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Enhancement of antenna-coupled microbolometers response by impedance matching
Jorge Simóna,
, Eleazar Samuel Kolosovas-Machucab, Gustavo Vera-Revelesb, Edgar Brionesb, Jorge Flores-Troncosoc, Francisco Javier Gonzálezb
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a Cátedras CONACYT, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Telecomunicaciones Espaciales, Unidad Académica de Ingeniería Eléctrica, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas
b Coordinación para la Innovación y la Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí
c Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Telecomunicaciones Espaciales, Unidad Académica de Ingeniería Eléctrica, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas
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López-Robles, J.J. Rodríguez-Rivas, E. Peralta-Sánchez, O. Carranza-Castillo" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "E." "apellidos" => "López-Robles" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J.J." "apellidos" => "Rodríguez-Rivas" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "E." "apellidos" => "Peralta-Sánchez" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "O." "apellidos" => "Carranza-Castillo" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1665642315000541?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/16656423/0000001300000005/v5_201703210129/S1665642315000541/v5_201703210129/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:19 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original</span>" "titulo" => "Enhancement of antenna-coupled microbolometers response by impedance matching" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "523" "paginaFinal" => "525" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Jorge Simón, Eleazar Samuel Kolosovas-Machuca, Gustavo Vera-Reveles, Edgar Briones, Jorge Flores-Troncoso, Francisco Javier González" "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Jorge" "apellidos" => "Simón" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "jsimonr@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Eleazar Samuel" "apellidos" => "Kolosovas-Machuca" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Gustavo" "apellidos" => "Vera-Reveles" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Edgar" "apellidos" => "Briones" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Jorge" "apellidos" => "Flores-Troncoso" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Francisco Javier" "apellidos" => "González" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Cátedras CONACYT, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Telecomunicaciones Espaciales, Unidad Académica de Ingeniería Eléctrica, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Coordinación para la Innovación y la Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Telecomunicaciones Espaciales, Unidad Académica de Ingeniería Eléctrica, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1176 "Ancho" => 1800 "Tamanyo" => 165228 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Schema of different types of structures, proposed for impedance-matching at THz frequencies.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Terahertz antennas (lithographic antennas) are devices which had opened a new route for the sensing and manipulation of the mid-infrared electromagnetic radiation free in the space, founding in last years applications in the field of infrared image acquisition (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">Gonzalez, Ilic, Alda, & Boreman, 2005</a>) and solar energy harvesting (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">Briones, Alda, & González, 2013</a>). Terahertz antennas work by using the wave nature of the THz radiation in order to induce a resonant alternate current along the antennas arms (with the same frequency of the incoming wave) which is exploited to sense or recover the optical energy of radiation.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In imagining applications, these types of antennas have been coupled with success to niobium microbolometers to capture images with infrared cameras containing hundreds of these elements (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">González, Gritz, Fumeaux, & Boreman, 2002</a>). The presence of current in antennas heats the microbolometers loaded to them, leading to an increase of its temperature what in turns changes the resistance of bolometers, defining this way the detection mechanism (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">Codreanu, Gonzalez, & Boreman, 2003</a>). In the field of solar energy harvesting, lithographic antennas have been used to capture radiation coming from the sun and to build solar energy panels (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">Bareisß et al., 2011</a>) when coupled to THz rectifiers based on metal-oxide–metal diodes, allowing the recovering of the optical energy into Direct Current (DC) Power.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In spite of the attractive properties of the THz antennas as thermal devices, the principal reason that they have not been yet employed in commercial applications it is their low performance, arising from impedance matching or energy transfer problems between the THz antennas and the load elements; being a topic of current interest (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035">Krenz et al., 2012; Mandviwala, Boreman, & Lail, 2008; Mandviwala, Lail, & Boreman, 2005</a>). Some coupling methods commonly used with the radio and microwave antennas have recently been scaled to the THz regime in order to better match the diodes to the antennas. In this context, transmission lines have been used as impedance-matching elements between a thermocouple and a bow-tie antenna tuned to absorb in the mid-infrared region, obtaining a substantially increase of its response (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">Krenz et al., 2012</a>). By the other hand, transmission lines have been employed with success at optical frequencies in order to transmit the optical energy from an emitting dipole to a receiving one (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">Huang, Feichtner, Biagioni, & Hecht, 2009</a>), showing that the principles of classic transmission lines can be “extra-poled” to high frequencies (where metals are no longer considered as perfect conductors as classical theory of antennas does).