41;&#59; however&#44; our questionnaire is minor different because it evaluates Learning ability and Vitality for Life&#46; These are crucial measures for students in most developed countries in Asia&#44; including Taiwan&#44; where parents are extremely concerned about their children&#39;s academic performance &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025">Chan&#44; Ng&#44; &#38; Chan&#44; 2014&#59; Tzeng&#44; 2007</a>&#41;&#46; A focus group study in Singapore demonstrated that Asian and Western children although minor and important different exist&#44; such as school work load&#44; but still shared similar notions of QoL &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220">Wee et al&#46;&#44; 2006</a>&#41;&#46; Most parents believe that providing numerous learning activities is essential for their children&#59; however&#44; they also believe that &#8220;children&#39;s time in school should not be wasted without learning anything&#8221; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175">Shih &#38; Yi&#44; 2014</a>&#41;&#46; Thus&#44; children attend after-school programs &#40;known as &#8220;cram&#8221; schools&#41; to not only reinforce schoolwork but also learn other skills&#44; such as language&#44; music&#44; dance&#44; and computer skills&#46; Consequently&#44; children experience pressure from long hours of after-school learning&#44; which prevents children from having a high level of Vitality for Life&#44; and they often experience unhappiness&#46; By contrast&#44; children&#39;s free time in the United States is not restricted by the family requirement that extracurricular activities must have an academic component&#59; children in the United States may learn more by playing and exploring their environments &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030">Chen&#44; 2005&#59; Shih &#38; Yi&#44; 2014</a>&#41;&#46; If used in a different cultural setting&#44; the ESQoL instrument can accurately measure Vitality for Life to reveal cultural differences in the student population&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the quality of life reported&#44; we found that females scored significantly higher than males in total scores&#44; school function&#44; and vitally for life&#44; this is similar to the study result conducted by&#160;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">Ghotra&#44; McIsaac&#44; Kirk&#44; and Kuhle &#40;2016&#41;</a> which investigated 629 Canadian elementary school children in grades four to six&#59; however&#44; it is different&#160;from the findings of <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">Clefberg Liberman&#44; Larsson&#44; Altuzarra&#44; &#214;st&#44; and Ollendick &#40;2015&#41;</a>&#8217;s study&#44; which investigated 1&#44;352 children in Chile and Sweden&#44; and found that males scored significantly higher than females&#59; in addition&#44; it is also different from the findings of <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">Clefberg Liberman et al&#46;&#44; 2012</a>&#8217;s study&#44; which investigated 729 students aged 8 to 14&#44; and found that there is no significant difference between both genders&#46; Therefore&#44; this is subject to future studies of different age groups&#44; economic conditions and cross-national&#160;comparisons to better understand their differences&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study provides the groundwork for the further expansion of the ESQoL scale&#44; which requires additional psychometric testing to develop a more comprehensive scale&#46; Additional validation of the ESQoL instrument will necessitate longitudinal studies that examine the causal relationships between the factors of ESQoL and school performance in elementary school settings&#46; ESQoL scale measurement can also provide data for investigating the gradual changes in students&#8217; QoL&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results of this study suggest that the ESQoL scale is provide an appropriate instrument for measuring the QoL of elementary school students in the early stages of puberty &#40;fifth and sixth grade students&#41; and support the factor structure&#44; reliability&#44; and validity of the measures&#46; We identified six factors of the ESQoL scale and these fit the hierarchical model&#58; School function&#44; Family function&#44; Environmental life&#44; Vitality for life&#44; Learning ability&#44; and Peer relationships&#46; Each of these six factors exhibited good internal reliability and constituted a model with a good fit with the data&#46; The six factors were moderately correlated with each other&#44; suggesting that they each assess related&#44; although distinct&#44; components of elementary school children&#39;s QoL&#46; The 21-item ESQoL is a short questionnaire that can be administered in a school setting&#46; It can facilitate identifying concerns that may interfere with a student&#39;s ability to perform adequately and feel comfortable in school&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Conclusions</span><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The 21-item ESQoL is a short questionnaire that can be administered in a school setting&#46; To our knowledge&#44; this is the first instrument for measuring QoL concerns that pertain to elementary school students in Taiwan&#46; It evaluates the QoL of students in the early stages of puberty&#46; However&#44; the extent to which the ESQoL can facilitate identifying concerns that may interfere with a student&#39;s ability to perform adequately and feel comfortable in school requires additional studies&#46;</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Health care providers have the responsibility to monitor the overall health and well-being of children&#46; Nurses and pediatricians are responsible for &#8220;providing preventive services&#44; early identification of problems&#44; interventions&#44; and referrals to foster health and educational success&#8221; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120">Magalnick &#38; Mazyck&#44; 2008</a>&#41;&#46; This can also include alleviating academic stress&#44; bullying&#44; and family concerns by identifying the problems and providing emotional support and interventions &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">Lineberry &#38; Ickes&#44; 2015</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The ESQoL instrument developed in this study was a valid instrument and an appropriate for assessing students&#8217; life satisfied and performance levels&#46; Understanding the school and personal difficulties of fifth and sixth grade students can facilitate identifying a student&#39;s problems that can be resolved with interventions such as the application of coping strategies&#46;</p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despite