Simplified performance estimation of ISM-band, OFDM-based WSNs according to the sensitivity/SINAD parameters | Journal of Applied Research and Technology. JART

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Khadom, Baker M. Abod" "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Anees A." "apellidos" => "Khadom" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Baker M." "apellidos" => "Abod" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1665642317300019?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/16656423/0000001500000001/v2_201704300035/S1665642317300019/v2_201704300035/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:19 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Original" "titulo" => "Simplified performance estimation of ISM-band, OFDM-based WSNs according to the sensitivity/SINAD parameters" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "1" "paginaFinal" => "13" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Pierre van Rhyn, Gerhard P. Hancke" "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Pierre" "apellidos" => "van Rhyn" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "vanrhyn@mweb.co.za" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Gerhard P." "apellidos" => "Hancke" ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, Lynnwood Road, Pretoria, South Africa" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1416 "Ancho" => 2324 "Tamanyo" => 202880 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Transmission characteristics for test network with +1dBi antennas." ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "1IntroductionWSNs consist of sensor nodes that are placed in close proximity to, or within the phenomena they observe, according to specific measurement requirements, whilst communicating with other nodes or network access points (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">Hou & Bergmann, 2010</a>). A true-to-type WSN sensor node consists of a suitable sensor or transducer, a microprocessor to execute trivial logic operations or complex programmes, an RF transceiver to access the network and a suitable power supply (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Gungor & Hancke, 2009</a>).WSNs have been successfully applied in environmental and temperature monitoring (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">Carullo, Corbellini, Parvis, & Vallan, 2009</a>), machine monitoring (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">Flammini, Marioli, Sisinni, & Taroni, 2009</a>), energy monitoring (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">Lu & Gungor, 2009</a>), and increasingly in the fields of optical character recognition OCR (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">Korber, Wattar, & Scholl, 2007</a>) and thermography (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">Fluke, 2007</a>).Thermography measures the temperature of the entire picture that the charged-coupled device (CCD) has captured. For example the Ti-300 infrared thermography imager manufactured by Fluke can be applied in a typical industrial solution to monitor and inspect furnaces and boilers wirelessly using its proprietary ‘SD-wireless’, on-board 802.11g/n interface (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">Fluke, 2008</a>). The imager provides a real-time video image and thermographic analysis of the temperature distribution inside the combustion chamber or boiler to Android/Linux nodes. This information is crucial for process control and preventative maintenance procedures, but it requires broadband capability for networked transmission.ISM band, OFDM WLANs are the proposed solution for WSNs that require broadband operation with committed information rate and predetermined class of service. Two industry measurement standards for data throughput, RFC2544 (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">Giguère, 2008</a>) and ITU-T Y.1564 (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">ITU, 2016</a>), are applicable. The terms committed information rate (CIR), excess information rate (EIR) and class of service (CoS) are defined by the Metro Ethernet Forum (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">MEF, 2006</a>) and by the ITU-T in Y.1564.CIR and EIR are specifically defined by Y.1564, in terms of measurement philosophy and methodologies, as the acceptable parameters in the method to determine service performance levels that conform to modern industrial and commercial service level agreements. It therefore appears logical that modern IEEE 802.11a/g/n systems that transport TCP/IP Ethernet services for industrial solutions should be evaluated according to the same ITU-T Y.1564 standards. It should be noted here that 802.11b is not an OFDM-based system, but that 802.11a/g/n OFDM systems are backward compatible with 802.11b (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110">Paulraj, Nabar, & Gore, 2003</a>).Multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) wireless technology appears to fulfil the requirements of industrial WLANs (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">Giguère, 2008</a>). MIMO-OFDM is considered a most interesting development in the field of broadband wireless technology because it is extremely tolerant to multi-path propagation and frequency selective fading. A major advantage of an OFDM-based 802.11a/g/n gateway router, for WSN use, is its 3G/LTE Internet connection capability that facilitates a global communication connection (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Liu & Li, 2005</a>), seamlessly connection dissimilar operating systems across dissimilar networks. A far-reaching application in mind is that Android/Linux-based IWSNs can be deployed, operated and controlled from anywhere on the globe.Performance gains may be made in OFDM systems by the application of more than one antenna at either or both connecting points of the wireless link (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">Bolcskei, 2006</a>). Multiple antennas can be used to effect interference cancellation and may also be used in coherent combining techniques to obtain diversity and array gain. An additional fundamental channel gain is realized by the use of multiple antennas in a MIMO configuration at either/both sides of the link that improves spectral efficiency.Performance gains may also be made in OFDM systems by the application of a higher gain antenna at either or both connecting points of the wireless link (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">Ide, Kingsley, O’Keefe, & Saario, 2005</a>). Higher gain antennas like log periodic types are usually highly directional with a beam width of 15°–20° in sector specific direction (azimuth). Attention is drawn to vertically polarized omnidirectional antennas with higher gain, such as the multiple-element collinear array, (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">Karlsen, 2009</a>) which will only operate satisfactorily in the horizontal plane.Exceptional performance gains may be made by selecting the appropriate technology that is available to the industry (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">National Instruments, 2016</a>). For example, a trend observed in both the automotive and military industries is to make use of commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) technology, repackaged to IP65 standards, as opposed to development of turnkey systems from the ground up.This approach holds many advantages for industrial electronics and informatics practitioners because of time and cost savings related to the measurement platform. For the same reasons, the application of Android/Linux-based platforms has become prolific (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">National Instruments, 2016</a>). These devices incorporate mostly 802.11a/g/n compatible WLAN capabilities, as well as multiple connectivity options. Their capabilities to connect dissimilar operating systems across dissimilar networks place them functionally on par with OSI model, level 7 gateways.The latest commercial gateway/routers operate in both ISM frequency bands of 2.4GHz and 5.8GHz in the WLAN, so providing frequency diversity. Each frequency band is utilized by two omnidirectional transceivers, hence providing a degree of space diversity, as well as noise cancellation. The gateway employs a so-called ‘hotstick’ USB modem to connect the WLAN to the Internet service provider, typically in a licenced frequency band such as 3.8GHz.However, a related problem is to define the degree to which the network can be improved in terms of its service level as a result of performance optimization attempted by the user (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005">Akerberg, Gidlund, & Bjorkman, 2011; Bello, Mirabella, & Raucea, 2007; Sun, Akyildiz, & Hancke, 2011</a>). Advantages for industrial electronics and informatics practitioners from this approach are time and cost savings related to the set-up and operation of the measurement platform.1.1Research problem, objective and contributionsThe results of bit-rate testing by pattern transmission may be misleading if one considers a phenomenon we shall refer to as the ‘service level differential zone’ (SLDZ) of an OFDM WLAN. The SLDZ of an OFDM WLAN was observed in an industrial environment during preliminary transmission tests that were conducted by the authors in 2007, in preparation of an engine test bench for the purpose of (destructive) diesel engine testing. This form of engine testing requires remote temperature monitoring of the engine components because of the mechanical risks of engine failure which include flying shrapnel and hot oil ejection.It was observed that the OFDM network will maintain broad-bandwidth transmission (video and audio soundtrack) with a node, up to a certain distance away from the access point (AP), as the separating range (r) is increased.At a range rne (never exceeded) from the AP, the signal is suddenly compromised with little or no warning by video transmission quality. The node now has to move back a certain distance towards the AP to rmax in order to regain transmission. This distance moving back was observed to be a considerable percentage of the total apparent transmission range rne. It is this considerable range between rmax and rne that we shall refer to as the SLDZ.The quality of service (QoS) level of a network cannot be accurately determined when nodes are deployed within (or outside) the SLDZ of the network. The SLDZ appears to conform to the magnetic hysteresis phenomenon and underlying physical laws that describe it, for example the Jiles and Atherton (JA) model of hysteresis (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">Carpenter, 1991</a>).This paper formulates the hypothesis that connected bandwidth (BW) in Mbps is directly proportional to the power density in W/m2 of the radio frequency (RF) wave, or conversely to the electric field strength (E) of the RF wave in V/m, at the receiving node. Connected bandwidth refers to digital bandwidth, as opposed to analogue bandwidth, which is the frequency range between the half power points of an electromagnetic energy wave. This implies that the connected BW will decrease at the same rate as the power density or the electric field strength of the RF wave, until the decline in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) results in the termination of streaming wireless communication.Testing the above-mentioned hypothesis positively is a research goal that motivates the application of the well-known inverse-square law of radiated power, in conjunction with effects of the phenomenon termed here as the service level differential zone. The consideration of the service level differential zone is a novel approach that provides the methods and mathematical building blocks, which are required to solve range, and capacity-related issues of wireless systems (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">Girs, Uhlemann, & Björkman, 2012</a>).This paper proposes a method to determine the excess information rate (EIR) and the committed information rate (CIR) by detection, using the SLDZ dynamic hysteresis phenomenon. This technique is combined with scaled video streaming to represent the user defined throughput bandwidth. Previous methods used the file transfer protocol (ftp) method which was not accurate because not all the key performance indicators (KPIs) are considered namely latency and jitter. The d-CIR (detected CIR) provides a quality of service reference, which conforms mostly to the ITU.Y-1564 test philosophy.This paper contributes the scientific equations and methods that are required to estimate wireless network capabilities, variations and performance during industrial deployment or field tests. With these it becomes possible to qualify OFDM WLANs in terms of their service performance according to acceptable standards such as Y.1564, which is a key requirement for industrial applications.An extended research goal of this study is to devise a method to compare different OFDM WLAN data links in terms of their performance. An acceptable range performance parameter is required when considering improvement to the link quality, because it will determine the maximum extent to which the link budget can be increased.The study proposes the typical radio range parameters namely sensitivity and SINAD (signal to noise and distortion ratio) to express OFDM WLAN dynamic range performance. These are mostly used in the specialized field of radio communications. These parameters can be derived from the d-CIR and d-EIR using the SLDZ detection method previously described in this paper.A method is exploited to determine the excess information rate (EIR) and the