</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this work, different types of impedance matchers as transmission line sections, open-circuit and short-circuit stubs, are considered as couplers at THz frequencies in order to improve the energy transfer between a mid-infrared receiving dipole and a niobium micro-bolometer coupled to it. The performance of the impedance matchers is evaluated from a numerical perspective by using the software COMSOL Multi-Physics 3.5a, commercial package based on the finite-element method which allows performing electromagnetic simulations.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Method</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A sketch of the proposed matching structures is depicted in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>. These consist of (a) a section of transmission line of length <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">l</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">a</span></span> with characteristic impedance <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Z</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">0</span>, inserted between the load element and the antenna, (b) an open-circuit stub of length <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">l</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">oc</span> and (c) a short-circuit stub of length <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">l</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">sc</span>, both of them in parallel at the feed point of the antenna. Case (d) corresponds to the antenna-coupled detector without impedance matching. In order to evaluate the performance of these structures, a gold dipole tuned to capture the infrared radiation at 10.6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μm was used as a proof of concept (2.9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μm long, 200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm width and 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm thick) and a niobium microbolometer was used as the load element (250<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm with, 250<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm long and 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm thick).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The structures were placed on a semi-infinite SiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> substrate and a 10.6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μm linearly polarized plane-wave was used for far-field illumination (with arbitrary irradiance of 117<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>W/cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>), with its polarization set to match that of the antenna. The numerical analysis was performed by using the software package COMSOL Multi-Physics 3.5a and the numerical model was built using all the optical properties of materials reported at 10.6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μm wavelength (Au: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11.72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>70.86<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">i</span>, SiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">¿</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.84 and Nb: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">¿</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.8, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">σ</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6e6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>S/m (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">Palik, 1991</a>).</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The power in the microbolometer was measured by integrating the average resistive heating and used as measure of the energy transfer. Scattering boundary conditions were used in the FEM simulations and tetrahedral elements were used to discretize the computational domain. This process was performed considering the three cases of impedance matching structures and a sweep of physical lengths in terms of the wavelength, to determine the one that best matches impedances between the dipole and the microbolometer.</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Results</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As it was mentioned before, three different matching structures were used in this study. In case (a) the matching structure was a section of a bifilar microstrip transmission line between the antenna and the microbolometer. Case (b) was an open-circuit stub connected directly to the microbolometer. Finally case (c) a short-circuit was evaluated. All of the purposed matching structures had their transversal sections as wide as the transversal section of the dipole arms. Different lengths for the three cases were considered in order to evaluate the length that best matches the impedance between the coupled devices. Resistive heating <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs</span> the length of the structure for the three cases is showed in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It can be noticed that cases (a) and (b) are the cases where the device response is higher. The absence of matching structure is used as a reference mark for the comparison. The case that offers better impedance matching is case (a), where a peak response of 900<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nW is presented when length of the matching structure is 0.28<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">λ</span>, which is very similar to what the theory at microwave frequencies sets <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">i.e.</span> 0.25<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">λ</span>. Case (b) offers a maximum response of 840<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nW when the length is 0.122<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">λ</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>≅<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">λ</span>/8, while case (c) offers a maximum response of 450<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nW when the length is 0.25<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">λ</span>. These maximum responses of all the three matching cases are higher than the response without matching technique (250<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nW). With these results it is clear that when THz radiation incides on the antenna, electrical current in induced, this electrical current causes Joule's heating. As high as the power is, as good is the antenna-coupled microbolometer response. Finally, it could be noticed by means of computer simulations that in case “a” (transmission line section) which presents the best response (0.28<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">λ</span>, 900<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nW), the antenna input impedance is 74.16–103.46<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">i</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ω, a very close value to those presented in dipole antennas.