its contributions&#44; this study has certain limitations&#46; The study was limited to fifth and sixth grade students in the early adolescence stage&#59; the age range of the students may have been too narrow&#46; Regarding the concurrent validity&#44; and the test - retest reliability&#44; we enrolled two samples of 49 and 60 students as subjects for testing&#46; Most questionnaires collected from students were anonymous&#44; and it was difficult to obtain consent from parents and students while using the test&#8211;retest method&#46; We look forward to having larger samples for testing and retesting&#44; which would allow for greater consistency in similar studies in the future&#46; Furthermore&#44; we did not examine the influence of the family&#39;s socioeconomic status&#44; physical activity and cross culture data &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">Carb&#243;-Carret&#233;&#44; Gu&#224;rdia-Olmos&#44; Gin&#233;&#44; &#38; Schalock&#44; 2016</a>&#41;&#59; all such factors may affect fifth and sixth graders&#8217; QoL&#46; Hence&#44; we recommend that future studies on the ESQoL scale consider these additional variables&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Funding</span><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study was conducted with the support from the Taipei Veterans General Hospital&#44; Grant VGH 46504&#46;</p></span></span>"
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              "titulo" => "Sociodemographic characteristics"
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              "titulo" => "Stage 1&#58; Evaluation of the 50-item ESQoL scale"
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            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0055"
              "titulo" => "Stage 2&#58; Evaluation of the final ESQoL scale"
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              "identificador" => "sec0060"
              "titulo" => "Reported quality of life"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2016-06-25"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2017-01-02"
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          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Quality of life"
            1 => "Elementary school students"
            2 => "Psychometric properties"
            3 => "Instrumental study"
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          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Calidad de vida"
            1 => "escolares de Educaci&#243;n primaria"
            2 => "Propiedades psicom&#233;tricas"
            3 => "estudio instrumental"
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    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Background&#47;Objective</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Emotional well-being affects the school performance of elementary school children&#46; Quality of life &#40;QoL&#41; measurements are indicative of emotional well-being&#59; however&#44; the development of assessment tools suitable for measuring the QoL of elementary school children has received little attention and&#44; therefore&#44; the creation of reliable assessment tools for measuring QoL among this population is required&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Method&#58;</span> We employed qualitative and quantitative research methods to develop and validate a QoL scale for elementary school children in Taiwan&#46; We used cluster random sampling to recruit 711 fifth and sixth grade students&#44; aged 10&#8211;12 years&#44; from 14 elementary schools&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Results&#58;</span> The scale comprised six factors &#40;School function&#44; Family function&#44; Environmental life&#44; Vitality for life&#44; Learning ability&#44; and Peer relationships&#41; that explained 44&#37; of the variance&#46; The developed 21-item elementary school QoL &#40;ESQoL&#41; instrument had high internal consistency and satisfactory reliability and validity&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Conclusions&#58;</span> The ESQoL instrument can facilitate the evaluation of factors associated with students&#8217; emotional well-being&#46; Additional studies using the ESQoL instrument are required to assess its applicability for evaluating relationships between QoL and school performance and other areas of student life&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:1 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Background&#47;Objective"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Antecedentes&#47;Objetivo</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El bienestar emocional afecta el rendimiento escolar de los ni&#241;os de Educaci&#243;n Primaria&#46; Las mediciones de la calidad de vida &#40;QoL&#41; son indicativas del bienestar emocional&#46; Sin embargo&#44; el desarrollo de herramientas de evaluaci&#243;n adecuadas para medir la calidad de vida de ni&#241;os de Educaci&#243;n Primaria ha recibido escasa atenci&#243;n y&#44; por lo tanto&#44; se requiere la creaci&#243;n de herramientas de evaluaci&#243;n confiables para medir la calidad de vida en esta poblaci&#243;n&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M&#233;todo&#58;</span> Se empleraron m&#233;todos de investigaci&#243;n cualitativa y cuantitativa para desarrollar y validar una escala de QoL para ni&#241;os de Primaria en Taiw&#225;n&#46; Se utiliz&#243; un muestreo aleatorio por grupos para reclutar a 711 estudiantes de Quinto y Sexto Grado&#44; de 10 a 12 a&#241;os&#44; de 14 escuelas primarias&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Resultados&#58;</span> La escala agrupa seis factores &#40;Funci&#243;n escolar&#44; Funci&#243;n familiar&#44; Vida ambiental&#44; Vitalidad para la vida&#44; Capacidad de aprendizaje y Relaciones entre compa&#241;eros&#41; que explican el 44&#37; de la varianza&#46; El instrumento de QoL &#40;ESQoL&#41; de 21 &#237;tems tiene alta fiabilidad de consistencia interna y validez satisfactoria&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Conclusiones&#58;</span> El instrumento ESQoL puede facilitar la evaluaci&#243;n de factores asociados con el bienestar emocional de los escolares&#46; Se requieren estudios adicionales utilizando el instrumento ESQoL para evaluar su aplicabilidad en el an&#225;lisis de las relaciones entre QoL y rendimiento escolar&#44; y otras &#225;reas del &#225;mbito escolar&#46;</p></span>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Conceptual framework of fifth and sixth grade students&#8217; quality of life &#40;Retrieved from <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Huang et al&#46;&#44; 2007</a>&#41;&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Elementary