committed information rate (CIR) according to the (ITU) and (MEF) by detection, using the SLDZ dynamic hysteresis phenomenon, and to equate these to the radio range characteristics of the physical layers under test. This technique is combined with scaled video streaming to represent the user defined throughput bandwidth. The d-CIR (detected CIR) provides a quality of service reference, which conforms mostly to the ITU.Y-1564 test philosophy.1.2Analytical approach: the free space radiation modelIn order to determine the characteristic transmission curve of the wireless link under test, samples of connected bandwidth BW are drawn at diminishing range intervals. These samples are then processed with MS Excel to produce a logarithmic trend line, depicting connected BW as a function of range in metres.The stepped curve response of the transmission characteristics makes more accurate reading intervals difficult and pointless. The connected bandwidth level at each respective range section is maintained until the firmware switches over to the next lower (or higher) BW setting. The BW switching criteria are not published by the manufacturer so that the effects can only be observed, but not clearly explained.A simple solution is a method to smooth the stepped curves by using logarithmic trend modelling such as Excel or MatLab functions. More meaningful readings can then be made graphically, and the resulting graph function may be used to calculate range-corresponding BW variations.The point source radiator or isotropic antenna has to be considered in the study of the radiated field from any antenna, when line-of-sight transmission is considered. Practical antennas and their performance are often referenced in terms of this basic radiator.1.3Derivation of the range equationsEnergy radiates equally in all directions from the isotropic antenna; therefore, the spherical radiation pattern in any plane is circular, for example in the ground plane. The typical isotropic radiator is supplied with a power of P watts at the origin O. The power flows outward from this point and through the spherical surface S, which has a radius r. The intensity of radiation, i.e., the power density PD at point I can be defined as:<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0005"></elsevierMultimedia>This equation illustrates the effects of the inverse square law of irradiance: at twice the range (2×r), with P at a constant, the power density PDi decreases by a factor of four or by −6dB. Also, to obtain the same PDi at double the range (2×r), the power P would have to increase fourfold or by +6dB, irrespective of the number of antennas used (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125">Wolnicki, 2005</a>), as confirmed by Wavion's MIMO enterprise AP equipped with six +6dBi antennas.Maxwell's theories define the relationship between the power density PDi and the E-field and H-field vectors as follows (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">Maxwell, 2011</a>):<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0010"></elsevierMultimedia>The absolute magnitude of the power density or intensity of irradiation is thus:<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0015"></elsevierMultimedia>(where Ei is the electric field strength of irradiance and the impedance of free space is 120π ohm, which is approximately 377Ω).According to the inverse square law, the ratio of two power densities at their respected ranges from the source of radiation can be expressed as the link budget variation, in dB:<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0020"></elsevierMultimedia>Manipulation yields:<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0025"></elsevierMultimedia>Since PDi=Ei2/120π (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">Maxwell, 2011</a>):<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0030"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0090"></elsevierMultimedia>But according to the hypothesis, the electric field strength Ei is directly proportional to the connected bandwidth BW:<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0035"></elsevierMultimedia>When the bandwidth remains a constant (BW1=BW2), then the ratio of the two respective ranges may be expressed as:<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0040"></elsevierMultimedia>(This is the equation proposed for the analytical processing of data samples)Also, when the range remains a constant (r1=r2), then the ratio of two bandwidths may be expressed as:<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0045"></elsevierMultimedia>With Eqs. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#eq0040">(3) and (4)</a> it becomes possible to predict throughput variations in terms of relative RF link budget (in dB), and to qualify OFDM WLANs in terms of their service performance according to acceptable standards such as Y.1564, which is a key requirement for industrial applications.1.4Research objectiveThe main research objective of this study was to devise a simple method to analyze and estimate the performance of an ISM-band, OFDM-based, WSN data link. We compare the transmission characteristics before and after signal intensification or attenuation is configured, and relate the differences in terms of the RF link budget (in dB), by the application of Eq. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#eq0040">(3)</a>. Results are then presented for discussion.2Methods and test environmentThis section describes the experimental methods and the conditions under which the test results were obtained so that the experiments may be easily replicated for continuous review and investigation. Then, the analytical approaches are briefly reviewed before the data analysis method is described.Testing is in accordance with the neural black-box method combined with the mathematical approach of functional approximation. The digital inputs to the entire system are compared with the analogue video and audio output obtained in terms of observed quality. The inner hardware of the node or the physical layer cannot be manipulated by the user, therefore it remains irrelevant to this study. However, different physical layers can now be compared with one another in terms of functional performance.The test topology is shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1.1</a>(a)–(c). The test range is shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 1.2</a>. The typical OFDM test network consists of two mobile computers and an ISM 802.11.g access point (AP) router. The 802.11g system was used as an example because this system version (g) was already well developed in terms of industrial packaging and antennas/accessories available. We also used 802.11g as an example because of interest in the results obtained from single transceiver systems, as opposed to multiple transceivers as in MIMO operation. The fact of the matter is that the similar results will (predictably) be obtained when repeating these tests with any of the IEEE ratified systems 802.11a/g/n.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1.1</a> depicts the network options for testing. The server node used option (a) for Experiment 1, option (b) for Experiment 2 and option (c) for Experiment 3. Typical ISM band OFDM network variations were deployed for streaming video transmission. Performance results were measured and are presented here as connected bandwidth (BW) in Mbps, as a function of transmission range (r) in metres. The server node is directly connected to the AP via Cat 5 cable, and also controls the AP adapter settings with a browser-based guided user interface (GUI). For the mobile node's adapter, Intel PROSet Wireless adapter software is used with the mobile node because it is freely available and easy to use. The installation of this additional software enhances the functionality and user perception of the measurement experience.Radiation measurements normally have to be conducted in an anechoic chamber or open-space antenna measurement range. Results otherwise obtained will be regarded as conduction measurements rather than radiation measurements, and are therefore not considered here.Since the method described here is intended for actual field use and refers to the SINAD parameter (ratio of signal to noise and distortion), the results were required to include the effects introduced by external noise and distortion. The transmission tests were therefore conducted on an old cricket pitch, as shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 1.2</a>, providing a relatively large open space with an evenly flat ground plane.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 1.2</a> shows the plan area of the transmission test range. The approximate latitude and longitude of the test station is indicated, as well as the imaginary range line and markers. The d-CIR and d-EIR ranges for the three transmission series in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Figure 3</a> are also indicated.Video transmission commences when the mobile node runs the file in the server node's share folder with Windows’ media player. The use of a predetermined video bit-stream is applied in a test detection technique: If the video stream at a specific pre-scaled rate has no perceptual impairment in terms of sound or picture, it conforms completely to the agreed CIR. If any noise or video distortion is perceived, it means the key performance indicators (KPIs) are compromised and the video stream does not conform to the agreed CIR.The video bit-stream rate was predetermined to represent the committed information rate (CIR) or agreed QoS throughput, set at nominally 600kbps maximum for the experimental requirement. This was achieved by selecting a suitable length video clip and scaling the frame rate down in H.264 with Apple's video editing software until the desired bitrate was obtained. The resulting audio/video interleaved (AVI) file was then saved on the server node in a shared folder.2.1Experimental methodsThe first set of experiments focused on passive testing. This means the determination of the transmission characteristics for a throughput of 600kbps with any variations imposed in a passive (i.e., inactive) manner, as compared with the standard low-complexity (+1dBi) antenna characteristics as in Experiment 1.These characteristics are compared to transmission characteristics when using an antenna with a higher gain characteristic (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120">Willig, 2008</a>), for example a vertical (+6dBi) collinear design for 2.4GHz in Experiment 2. The test was repeated using two inline resistive attenuators of 6dB each in conjunction with the +1dBi antennas in Experiment 3.The second set of experiments focused on active testing. This means that the transmission characteristics for a throughput of 600kbps were determined for different settings of transmitted power levels, which were electronically controlled by Intel's PROSet Wireless software. The transmission characteristics of a typical 802.11g single transceiver network operating at 20% of maximum power were determined in Experiment 4. The test was repeated for a power setting of 80% of maximum power in Experiment 5.2.1.1Experiment 1: Test network service referenceExperiment 1 determined the service reference for the electronics that was utilized. The electronics used for this test employed OFDM MIMO technology, manufactured by Belkin, AP model 802.11g+ MIMO with fixed transmit power at +17dBm. With the mobile node equipped with the matching Belkin USB g+ MIMO modem, the two transceiver system enabled a near range data connection rate of 108Mbps.The set-up for Experiment 1 is shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>(a). After starting the video transmission, the BW was recorded at suitable distance intervals whilst increasing the transmission range to the point of total signal deterioration, as shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Figure 2</a>. This point is marked as the detected excess information rate (d-EIR) range. The transmission range was then reduced until video transmission restarted. This point was marked as the detected committed information rate (d-CIR) range. The SLDZ is the range between d-CIR and d-EIR.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Figure 2</a> contains the data collected during Experiment 1, in a graph generated with the aid of Excel. The indicated d-CIR and d-EIR are for a test bit-rate of 600kbps that is continuously monitored in terms of four key performance indicators namely bandwidth, latency, jitter and errors. Note the range at which transmission fails (72m) corresponds to approximately 6Mbps.When reducing the transmission range, the transmission restarts at 55m at approximately 18 Mbps. Our method to use a trend-line is applied so that more accurate information may be extracted from the stepped transmission curves, or by using the equation y=−26 ln(x)+125.6 also generated with the use of Excel. These stepped curves are due to the manufacturer's (Intel) internal algorithms that are contained in the firmware of the OFDM WLAN physical layers, which can be smoothed with the use of external software packages like Excel.The SLDZ manifests itself in the same manner as a typical hysteresis curve (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">Carpenter, 1991</a>); transmission failing suddenly at d-EIR and restarting back at d-CIR. This pattern will repeat as the mobile node approaches or recedes from the access point AP across the SLDZ.2.1.2Experiment 2: Test network with improved service referenceExperiment 2 determined the improvement in the service reference for the electronics that was utilized. However, instead of the standard +1dBi antennas, the AP was equipped with two +6dBi antennas as shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>(b). The mobile node was equipped with the matching Belkin USB g+ MIMO modem. The data collected during Experiment 2 is depicted in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Figure 3</a> as (b) Transmission +6dBi.