</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">4</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Discussion</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In classical antenna and transmission line theory it is well-known that a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">λ</span>/4 impedance transformer, is a component consisting of a length of transmission line or waveguide exactly one-quarter of the wavelength (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">λ</span>) long and terminated in some impedance. These matchers are used at radio frequencies of upper VHF or higher up to microwave to match impedances between transmission lines with transmitting or receiving antennas. In this work impedance matchers are purposed to match impedance between lithographic dipole antennas and microbolometers in order to ensure the maximum power transfer from the antenna to the microbolometer. It could be noticed in this work that the structure that offers a better impedance matching between lithographic dipoles and microbolometers is the one that considers the inclusion of a section of transmission line of certain length (case (a)), resulting in a length of 0.28<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">λ</span> which is very similar to a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">λ</span>/4 impedance transformer used at lower frequencies. This 0.28<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">λ</span> impedance transformer improves the antenna-coupled microbolometer response by 360% compared with the case where no matchers are used. The other matching structures that offer good impedance matching (cases (b) and (c)) are the 0.122<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">λ</span> open-circuit and the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">λ</span>/4 short-circuit stubs, offering improvements of 336% and 180% respectively. It is noteworthy that cases (a) and (b) are very similar in terms of response but different in terms of structure length (one is about double of the other).</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:8 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres817796" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec814914" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Method" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 7 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2015-01-14" "fechaAceptado" => "2015-09-07" "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec814914" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "Enhancement" 1 => "Antenna-coupled" 2 => "Microbolometer" 3 => "Response" 4 => "Impedance" 5 => "Matching" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:1 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Metallic structures were evaluated to determine the one best matches impedance between lithographic antennas and microbolometers. The best was a 0.28<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">λ</span> transmission line section between the antenna and the microbolometer, 12% longer than what RF theory sets, whose behaviour was compared with other structures. The response was 360% higher.</p></span>" ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Peer Review under the responsibility of Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1176 "Ancho" => 1800 "Tamanyo" => 165228 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Schema of different types of structures, proposed for impedance-matching at THz frequencies.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1250 "Ancho" => 1624 "Tamanyo" => 127912 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Comparison of the resistive heating of three matching structures as a function of the length.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:10 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "Bareisß et al., 2011" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "comentario" => "art. no. 6144516" "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Energy harvesting using nano antenna array" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "M. 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
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| 2024 October | 16 | 0 | 16 |
| 2024 September | 34 | 3 | 37 |
| 2024 August | 25 | 0 | 25 |
| 2024 July | 31 | 5 | 36 |
| 2024 June | 31 | 2 | 33 |
| 2024 May | 28 | 3 | 31 |
| 2024 April | 33 | 3 | 36 |
| 2024 March | 28 | 4 | 32 |
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| 2024 January | 27 | 1 | 28 |
| 2023 December | 23 | 8 | 31 |
| 2023 November | 24 | 10 | 34 |
| 2023 October | 34 | 10 | 44 |
| 2023 September | 18 | 2 | 20 |
| 2023 August | 22 | 4 | 26 |
| 2023 July | 34 | 2 | 36 |
| 2023 June | 22 | 2 | 24 |
| 2023 May | 28 | 3 | 31 |
| 2023 April | 20 | 4 | 24 |
| 2023 March | 25 | 4 | 29 |
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| 2023 January | 17 | 15 | 32 |
| 2022 December | 15 | 19 | 34 |
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| 2022 October | 16 | 15 | 31 |
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| 2022 August | 28 | 11 | 39 |
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| 2021 June | 28 | 5 | 33 |
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| 2021 February | 16 | 8 | 24 |
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| 2020 February | 13 | 5 | 18 |
| 2020 January | 21 | 5 | 26 |
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| 2019 September | 19 | 5 | 24 |
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| 2018 July | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2018 June | 4 | 2 | 6 |
| 2018 May | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| 2018 April | 6 | 2 | 8 |
| 2018 March | 4 | 2 | 6 |
| 2018 February | 11 | 1 | 12 |
| 2018 January | 6 | 1 | 7 |
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| 2017 March | 9 | 85 | 94 |
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| 2016 June | 12 | 12 | 24 |
| 2016 May | 13 | 12 | 25 |
| 2016 April | 11 | 17 | 28 |
| 2016 March | 22 | 10 | 32 |
| 2016 February | 14 | 12 | 26 |
| 2016 January | 22 | 16 | 38 |
| 2015 December | 14 | 10 | 24 |
| 2015 November | 20 | 19 | 39 |
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