school students&#8217; quality of life model&#46; Confirmatory factor analysis based on 21 items and six factors&#46;</p> <p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Note&#46;</span> School<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>School Function&#59; Family<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Family Function&#59; Environment<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Environmental Life&#59; Vitality<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Vitality for Life&#59; Learning<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Learning Ability&#59; Peer<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Peer Relationships&#59; df<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>degrees of freedom&#59; RMSEA<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>root mean square error of approximation&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Hierarchical model and factor loadings resulting from confirmatory factor analysis&#46;</p> <p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Note</span>&#46; ESQoL<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>elementary school students&#8217; quality of life&#59; School<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>School Function&#59; Family<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Family Function&#59; Environment<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Environmental Life&#59; Vitality<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Vitality for Life&#59; Learning<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Learning Ability&#59; Peer<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Peer Relationships&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Note</span>&#46; Stage 1&#58; Evaluation of the 50-item ESQoL scale&#46; Stage 2&#58; Evaluation of the final ESQoL scale&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"></th><th class="td" title="table-head  " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total &#40;N<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>711&#41;</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="4" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Stage1 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>283&#41;</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="4" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Stage2 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>428&#41;</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Male</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Female</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Male</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Female</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="11" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Grade</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5th&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">70&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">104&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">354&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">49&#46;79&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">78&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">27&#46;56&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">62&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">21&#46;91&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">112&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">26&#46;17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">102&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">76&#46;93&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">123&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">43&#46;46&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">96&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">52&#46;46&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">174&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">40&#46;65&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">154&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">35&#46;98&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">23&#46;07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">15&#46;30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">14&#46;24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">48&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">52&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Sociodemographic characteristics of the participants&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      4 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at2"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Note</span>&#46; Extraction Method&#58; Principal Component Factoring&#46; Rotation Method&#58; Varimax with Kaiser Normalization&#46; Only factor loadings greater than &#46;50 are reported&#44; in order to aid interpretation of the factor structure&#46; Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy&#58; &#46;81</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Domain&#47;Item</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="6" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Component</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Factor 1&#58; School function</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>C39&#46; I have close friends&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;73&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>C35&#46; I am willing to share pleasure with classmates&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;71&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>C36&#46; I have many other good friends&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;65&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>C38&#46; Classmates will comfort me&#44; when I feel down&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;63&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>C33&#46; My teacher cares about me&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;55&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Factor 2&#58; Family function</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>C16&#46; My family cares for each other&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>C17&#46; My family makes time to talk&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;62&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>C18&#46; My family spends time going out&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>C12&#46; My parents will listen patiently&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;55&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Factor 3&#58; Environmental life</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>C2&#46; My living environment is dirty and