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Figure 3</a>(b) indicates the test results obtained with +6dBi antennas instead of +1dBi, which means the link budget was improved by 5dB.2.1.3Experiment 3: Test network with reduced service referenceExperiment 3 indicates the reduction in the service reference for the electronics that was utilized, as a control procedure. However, instead of the standard +1dBi antennas, the AP was also equipped with two 6dB attenuators fitted in-line with each antenna as shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1.1</a>(c). This means the link budget was reduced by 6dB.The set-up for Experiment 3 is shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1.1</a>(c) and the data collected during the experiment is depicted in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Figure 3</a> as (c) Transmission −5dBi.2.1.4Experiment 4: Test network with node RF power at +11dBmExperiment 4 determined the service reference for the electronics that was utilized when operating a node at 20% of maximum power. The electronics used for this test was an 802.11g AP router with single transceiver manufactured by D-Link operating at +18dBm.The wireless adapter control software on the mobile node made it possible to set RF power in 20% decrements from maximum (+18dBm/63mW) to zero. For this test the mobile node RF power was set to 12.6mW or +11dBm. The single transceiver system enabled a near range data connection rate of 54Mbps.2.1.5Experiment 5: Test network with node RF power at +17dBmExperiment 5 determined the service reference for the electronics that was utilized when operating a node at 80% of maximum power. For this test the mobile node RF power was set to 50mW or +17dBm. The single transceiver system enabled a near range data connection rate of 54Mbps.The set-up for Experiment 4 and Experiment 5 is essentially indicated in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1.1</a>(a) but with a single antenna on the AP and using the internal RF modem situated on-board the mobile node. The results of the active tests are indicated <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Figure 4</a>.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia>In <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Figure 4</a>, the first series presents the transmission results with RF power set to +11dBm (12.6mW), and the second series of results are for RF power set to +17dBm (50.4mW). <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Figure 4</a> thus indicates the transmission range variation when the RF output power setting is adjusted by +6dB, which is four times original setting.2.2Comparative testingThis section briefly reviews the methods and conditions under which the comparative test results were obtained, so that the experiments may easily be replicated for continuous review and investigation.The test topology is shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Figure 5</a>(a) and (b). The typical OFDM test network consists of two mobile computers and an ISM 802.11.g access point (AP) router.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0030"></elsevierMultimedia>The server node used option (a) for Experiment 6 and for Experiment 7. The mobile node in Experiment 6 used an external USB modem. Nevertheless, a different manufacturer's mobile node was used for Experiment 7, equipped with an internal 802.11a/g/n physical layer, as in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Figure 5</a>(b).Experiment 6 focused on the determination of the transmission characteristics for a throughput of 600 kbps with two standard low-complexity (+1dBi) antennas in a MIMO configuration as depicted in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Figure 5</a>(a). These characteristics are compared to the transmission characteristics obtained during Experiment 7, when using a single transceiver (Txcvr) AP as indicated in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Figure 5</a>(b). Note that, the RF power level for both tests, were set to equal levels at +17dBm each.2.2.1Experiment 6: MIMO test network service referenceExperiment 6 determined the service reference for the electronics that was utilized. The electronics used for this test employed OFDM MIMO technology, manufactured by Belkin, AP model 802.11g+ MIMO with fixed transmit power at +17dBm. With the mobile node equipped with the matching Belkin USB g+ MIMO modem, the two transceiver system enabled a near range data connection rate of 108 Mbps. The set-up for Experiment 6 is shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Figure 5</a>(a).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0035">Figure 6</a> contains the data collected during Experiment 6, in a graph generated with the aid of Excel. The indicated d-CIR and d-EIR are for a test bitrate of 600kbps that is continuously monitored at the receiver node in terms of four key performance indicators namely bandwidth, latency, jitter and errors. Note the range at which transmission fails (72m) corresponds to approximately 6Mbps. When reducing the transmission range, the transmission restarts at 55m at approximately 18Mbps. A method to use a trend-line is applied so that more accurate information may be extracted from the stepped transmission curves.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0035"></elsevierMultimedia>2.2.2Experiment 7: Single transceiver test network service referenceExperiment 7 determined the service reference for the electronics that was utilized when operating a link with a single-transceiver node. The electronics used for this test employed OFDM MIMO technology, manufactured by Belkin, AP model 802.11g+ MIMO with fixed transmit power at +17dBm.Nonetheless, the mobile node for this test was equipped with a single-transceiver system that enabled a near range data connection rate of 54Mbps. The transmission results for Experiment 7 are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0040">Figure 7</a>.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0040"></elsevierMultimedia>2.3Analytical approach and methodology to comparative testingThe analytical approach is mathematically simplified, in order to accommodate a much wider spectrum of industrial and scientific users who may not all be expert mathematicians. All data was first captured into MS Excel, and then processed to produce logarithmic trend-line equivalent curves with corresponding mathematical expressions. The resulting trend-line's y-intersect was then adjusted until the curve intersected with the last minimum recorded (70m) at the distance boundary, as shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0035">Figure 6</a> for the MIMO test network and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0040">Figure 7</a> for the single transceiver.With the aid of the logarithmic trend graph indicated in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0035">Figures 6 and 7</a>, the BW values corresponding to the d-CIR and d-EIR can be more accurately extracted from the data collected. As indicated, the transmission characteristics were measured in decreasing steps as determined by the wireless adapter's on-board firmware and algorithms. The result is a rather erratic stepped curve with more than one range value for each BW value below 54Mbps.According to the trend graph in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0035">Figure 6</a> (which can also be described by y=−26.6ln(x)+125.6 for the section of interest), the BW value at a range of 55m (d-CIR) is 19Mbps. The trend graph extends in range up to the last measured BW value before transmission terminated.For the section of graph beyond 70m, the interpolation method used here to estimate the BW at 72m (d-EIR) is by assuming a straight line graph section between 70m (9Mbps) and 75m (0Mbps). If 72.5m corresponds to 4.5Mbps, then the interpolated bandwidth at 72m is approximately 5Mbps.Considering the single transceiver's characteristics and resulting logarithmic trend graph as depicted in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0040">Figure 7</a>, y=−14.17ln(x)+71.356, the d-CIR range corresponds to a connected bandwidth value of 14.5Mbps and the d-EIR range a value of 2.5Mbps.3Results and data analysisIn the method followed to test the hypothesis, samples were drawn from the data collected during experimentation presented in Section <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0030">2</a>. After starting the video transmission, the BW data was recorded at suitable distance intervals whilst increasing the transmission range to the point of total signal deterioration, as shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Figure 3</a>. These data samples were then processed with an Eq. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#eq0040">(3)</a> derived in the previous Section <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0020">1.3</a>, which is based on the inverse square law of radiated power.The equation reveals the relationship between range variation (r1/r2) and signal strength (dB) when the bandwidth (BW) is constant (at 600kbps). Each of the processed results is then compared with the expected value.3.1Passive test data analysisConsidering <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0015">Figures 2 and 3</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> compares the results obtained with the standard +1dBi antennas to the results obtained with the +6dBi antennas, thus a total link budget variation of +5dB.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Considering <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0015">Figures 2 and 4</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a> compares the results obtained with the standard +1dBi antennas to the results obtained with 6dB attenuators set fitted in-line, thus a total link budget variation of −6dB.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia>3.2Active test data analysisConsidering <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Figure 5</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a> compares the results obtained with the RF transmit power set to 50.4mW (+17dBm); to the results obtained with the RF transmit power set to 12.6mW (+11dBm). This represents a 6dB difference in power level, or a 1–4 power ratio.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia>3.3Standard deviationThe standard deviation for each of these three series in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tbl0005">Tables 1–3</a>, are respectively estimated at 13%, 4.2% and 16.6%. This is regarded as excessive in the first and last cases and can be attributed to the stepped transmission curves.3.4Processing data to improve standard deviationIn a second method of data analysis, collected data samples are processed to produce a logarithmic trend-line, in order to reduce the standard deviation i.e. accuracy of the measurements. The following <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0045">Figure 8</a> indicates a logarithmic trend-line for the series +6dBi shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Figure 3</a>(b).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0045"></elsevierMultimedia>Using the logarithmic trend-line, specific values can be extracted for the respective data rates 36Mbps, 18Mbps, 9Mbps, d-CIR and d-EIR. Similarly, specific values were extracted from the series in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Figure 2</a>, and the two sets of processed values can again be compared in terms of the expected results, as shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a> below.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia>4Discussion4.1The hypothesisThe hypothesis suggests that connected bandwidth (BW) in Mbps is directly proportional to the electric field strength (E) in V/m, or to the power density (PD) in W/m2, of the RF wave at the receiving node.To test the hypothesis, several experiments were conducted. The hypothesis was confirmed by the experimental results obtained and presented in this study, since they correlate with expected values. The positive testing of the hypothesis suggests that connected bandwidth BW in Mbps is directly proportional to the relative signal strength in dBm, which is the preferred expression of signal power level.Positive testing of the hypothesis motivates the application of the inverse squared law of radiated power (or irradiation) as a mathematical tool to estimate information rate variations in ISM band OFDM wireless Ethernet networks, as applied in industrial wireless sensor networks.By using a video bit stream of a pre-determined rate to specify the required committed throughput, the service level differential zone SLDZ can easily be measured and the CIR and EIR for each network option can be detected. Once the d-CIR and d-EIR transmission ranges for the network options are known, these values can be used in conjunction with a simple set of Eqs. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#eq0040">(3) and (4)</a> to estimate range or bandwidth variations in network performance, in terms of relative link budget in dB.The observation of a video stream in order to evaluate network key performance indicators (KPIs), namely bandwidth, latency, jitter and errors, provides a fast, intuitive and easily interpreted method to confirm the CIR under actual operational conditions. It appears easier to use BW to express relative variations in signal strength in dB, because the measurement of RSS in dBm requires special test equipment and an in-depth knowledge of test and measurement w.r.t. resolution bandwidth measurements. BW readings may be obtained from on-board instrumentation such as Window Task Manager (Networking pane) or PROSet Wireless freeware from Intel.4.2The digital SINAD ratioAn interesting phenomenon initially observed is that the CIR (in the example's case 600kbps max) requires a minimum of approximately ten times the connected bandwidth, to a maximum of approximately thirty times the connected bandwidth, to reconnect or reset. These limits are determined by the manufacturer's firmware, situated on the radio chipset. This means the 600kbps CIR fails at a connected bandwidth value below 6Mbps, and reconnects or recovers from reset at approximately 18Mbps connected bandwidth.With specific reference drawn to the observation above, the signal-to-noise-and-distortion ratio (SINAD) is considered because it is an indicator of the quality of the signal that is transmitted from a communications device, and is often defined as:<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0050"></elsevierMultimedia>By functional comparison, the d-EIR is the transmission range at which the signal level of the CIR has deteriorated to the point that it is overcome by the noise and distortion level. Conversely, the d-CIR is the transmission range at which the CIR signal level is at a sufficiently higher ratio elevated above the noise and distortion level for acceptable video transmission. This situation relatively represents the digital SINAD ratio which can be calculated from the proposed equation:<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0055"></elsevierMultimedia>With reference to the results of the passive tests in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0015">Figures 2–4</a>, the SINAD for each characteristic was calculated with values obtained from the Excel trend-line method as in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Figure 2</a>. For example, for the curve Tx +1dBi:<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0060"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0065"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0070"></elsevierMultimedia>For the curve Tx +6dBi, using the same method, the SINAD is calculated at 13.18dB, and for the curve Tx −5dBi the SINAD is 15.44dB. Acceptable results were noted for Tx +1dBi and Tx +6dBi, since the SINAD required for microwave frequency is expected to be slightly higher than the 12dB recommended for VHF.A higher than expected SINAD of 15.44dB was noted for the Tx −5dBi curve to produce acceptable results. The additional signal level that is required to produce acceptable results is probably to overcome additional return loss because of mismatch. The mismatch probably occurs as a result of the additional connectors introduced to the system by the attenuator pads.4.3Comparative test resultsThe sensitivity specification of the first mobile node in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Figure 5</a>(a) as a radio receiver, for the transmission characteristics shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0035">Figure 6</a>, can also now be estimated as 19Mbps for a 13.35dB SINAD at throughput CIR of 600kbps. (18Mbps may be used being the closest standard BW value that the network can connect, for an approximated value of 13dB SINAD).For the second example, the SINAD can be calculated for the curve depicted in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0040">Figure 7</a> by the same method:<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0075"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0080"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0085"></elsevierMultimedia>Again, the sensitivity specification of the second mobile node in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Figure 5</a>(b) as a radio receiver can now be estimated as 14.5Mbps for a 13dB SINAD at a throughput CIR of 600kbps.The results obtained by the study, for two dissimilar physical layers transporting the same CoS traffic, can now be tabulated for brief discussion (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">Table 5</a>):<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0025"></elsevierMultimedia>It is noted with interest that the single transceiver has a much improved sensitivity rating. This was not clear from initial measurements, because the same d-CIR range was measured. However, with the use of the logarithmic trend graph it became possible to estimate the corresponding data rate with closer accuracy and clearly reveal the difference in physical layer characteristic features.5ConclusionThe study introduces WSNs to ISM-band OFDM WLANs, with specific reference to thermography and Android-based computer technology.A novel method to estimate a specified committed information rate in terms of range and link budget is positively tested against expected values. These capabilities render OFDM WLANs operating within ISM bands an extremely useful communications transport medium for industrial wireless sensor networks, and specifically for cutting edge Android nodes with Linux-based operating systems.A hypothesis is proposed that connected bandwidth in OFDM WLANs is directly proportional to the relative RF signal strength. The concept is mathematically proved by a heuristic statistical analysis approach, whereby data collected from transmission characteristics are compared with expected results, when the signals are intensified or attenuated to specifically known values. A method is revealed whereby collected data are processed in order to substantially improve the accuracy of the measurements.Comparative studies by physical experimentation revealed that mobile nodes can be individually tested in terms of their respective SINAD parameters, as well as their sensitivity parameters, without connecting external test equipment. With these parameters available, mobile Android/Linux computer nodes can in future be qualified for industrial use in terms of their throughput performance, which is a key requirement for service level agreements (SLAs) which incorporate the ITU-T Y.1564 and EtherSAM test methodologies.Conflict of interestThe authors declare no conflict of interest." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:9 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres834849" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec830773" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Research problem, objective and contributions" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Analytical approach: the free space radiation model" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Derivation of the range equations" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Research objective" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Methods and test environment" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Experimental methods" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Experiment 1: Test network service reference" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Experiment 2: Test network with improved service reference" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Experiment 3: Test network with reduced service reference" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Experiment 4: Test network with node RF power at +11 dBm" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "Experiment 5: Test network with node RF power at +17 dBm" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0065" "titulo" => "Comparative testing" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0070" "titulo" => "Experiment 6: MIMO test network service reference" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0075" "titulo" => "Experiment 7: Single transceiver test network service reference" ] ] ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0080" "titulo" => "Analytical approach and methodology to comparative testing" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0085" "titulo" => "Results and data analysis" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0090" "titulo" => "Passive test data analysis" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0095" "titulo" => "Active test data analysis" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0100" "titulo" => "Standard deviation" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0105" "titulo" => "Processing data to improve standard deviation" ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0110" "titulo" => "Discussion" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0115" "titulo" => "The hypothesis" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0120" "titulo" => "The digital SINAD ratio" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0125" "titulo" => "Comparative test results" ] ] ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0130" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0135" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 8 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2016-01-13" "fechaAceptado" => "2016-10-04" "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec830773" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "Mobile" 1 => "Wireless" 2 => "Sensor networks" 3 => "Data throughput" 4 => "Committed information rate (CIR)" 5 => "Service level differential zone (SLDZ)" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:1 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "A novel method is proposed to estimate committed information rate (CIR) variations in typical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) wireless local area networks (WLANs) that are applied in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and operate within the industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) frequency bands. The method is based on the observation of a phenomenon of which the significance has not previously been recognized nor documented; here termed the service level differential zone (SLDZ). This method, which conforms to the ITU-T Y.1564 test methodology, provides the means to set a committed information rate (CIR) reference for IEEE 802.11a/g/n OFDM systems in terms of committed throughput bandwidth between a test node and an access point (AP) at a specific range. An analytical approach is presented to determine the relationship between the maximum operating range (in metres) of a wireless sensor network for a specific committed throughput bandwidth, and its link budget (in dB). The most significant contributions of this paper are the analytical tools to determine wireless network capabilities, variations and performance in a simplified method, which does not require specialized measurement equipment. With these it becomes possible for industrial technicians and engineers (who are not necessarily information technology (IT) network experts) to field analyze OFDM WLANs and so qualify their performance in terms of Y.1564 specified service level agreement (SLA) requirements, as well as in terms of the widely acceptable sensitivity/SINAD parameters." ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "nota" => "Peer Review under the responsibility of Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México." ] ] "multimedia" => array:32 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1.1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1599 "Ancho" => 2645 "Tamanyo" => 194300 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "(a), (b) and (c) Experimental test network." ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1.2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1259 "Ancho" => 2333 "Tamanyo" => 176469 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Transmission test range." ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1416 "Ancho" => 2324 "Tamanyo" => 202880 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Transmission characteristics for test network with +1dBi antennas." ] ] 3 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 1500 "Ancho" => 2357 "Tamanyo" => 233860 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Transmission characteristics for MIMO test network with (a) +1dBi antennas, (b) +6dBi antennas and (c) 6dB attenuators in-line with +1dBi antennas." ] ] 4 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0025" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr5.jpeg" "Alto" => 1441 "Ancho" => 2471 "Tamanyo" => 211331 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Single transceiver transmission characteristics with actively controlled transmit power, indicating typical stepped curves for two series." ] ] 5 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0030" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 5" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr6.jpeg" "Alto" => 1800 "Ancho" => 2333 "Tamanyo" => 217072 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "(a) and (b) Experimental test network for comparative testing." ] ] 6 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0035" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 6" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr7.jpeg" "Alto" => 1417 "Ancho" => 2297 "Tamanyo" => 172543 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Transmission characteristics for MIMO test network." ] ] 7 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0040" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 7" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr8.jpeg" "Alto" => 1275 "Ancho" => 1726 "Tamanyo" => 165145 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Transmission characteristics for single transceiver test network, indicating stepped curve with corresponding logarithmic trend-line." ] ] 8 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0045" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 8" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr9.jpeg" "Alto" => 1387 "Ancho" => 2493 "Tamanyo" => 227833 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Transmission characteristics for +6dBi with logarithmic trend line." ] ] 9 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Measured result</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Calculated result dB=(20Logr2/r1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Expected result dB=(+6−1dB) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Data rate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">r1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">r2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">36 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">25 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">45 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5.11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">36 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">32 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">57 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5.01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">36 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">40 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">70 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4.86 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">45 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">75 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4.43 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">50 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">90 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4.81 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">55 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">100 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5.19 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">CIR \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">57 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">102 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5.05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">65 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">115 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4.95 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">70 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">125 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5.03 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">EIR \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">72 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">127 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4.93 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top">Standard deviation</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">13% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1407760.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Transmission results +1dBi antenna vs. +6dBi antenna." ] ] 10 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at2" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Measured result</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Calculated result dB=(20Logr2/r1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Expected result dB=(–6dB) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Data rate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">r1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">r2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">36 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">40 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">50 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">25 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">CIR \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">55 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">27 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−6.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">60 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">30 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">70 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">35 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">EIR \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">72 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">37 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−5.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top">Standard deviation</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5.5% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1407759.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Transmission results +1dBi antenna vs. −6dB attenuator." ] ] 11 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at3" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Measured result</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Calculated result dB=(20Logr2/r1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Expected result dB=(+17−11dB) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Data rate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">r1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">r2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">36 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">17 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">37 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">36 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">40 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">25 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">50 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">CIR \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">27 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">54 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">32 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">65 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">35 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">70 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">EIR \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">37 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">73 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top">Standard deviation</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">16.6% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1407758.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Transmission results +17dBm rf-out vs. +11dBm rf-out." ] ] 12 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0020" "etiqueta" => "Table 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at4" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Measured result</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Calculated result dB=(20Logr2/r1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Expected result dB=(+6−1dB) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Data rate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">r1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">r2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">36 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">36 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">62 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4.72 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">+5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">56 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">100 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5.03 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">+5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">CIR \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">55 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">102 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5.36 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">+5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">70 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">125 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5.03 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">+5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">EIR \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">72 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">127 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4.99 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">+5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top">Standard deviation</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.6% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1407756.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Transmission results +1dBi antenna vs. +6dB antenna." ] ] 13 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0025" "etiqueta" => "Table 5" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at5" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">MIMO Experiment 6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Single transceiver Experiment 7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">SINAD \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">13.35dB \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">13.01dB \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Sensitivity \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">19Mbps for approx. 13dB SINAD at CIR=600kbps \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">14.5Mbps for approx. 13dB SINAD at CIR=600kbps \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1407757.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Comparison of experiment 6 – mimo dual transceiver and Experiment 7 – single transceiver." ] ] 14 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "eq0005" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => "PDi=P4πr2 W/m2" "Fichero" => "STRIPIN_si1.jpeg" "Tamanyo" => 1358 "Alto" => 34 "Ancho" => 124 ] ] 15 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "eq0010" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => "PDi=Ei×H W/m2" "Fichero" => "STRIPIN_si2.jpeg" "Tamanyo" => 1263 "Alto" => 17 "Ancho" => 139 ] ] 16 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "eq0015" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => "|PDi|=EiH=Ei2120π" "Fichero" => "STRIPIN_si3.jpeg" "Tamanyo" => 1746 "Alto" => 37 "Ancho" => 145 ] ] 17 => array:6 [ "identificador" => "eq0020" "etiqueta" => "(1)" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => "Link budget variation (dB)=10Log(PDi1/r1)(PDi2/r2)" "Fichero" => "STRIPIN_si4.jpeg" "Tamanyo" => 4278 "Alto" => 44 "Ancho" => 319 ] ] 18 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "eq0025" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => "Link budget variation (dB)=10LogPDi1PDi2×r2r1" "Fichero" => "STRIPIN_si5.jpeg" "Tamanyo" => 3622 "Alto" => 38 "Ancho" => 308 ] ] 19 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "eq0030" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => "∴Link budget variation (dB)=10LogEi12/120πEi22/120π×r2r1" "Fichero" => "STRIPIN_si6.jpeg" "Tamanyo" => 5194 "Alto" => 45 "Ancho" => 389 ] ] 20 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "eq0090" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => "∴Link budget variation (dB)=10LogEi1Ei22×r2r1" "Fichero" => "STRIPIN_si7.jpeg" "Tamanyo" => 3966 "Alto" => 43 "Ancho" => 348 ] ] 21 => array:6 [ "identificador" => "eq0035" "etiqueta" => "(2)" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => "∴Link budget variation (dB)=10LogBW1BW22×r2r1∴Link budget variation (dB)=20LogBW1BW2×r2r1" "Fichero" => "STRIPIN_si8.jpeg" "Tamanyo" => 7824 "Alto" => 88 "Ancho" => 356 ] ] 22 => array:6 [ "identificador" => "eq0040" "etiqueta" => "(3)" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => "Link 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"Alto" => 34 "Ancho" => 308 ] ] 26 => array:6 [ "identificador" => "eq0060" "etiqueta" => "(6)" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => "SINAD (dBcir)=10LogBWd−CIR−BWd−EIRCIR" "Fichero" => "STRIPIN_si13.jpeg" "Tamanyo" => 3410 "Alto" => 33 "Ancho" => 319 ] ] 27 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "eq0065" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => "∴SINAD (dB)=10Log19×106−5×106600×103" "Fichero" => "STRIPIN_si14.jpeg" "Tamanyo" => 3665 "Alto" => 39 "Ancho" => 296 ] ] 28 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "eq0070" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => "∴SINAD=13.35 dBcir" "Fichero" => "STRIPIN_si15.jpeg" "Tamanyo" => 1520 "Alto" => 12 "Ancho" => 165 ] ] 29 => array:6 [ "identificador" => "eq0075" "etiqueta" => "(7)" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => "SINAD (dBcir)=10LogBWdCIR−BWdEIRCIR" "Fichero" => "STRIPIN_si16.jpeg" "Tamanyo" => 3341 "Alto" => 33 "Ancho" => 293 ] ] 30 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "eq0080" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => "∴SINAD=10Log14.5×106−2.5×106600×103" "Fichero" => "STRIPIN_si17.jpeg" "Tamanyo" => 3447 "Alto" => 39 "Ancho" => 289 ] ] 31 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "eq0085" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => "∴SINAD=13.01 dBcir" "Fichero" => "STRIPIN_si18.jpeg" "Tamanyo" => 1513 "Alto" => 12 "Ancho" => 165 ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:25 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "Akerberg et al., 2011" "referencia" => 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Simplified performance estimation of ISM-band, OFDM-based WSNs according to the sensitivity/SINAD parameters

Pierre van Rhyn

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vanrhyn@mweb.co.za

Corresponding author.