polluted&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;75&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>C3&#46; My living environment is very noise&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;71&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>C40&#46; I feel fear or frightened&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>C42&#46; I am worried that something might happen to me&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;56&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Factor 4&#58; Vitality for life</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>C22&#46; After school tutoring make me feel tired&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;69&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>C23&#46; I do not have enough leisure time&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;65&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>C46&#46; I cannot make my own daily schedule&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;58&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Factor 5&#58; Learning ability</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>C21&#46; I have difficulty with school wok&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;68&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>C24&#46; I cannot understand the school course&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;67&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>C27&#46; I feel no one cares about my school work in my family&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;59&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>C28&#46; I feel I cannot learn any better&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;52&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>C20&#46; I do not have time to do school work&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;51&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Factor 6&#58; Peer relationships</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>C32&#46; My classmates exclude me&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;81&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>C30&#46; I do not want to be friends with anyone&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;79&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>C31&#46; I am bullied for no reason&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;63&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Eigenvalue</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;87&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;47&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;98&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;38&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#37; of variance</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">9&#46;22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8&#46;27&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;53&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&#46;19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;67&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cumulative &#37;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">9&#46;22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">17&#46;49&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">25&#46;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">32&#46;14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">38&#46;332&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">44&#46;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">df&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Null&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;62&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;72&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;63&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;67&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;140&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">One factor&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">189&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">9&#46;24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;72&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;63&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;67&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;139&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Uncorrelated factors&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">188&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;84&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;65&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;69&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;084&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Correlated factors&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">174&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;93&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;94&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;95&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;048&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Hierarchical&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;92&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;93&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;94&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;052&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;65&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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        "identificador" => "tbl0020"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 4"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at4"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0105" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Note&#46;</span> &#955;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Oblique pattern parameter estimation&#59; CR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Composite reality&#59; AVE<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Average variance extracted&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Item&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#955;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">CR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">AVE&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Factor 1&#58; School function &#40;S&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;79&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;43&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>S1&#58; I have close friends&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;68&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>S2&#58; I am willing to share pleasure with classmates&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;75&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>S3&#58; I