, Gerhard P. Hancke

Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, Lynnwood Road, Pretoria, South Africa

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Corbellini&#44; Parvis&#44; &#38; Vallan&#44; 2009</a>&#41;&#44; machine monitoring &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">Flammini&#44; Marioli&#44; Sisinni&#44; &#38; Taroni&#44; 2009</a>&#41;&#44; energy monitoring &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">Lu &#38; Gungor&#44; 2009</a>&#41;&#44; and increasingly in the fields of optical character recognition OCR &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">Korber&#44; Wattar&#44; &#38; Scholl&#44; 2007</a>&#41; and thermography &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">Fluke&#44; 2007</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Thermography measures the temperature of the entire picture that the charged-coupled device &#40;CCD&#41; has captured&#46; For example the Ti-300 infrared thermography imager manufactured by Fluke can be applied in a typical industrial solution to monitor and inspect furnaces and boilers wirelessly using its proprietary &#8216;SD-wireless&#8217;&#44; on-board 802&#46;11<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;n interface &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">Fluke&#44; 2008</a>&#41;&#46; The imager provides a real-time video image and thermographic analysis of the temperature distribution inside the combustion chamber or boiler to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Android&#47;Linux nodes</span>&#46; This information is crucial for process control and preventative maintenance procedures&#44; but it requires broadband capability for networked transmission&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">ISM band&#44; OFDM WLANs are the proposed solution for WSNs that require broadband operation with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">committed information rate</span> and predetermined <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">class of service</span>&#46; Two industry measurement standards for data throughput&#44; RFC2544 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">Gigu&#232;re&#44; 2008</a>&#41; and ITU-T Y&#46;1564 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">ITU&#44; 2016</a>&#41;&#44; are applicable&#46; The terms <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">committed information rate</span> &#40;CIR&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">excess information rate</span> &#40;EIR&#41; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">class of service</span> &#40;CoS&#41; are defined by the Metro Ethernet Forum &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">MEF&#44; 2006</a>&#41; and by the ITU-T in Y&#46;1564&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">CIR and EIR are specifically defined by Y&#46;1564&#44; in terms of measurement philosophy and methodologies&#44; as the acceptable parameters in the method to determine service performance levels that conform to modern industrial and commercial service level agreements&#46; It therefore appears logical that modern IEEE 802&#46;11a&#47;g&#47;n systems that transport TCP&#47;IP Ethernet services for industrial solutions should be evaluated according to the same ITU-T Y&#46;1564 standards&#46; It should be noted here that 802&#46;11b is not an OFDM-based system&#44; but that 802&#46;11a&#47;g&#47;n OFDM systems are backward compatible with 802&#46;11b &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110">Paulraj&#44; Nabar&#44; &#38; Gore&#44; 2003</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing &#40;MIMO-OFDM&#41; wireless technology appears to fulfil the requirements of industrial WLANs &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">Gigu&#232;re&#44; 2008</a>&#41;&#46; MIMO-OFDM is considered a most interesting development in the field of broadband wireless technology because it is extremely tolerant to multi-path propagation and frequency selective fading&#46; A major advantage of an OFDM-based 802&#46;11a&#47;g&#47;n gateway router&#44; for WSN use&#44; is its 3G&#47;LTE Internet connection capability that facilitates a global communication connection &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Liu &#38; Li&#44; 2005</a>&#41;&#44; seamlessly connection dissimilar operating systems across dissimilar networks&#46; A far-reaching application in mind is that Android&#47;Linux-based IWSNs can be deployed&#44; operated and controlled from anywhere on the globe&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Performance gains may be made in OFDM systems by the application of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">more than one antenna</span> at either or both connecting points of the wireless link &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">Bolcskei&#44; 2006</a>&#41;&#46; Multiple antennas can be used to effect interference cancellation and may also be used in coherent combining techniques to obtain diversity and array gain&#46; An additional fundamental channel gain is realized by the use of multiple antennas in a MIMO configuration at either&#47;both sides of the link that improves spectral efficiency&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Performance gains may also be made in OFDM systems by the application of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">a higher gain antenna</span> at either or both connecting points of the wireless link &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">Ide&#44; Kingsley&#44; O&#8217;Keefe&#44; &#38; Saario&#44; 2005</a>&#41;&#46; Higher gain antennas like log periodic types are usually highly directional with a beam width of 15&#176;&#8211;20&#176; in sector specific direction &#40;azimuth&#41;&#46; Attention is drawn to vertically polarized omnidirectional antennas with higher gain&#44; such as the multiple-element collinear array&#44; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">Karlsen&#44; 2009</a>&#41; which will only operate satisfactorily in the horizontal plane&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Exceptional performance gains may be made by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">selecting the appropriate technology</span> that is available to the industry &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">National Instruments&#44; 2016</a>&#41;&#46; For example&#44; a trend observed in both the automotive and military industries is to make use of commercial off-the-shelf &#40;COTS&#41; technology&#44; repackaged to IP65 standards&#44; as opposed to development of turnkey systems from the ground up&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This approach holds many advantages for industrial electronics and informatics practitioners because of time and cost savings related to the measurement platform&#46; For the same reasons&#44; the application of Android&#47;Linux-based platforms has become prolific &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">National Instruments&#44; 2016</a>&#41;&#46; These devices incorporate mostly 802&#46;11a&#47;g&#47;n compatible WLAN capabilities&#44; as well as multiple connectivity options&#46; Their capabilities to connect dissimilar operating systems across dissimilar networks place them functionally on par with OSI model&#44; level 7 gateways&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The latest commercial gateway&#47;routers operate in both ISM frequency bands of 2&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GHz and 5&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GHz in the WLAN&#44; so providing <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">frequency diversity</span>&#46; Each frequency band is utilized by two omnidirectional transceivers&#44; hence providing a degree of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">space diversity</span>&#44; as well as noise cancellation&#46; The gateway employs a so-called &#8216;hotstick&#8217; USB modem to connect the WLAN to the Internet service provider&#44; typically in a licenced frequency band such as 3&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GHz&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">However&#44; a related problem is to define the degree to which the network can be improved in terms of its service level as a result of performance optimization attempted by the user &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005">Akerberg&#44; Gidlund&#44; &#38; Bjorkman&#44; 2011&#59; Bello&#44; Mirabella&#44; &#38; Raucea&#44; 2007&#59; Sun&#44; Akyildiz&#44; &#38; Hancke&#44; 2011</a>&#41;&#46; Advantages for industrial electronics and informatics practitioners from this approach are time and cost savings related to the set-up and operation of the measurement platform&#46;</p><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1&#46;1</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Research problem&#44; objective and contributions</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results of bit-rate testing by pattern transmission may be misleading if one considers a phenomenon we shall refer to as the &#8216;service level differential zone&#8217; &#40;SLDZ&#41; of an OFDM WLAN&#46; The SLDZ of an OFDM WLAN was observed in an industrial environment during preliminary transmission tests that were conducted by the authors in 2007&#44; in preparation of an engine test bench for the purpose of &#40;destructive&#41; diesel engine testing&#46; This form of engine testing requires remote temperature monitoring of the engine components because of the mechanical risks of engine failure which include flying shrapnel and hot oil ejection&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It was observed that the OFDM network will maintain broad-bandwidth transmission &#40;video and audio soundtrack&#41; with a node&#44; up to a certain distance away from the access point &#40;AP&#41;&#44; as the separating range &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span>&#41; is increased&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At a range <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">ne</span> &#40;never exceeded&#41; from the AP&#44; the signal is suddenly compromised with little or no warning by video transmission quality&#46; The node now has to move back a certain distance towards the AP to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">max</span> in order to regain transmission&#46; This distance moving back was observed to be a considerable percentage of the total apparent transmission range <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">ne</span>&#46; It is this considerable range between <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">max</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">ne</span> that we shall refer to as the SLDZ&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The quality of service &#40;QoS&#41; level of a network cannot be accurately determined when nodes are deployed within &#40;or outside&#41; the SLDZ of the network&#46; The SLDZ appears to conform to the magnetic hysteresis phenomenon and underlying physical laws that describe it&#44; for example the Jiles and Atherton &#40;JA&#41; model of hysteresis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">Carpenter&#44; 1991</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This paper formulates the hypothesis that <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">connected bandwidth</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">BW</span>&#41; in Mbps is directly proportional to the power density in W&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> of the radio frequency &#40;RF&#41; wave&#44; or conversely to the electric field strength &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E</span>&#41; of the RF wave in V&#47;m&#44; at the receiving node&#46; Connected bandwidth refers to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">digital bandwidth</span>&#44; as opposed to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">analogue bandwidth</span>&#44; which is the frequency range between the half power points of an electromagnetic energy wave&#46; This implies that the connected <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">BW</span> will decrease at the same rate as the power density or the electric field strength of the RF wave&#44; until the decline in signal-to-noise ratio &#40;SNR&#41; results in the termination of streaming wireless communication&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Testing the above-mentioned hypothesis positively is a research goal that motivates the application of the well-known inverse-square law of radiated power&#44; in conjunction with effects of the phenomenon termed here as the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">service level differential zone&#46;</span> The consideration of the service level differential zone is a novel approach that provides the methods and mathematical building blocks&#44; which are required to solve range&#44; and capacity-related issues of wireless systems &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">Girs&#44; Uhlemann&#44; &#38; Bj&#246;rkman&#44; 2012</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This paper proposes a method to determine the excess information rate &#40;EIR&#41; and the committed information rate &#40;CIR&#41; by detection&#44; using the SLDZ dynamic hysteresis phenomenon&#46; This technique is combined with scaled video streaming to represent the user defined throughput bandwidth&#46; Previous methods used the file transfer protocol &#40;ftp&#41; method which was not accurate because not all the key performance indicators &#40;KPIs&#41; are considered namely <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">latency</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">jitter</span>&#46; The d-CIR &#40;detected CIR&#41; provides a quality of service reference&#44; which conforms mostly to the ITU&#46;Y-1564 test philosophy&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This paper contributes the scientific equations and methods that are required to estimate wireless network capabilities&#44; variations and performance during industrial deployment or field tests&#46; With these it becomes possible to qualify OFDM WLANs in terms of their service performance according to acceptable standards such as Y&#46;1564&#44; which is a key requirement for industrial applications&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An extended research goal of this study is to devise a method to compare different OFDM WLAN data links in terms of their performance&#46; An acceptable range performance parameter is required when considering improvement to the link quality&#44; because it will determine the maximum extent to which the link budget can be increased&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study proposes the typical radio range parameters namely <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">sensitivity</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SINAD</span> &#40;signal to noise and distortion ratio&#41; to express OFDM WLAN dynamic range performance&#46; These are mostly used in the specialized field of radio communications&#46; These parameters can be derived from the d-CIR and d-EIR using the SLDZ detection method previously described in this paper&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A method is exploited to determine the excess information rate &#40;EIR&#41; and the committed information rate &#40;CIR&#41; according to the &#40;ITU&#41; and &#40;MEF&#41; by detection&#44; using the SLDZ dynamic hysteresis phenomenon&#44; and to equate these to the radio range characteristics of the physical layers under test&#46; This technique is combined with scaled video streaming to represent the user defined throughput bandwidth&#46; The d-CIR &#40;detected CIR&#41; provides a quality of service reference&#44; which conforms mostly to the ITU&#46;Y-1564 test philosophy&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1&#46;2</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Analytical approach&#58; the free space radiation model</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In