have many other good friends&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>S4&#58; Classmates will comfort me&#44; when I feel down&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;69&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>S5&#58; My teacher cares about me&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;52&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Factor 2&#58; Family function &#40;F&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;70&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;37&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>F1&#58; My family cares for each other&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;65&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>F2&#58; My family makes time to talk&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;69&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>F3&#58; My family spends time going out&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;59&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>F4&#58; My parents will listen patiently&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;51&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Factor 3&#58; Environmental life &#40;E&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;79&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;65&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>E1&#58; My living environment is dirty and polluted&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;76&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>E2&#58; My living environment is very noisy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;86&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Factor 4&#58; Vitality for life &#40;V&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;63&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>V1&#58; After school tutoring makes me feel tired&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;55&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>V2&#58; I do not have enough leisure time&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;71&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>V3&#58; I cannot make my own daily schedule&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;54&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Factor 5&#58; Learning ability &#40;L&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;63&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;31&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>L1&#58; I have difficulty with schoolwork&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;66&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>L2&#58; I cannot understand the school courses&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>L3&#58; I feel I cannot learn any better&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>L4&#58; I do not have time to do school work&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;55&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Factor 6&#58; Peer Relationships &#40;P&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;80&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;57&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>P1&#58; My classmates exclude me&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;82&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>P2&#58; I do not want to be friends with anyone&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;79&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>P3&#58; I am bullied for no reason&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;65&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0100" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The 21-Item 6-Factor Elementary School Students&#8217; Quality of Life &#40;ESQOL&#41; Scale&#46;</p>"
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        "etiqueta" => "Table 5"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0115" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Note</span>&#46; &#42;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;05&#46;</p>"
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              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SF&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">FF&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">EL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">VOL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">LA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">SF&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Article information

ISSN: 16972600
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.ijchp.2017.01.001

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Year/Month	Html	Pdf	Total

2024 October	54	15	69
2024 September	104	23	127
2024 August	110	19	129
2024 July	172	29	201
2024 June	93	22	115
2024 May	185	36	221
2024 April	236	89	325
2024 March	193	60	253
2024 February	255	38	293
2024 January	152	27	179
2023 December	97	36	133
2023 November	122	47	169
2023 October	221	71	292
2023 September	118	33	151
2023 August	114	35	149
2023 July	128	32	160
2023 June	124	18	142
2023 May	142	56	198
2023 April	110	21	131
2023 March	119	20	139
2023 February	87	38	125
2023 January	79	25	104
2022 December	71	34	105
2022 November	85	34	119
2022 October	64	40	104
2022 September	67	46	113
2022 August	94	43	137
2022 July	76	40	116
2022 June	101	31	132
2022 May	99	32	131
2022 April	117	33	150
2022 March	188	40	228
2022 February	171	59	230
2022 January	139	39	178
2021 December	79	29	108
2021 November	116	29	145
2021 October	56	43	99
2021 September	49	29	78
2021 August	53	21	74
2021 July	25	14	39
2021 June	56	22	78
2021 May	49	19	68
2021 April	101	47	148
2021 March	82	28	110
2021 February	67	20	87
2021 January	69	31	100
2020 December	63	47	110
2020 November	86	20	106
2020 October	60	13	73
2020 September	57	27	84
2020 August	43	23	66
2020 July	36	21	57
2020 June	50	24	74
2020 May	48	20	68
2020 April	50	26	76
2020 March	53	22	75
2020 February	61	20	81
2020 January	52	31	83
2019 December	38	25	63
2019 November	37	17	54
2019 October	50	7	57
2019 September	42	11	53
2019 August	32	11	43
2019 July	41	23	64
2019 June	55	12	67
2019 May	111	16	127
2019 April	69	14	83
2019 March	57	19	76
2019 February	83	11	94
2019 January	77	13	90
2018 December	77	11	88
2018 November	78	12	90
2018 October	91	8	99
2018 September	130	37	167
2018 August	40	8	48
2018 July	23	13	36
2018 June	25	8	33
2018 May	41	16	57
2018 April	21	11	32
2018 March	20	5	25
2018 February	13	6	19
2018 January	38	2	40
2017 December	23	4	27
2017 November	31	5	36
2017 October	22	9	31
2017 September	25	9	34
2017 August	19	19	38
2017 July	37	5	42
2017 June	40	18	58
2017 May	23	11	34
2017 April	0	2	2
2017 March	3	12	15
2017 February	0	7	7

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