order to determine the characteristic transmission curve of the wireless link under test&#44; samples of connected bandwidth <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">BW</span> are drawn at diminishing range intervals&#46; These samples are then processed with MS Excel to produce a logarithmic trend line&#44; depicting connected <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">BW</span> as a function of range in metres&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The stepped curve response of the transmission characteristics makes more accurate reading intervals difficult and pointless&#46; The connected bandwidth level at each respective range section is maintained until the firmware switches over to the next lower &#40;or higher&#41; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">BW</span> setting&#46; The <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">BW</span> switching criteria are not published by the manufacturer so that the effects can only be observed&#44; but not clearly explained&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A simple solution is a method to smooth the stepped curves by using logarithmic trend modelling such as Excel or MatLab functions&#46; More meaningful readings can then be made graphically&#44; and the resulting graph function may be used to calculate range-corresponding <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">BW</span> variations&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The point source radiator or isotropic antenna has to be considered in the study of the radiated field from any antenna&#44; when line-of-sight transmission is considered&#46; Practical antennas and their performance are often referenced in terms of this basic radiator&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1&#46;3</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Derivation of the range equations</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Energy radiates equally in all directions from the isotropic antenna&#59; therefore&#44; the spherical radiation pattern in any plane is circular&#44; for example in the ground plane&#46; The typical isotropic radiator is supplied with a power of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> watts at the origin <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">O</span>&#46; The power flows outward from this point and through the spherical surface <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S</span>&#44; which has a radius <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span>&#46; The intensity of radiation&#44; i&#46;e&#46;&#44; the power density <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">D</span></span> at point <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">I</span> can be defined as&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0005"></elsevierMultimedia></p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This equation illustrates the effects of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">inverse square law of irradiance</span>&#58; at twice the range &#40;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span>&#41;&#44; with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> at a constant&#44; the power density <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Di</span></span> decreases by a factor of four or by &#8722;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dB&#46; Also&#44; to obtain the same <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Di</span></span> at double the range &#40;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span>&#41;&#44; the power <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> would have to increase fourfold or by &#43;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dB&#44; irrespective of the number of antennas used &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125">Wolnicki&#44; 2005</a>&#41;&#44; as confirmed by Wavion&#39;s MIMO enterprise AP equipped with six &#43;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dBi antennas&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Maxwell&#39;s theories define the relationship between the power density <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Di</span></span> and the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E</span>-field and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">H</span>-field vectors as follows &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">Maxwell&#44; 2011</a>&#41;&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0010"></elsevierMultimedia></p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The absolute magnitude of the power density or intensity of irradiation is thus&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0015"></elsevierMultimedia></p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">&#40;where <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ei</span> is the electric field strength of irradiance and the impedance of free space is 120&#960; ohm&#44; which is approximately 377<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#937;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to the inverse square law&#44; the ratio of two power densities at their respected ranges from the source of radiation can be expressed as the link budget variation&#44; in dB&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0020"></elsevierMultimedia></p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Manipulation yields&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0025"></elsevierMultimedia></p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Since <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Di</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ei</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#47;120&#960; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">Maxwell&#44; 2011</a>&#41;&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0030"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0090"></elsevierMultimedia></p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">But according to the hypothesis&#44; the electric field strength <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ei</span> is directly proportional to the connected bandwidth <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">BW</span>&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0035"></elsevierMultimedia></p><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When the bandwidth remains a constant &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">BW</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>BW</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41;&#44; then the ratio of the two respective ranges may be expressed as&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0040"></elsevierMultimedia></p><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">&#40;This is the equation proposed for the analytical processing of data samples&#41;</p><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Also&#44; when the range remains a constant &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>r</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41;&#44; then the ratio of two bandwidths may be expressed as&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0045"></elsevierMultimedia></p><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">With Eqs&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#eq0040">&#40;3&#41; and &#40;4&#41;</a> it becomes possible to predict throughput variations in terms of relative RF link budget &#40;in dB&#41;&#44; and to qualify OFDM WLANs in terms of their service performance according to acceptable standards such as Y&#46;1564&#44; which is a key requirement for industrial applications&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1&#46;4</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Research objective</span><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The main research objective of this study was to devise a simple method to analyze and estimate the performance of an ISM-band&#44; OFDM-based&#44; WSN data link&#46; We compare the transmission characteristics before and after signal intensification or attenuation is configured&#44; and relate the differences in terms of the RF link budget &#40;in dB&#41;&#44; by the application of Eq&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#eq0040">&#40;3&#41;</a>&#46; Results are then presented for discussion&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Methods and test environment</span><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This section describes the experimental methods and the conditions under which the test results were obtained so that the experiments may be easily replicated for continuous review and investigation&#46; Then&#44; the analytical approaches are briefly reviewed before the data analysis method is described&#46;</p><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Testing is in accordance with the neural black-box method combined with the mathematical approach of functional approximation&#46; The digital inputs to the entire system are compared with the analogue video and audio output obtained in terms of observed quality&#46; The inner hardware of the node or the physical layer cannot be manipulated by the user&#44; therefore it remains irrelevant to this study&#46; However&#44; different physical layers can now be compared with one another in terms of functional performance&#46;</p><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The test topology is shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1&#46;1</a>&#40;a&#41;&#8211;&#40;c&#41;&#46; The test range is shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 1&#46;2</a>&#46; The typical OFDM test network consists of two mobile computers and an ISM 802&#46;11&#46;g access point &#40;AP&#41; router&#46; The 802&#46;11g system was used as an example because this system version &#40;g&#41; was already well developed in terms of industrial packaging and antennas&#47;accessories available&#46; We also used 802&#46;11g as an example because of interest in the results obtained from single transceiver systems&#44; as opposed to multiple transceivers as in MIMO operation&#46; The fact of the matter is that the similar results will &#40;predictably&#41; be obtained when repeating these tests with any of the IEEE ratified systems 802&#46;11a&#47;g&#47;n&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1&#46;1</a> depicts the network options for testing&#46; The server node used option &#40;a&#41; for Experiment 1&#44; option &#40;b&#41; for Experiment 2 and option &#40;c&#41; for Experiment 3&#46; Typical ISM band OFDM network variations were deployed for streaming video transmission&#46; Performance results were measured and are presented here as connected bandwidth &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">BW</span>&#41; in Mbps&#44; as a function of transmission range &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span>&#41; in metres&#46; The server node is directly connected to the AP via Cat 5 cable&#44; and also controls the AP adapter settings with a browser-based guided user interface &#40;GUI&#41;&#46; For the mobile node&#39;s adapter&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Intel PROSet Wireless</span> adapter software is used with the mobile node because it is freely available and easy to use&#46; The installation of this additional software enhances the functionality and user perception of the measurement experience&#46;</p><p id="par0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Radiation measurements normally have to be conducted in an anechoic chamber or open-space antenna measurement range&#46; Results otherwise obtained will be regarded as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">conduction measurements</span> rather than radiation measurements&#44; and are therefore not considered here&#46;</p><p id="par0235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Since the method described here is intended for actual field use and refers to the SINAD parameter &#40;ratio of signal to noise and distortion&#41;&#44; the results were required to include the effects introduced by external noise and distortion&#46; The transmission tests were therefore conducted on an old cricket pitch&#44; as shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 1&#46;2</a>&#44; providing a relatively large open space with an evenly flat ground plane&#46;</p><p id="par0240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 1&#46;2</a> shows the plan area of the transmission test range&#46; The approximate latitude and longitude of the test station is indicated&#44; as well as the imaginary range line and markers&#46; The d-CIR and d-EIR ranges for the three transmission series in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Figure 3</a> are also indicated&#46;</p><p id="par0245" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Video transmission commences when the mobile node runs the file in the server node&#39;s share folder with Windows&#8217; media player&#46; The use of a predetermined video bit-stream is applied in a test detection technique&#58; If the video stream at a specific pre-scaled rate has no perceptual impairment in terms of sound or picture&#44; it conforms completely to the agreed CIR&#46; If any noise or video distortion is perceived&#44; it means the key performance indicators &#40;KPIs&#41; are compromised and the video stream does not conform to the agreed CIR&#46;</p><p id="par0250" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The video bit-stream rate was predetermined to represent the committed information rate &#40;CIR&#41; or agreed QoS throughput&#44; set at nominally 600<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kbps maximum for the experimental requirement&#46; This was achieved by selecting a suitable length video clip and scaling the frame rate down in H&#46;264 with Apple&#39;s video editing software until the desired bitrate was obtained&#46; The resulting audio&#47;video interleaved &#40;AVI&#41; file was then saved on the server node in a shared folder&#46;</p><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;1</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Experimental methods</span><p id="par0255" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The first set of experiments focused on <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">passive testing</span>&#46; This means the determination of the transmission characteristics for a throughput of 600<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kbps with any variations imposed in a passive &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; inactive&#41; manner&#44; as compared with the standard low-complexity &#40;&#43;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dBi&#41; antenna characteristics as in Experiment 1&#46;</p><p id="par0260" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These characteristics are compared to transmission characteristics when using an antenna with a higher gain characteristic &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120">Willig&#44; 2008</a>&#41;&#44; for example a vertical &#40;&#43;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dBi&#41; collinear design for 2&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GHz in Experiment 2&#46; The test was repeated using two inline resistive attenuators of 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dB each in conjunction with the &#43;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dBi antennas in Experiment 3&#46;</p><p id="par0265" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The second set of experiments focused on <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">active testing</span>&#46; This means that the transmission characteristics for a throughput of 600<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kbps were determined for different settings of transmitted power levels&#44; which were electronically controlled by Intel&#39;s PROSet Wireless software&#46; The transmission characteristics of a typical 802&#46;11<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g single transceiver network operating at 20&#37; of maximum power were determined in Experiment 4&#46; The test was repeated for a power setting of 80&#37; of maximum power in Experiment 5&#46;</p><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;1&#46;1</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Experiment 1&#58; Test network service reference</span><p id="par0270" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Experiment 1 determined the service reference for the electronics that was utilized&#46; The electronics used for this test employed OFDM MIMO technology&#44; manufactured by Belkin&#44; AP model 802&#46;11g&#43; MIMO with fixed transmit power at &#43;17<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dBm&#46; With the mobile node equipped with the matching Belkin USB g&#43; MIMO modem&#44; the two transceiver system enabled a near range data connection rate of 108<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mbps&#46;</p><p id="par0275" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The set-up for Experiment 1 is shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>&#40;a&#41;&#46; After starting the video transmission&#44; the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">BW</span> was recorded at suitable distance intervals whilst increasing the transmission range to the point of total signal deterioration&#44; as shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Figure 2</a>&#46; This point is marked as the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">detected excess information rate</span> &#40;d-EIR&#41; range&#46; The transmission range was then reduced until video transmission restarted&#46; This point was marked as the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">detected committed information rate</span> &#40;d-CIR&#41; range&#46; The SLDZ is the range between d-CIR and d-EIR&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0280" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Figure 2</a> contains the data collected during Experiment 1&#44; in a graph generated with the aid of Excel&#46; The indicated d-CIR and d-EIR are for a test bit-rate of 600<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kbps that is continuously monitored in terms of four key performance indicators namely <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">bandwidth</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">latency</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">jitter</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">errors</span>&#46; Note the range at which transmission fails &#40;72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m&#41; corresponds to approximately 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mbps&#46;</p><p id="par0285" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When reducing the transmission range&#44; the transmission restarts at 55<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m at approximately 18 Mbps&#46; Our method to use a trend-line is applied so that more accurate information may be extracted from the stepped transmission curves&#44; or by using the equation <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">y</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;26 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ln</span>&#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">x</span>&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>125&#46;6 also generated with the use of Excel&#46; These stepped curves are due to the manufacturer&#39;s &#40;Intel&#41; internal algorithms that are contained in the firmware of the OFDM WLAN physical layers&#44; which can be smoothed with the use of external software packages like Excel&#46;</p><p id="par0290" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The SLDZ manifests itself in the same manner as a typical hysteresis curve &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">Carpenter&#44; 1991</a>&#41;&#59; transmission failing suddenly at d-EIR and restarting back at d-CIR&#46; This pattern will repeat as the mobile node approaches or recedes from the access point AP across the SLDZ&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;1&#46;2</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Experiment 2&#58; Test network with improved service reference</span><p id="par0295" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Experiment 2 determined the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">improvement</span> in the service reference for the electronics that was utilized&#46; However&#44; instead of the standard &#43;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dBi antennas&#44; the AP was equipped with two &#43;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dBi antennas as shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>&#40;b&#41;&#46; The mobile node was equipped with the matching Belkin USB g&#43; MIMO modem&#46; The data collected during Experiment 2 is depicted in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Figure 3</a> as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;b&#41; Transmission &#43;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dBi</span>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0300" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Figure 3</a>&#40;b&#41; indicates the test results obtained with &#43;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dBi antennas instead of &#43;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dBi&#44; which means the link budget was improved by 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dB&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;1&#46;3</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Experiment 3&#58; Test network with reduced service reference</span><p id="par0305" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Experiment 3 indicates the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">reduction</span> in the service reference for the electronics that was utilized&#44; as a control procedure&#46; However&#44; instead of the standard &#43;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dBi antennas&#44; the AP was also equipped with two 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dB attenuators fitted in-line with each antenna as shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1&#46;1</a>&#40;c&#41;&#46; This means the link budget was reduced by 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dB&#46;</p><p id="par0310" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The set-up for Experiment 3 is shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1&#46;1</a>&#40;c&#41; and the data collected during the experiment is depicted in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Figure 3</a> as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;c&#41; Transmission</span> &#8722;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dBi</span>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;1&#46;4</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Experiment 4&#58; Test network with node RF power at &#43;11<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dBm</span><p id="par0315" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Experiment 4 determined the service reference for the electronics that was utilized when operating a node at 20&#37; of maximum power&#46; The electronics used for this test was an 802&#46;11g AP router with single transceiver manufactured by D-Link operating at &#43;18<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dBm&#46;</p><p id="par0320" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The wireless adapter control software on the mobile node made it possible to set RF power in 20&#37; decrements from maximum &#40;&#43;18<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dBm&#47;63<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mW&#41; to zero&#46; For this test the mobile node RF power was set to 12&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mW or &#43;11<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dBm&#46; The single transceiver system enabled a near range data connection rate of 54<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mbps&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;1&#46;5</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Experiment 5&#58; Test network with node RF power at &#43;17<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dBm</span><p id="par0325" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Experiment 5 determined the service reference for the electronics that was utilized when operating a node at 80&#37; of maximum power&#46; For this test the mobile node RF power was set to 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mW or &#43;17<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dBm&#46; The single transceiver system enabled a near range data connection rate of 54<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mbps&#46;</p><p id="par0330" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The set-up for Experiment 4 and Experiment 5 is essentially indicated in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1&#46;1</a>&#40;a&#41; but with a single antenna on the AP and using the internal RF modem situated on-board the mobile node&#46; The results of the active tests are indicated <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Figure 4</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0335" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Figure 4</a>&#44; the first series presents the transmission results with RF power set to &#43;11<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dBm &#40;12&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mW&#41;&#44; and the second series of results are for RF power set to &#43;17<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dBm &#40;50&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mW&#41;&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Figure 4</a> thus indicates the transmission range variation when the RF output power setting is adjusted by &#43;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dB&#44; which is four times original setting&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;2</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Comparative testing</span><p id="par0340" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This section briefly reviews the methods and conditions under which the comparative test results were obtained&#44; so that the experiments may easily be replicated for continuous review and investigation&#46;</p><p id="par0345" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The test topology is shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Figure 5</a>&#40;a&#41; and &#40;b&#41;&#46; The typical OFDM test network consists of two mobile computers and an ISM 802&#46;11&#46;g access point &#40;AP&#41; router&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0030"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0350" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The server node used option &#40;a&#41; for Experiment 6 and for Experiment 7&#46; The mobile node in Experiment 6 used an external USB modem&#46; Nevertheless&#44; a different manufacturer&#39;s mobile node was used for Experiment 7&#44; equipped with an internal 802&#46;11a&#47;g&#47;n physical layer&#44; as in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Figure 5</a>&#40;b&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0355" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Experiment 6 focused on the determination of the transmission characteristics for a throughput of 600 kbps with two standard low-complexity &#40;&#43;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dBi&#41; antennas in a MIMO configuration as depicted in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Figure 5</a>&#40;a&#41;&#46; These characteristics are compared to the transmission characteristics obtained during Experiment 7&#44; when using a single transceiver &#40;Txcvr&#41; AP as indicated in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Figure 5</a>&#40;b&#41;&#46; Note that&#44; the RF power level for both tests&#44; were set to equal levels at &#43;17<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dBm each&#46;</p><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;2&#46;1</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Experiment 6&#58; MIMO test network service reference</span><p id="par0360" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Experiment 6 determined the service reference for the electronics that was utilized&#46; The electronics used for this test employed OFDM MIMO technology&#44; manufactured by Belkin&#44; AP model 802&#46;11g&#43; MIMO with fixed transmit power at &#43;17<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dBm&#46; With the mobile node equipped with the matching Belkin USB g&#43; MIMO modem&#44; the two transceiver system enabled a near range data connection rate of 108 Mbps&#46; The set-up for Experiment 6 is shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Figure 5</a>&#40;a&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0365" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0035">Figure 6</a> contains the data collected during Experiment 6&#44; in a graph generated with the aid of Excel&#46; The indicated d-CIR and d-EIR are for a test bitrate of 600<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kbps that is continuously monitored at the receiver node in terms of four key performance indicators namely <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">bandwidth</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">latency</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">jitter</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">errors</span>&#46; Note the range at which transmission fails &#40;72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m&#41; corresponds to approximately 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mbps&#46; When reducing the transmission range&#44; the transmission restarts at 55<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m at approximately 18<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mbps&#46; A method to use a trend-line is applied so that more accurate information may be extracted from the stepped transmission curves&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0035"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;2&#46;2</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Experiment 7&#58; Single transceiver test network service reference</span><p id="par0370" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Experiment 7 determined the service reference for the electronics that was utilized when operating a link with a single-transceiver node&#46; The electronics used for this test employed OFDM MIMO technology&#44; manufactured by Belkin&#44; AP model 802&#46;11<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#43; MIMO with fixed transmit power at &#43;17<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dBm&#46;</p><p id="par0375" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nonetheless&#44; the mobile node for this test was equipped with a single-transceiver system that enabled a near range data connection rate of 54<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mbps&#46; The transmission results for Experiment 7 are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0040">Figure 7</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0040"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;3</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Analytical approach and methodology to comparative testing</span><p id="par0380" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The analytical approach is mathematically simplified&#44; in order to accommodate a much wider spectrum of industrial and scientific users who may not all be expert mathematicians&#46; All data was first captured into MS Excel&#44; and then processed to produce logarithmic trend-line equivalent curves with corresponding mathematical expressions&#46; The resulting trend-line&#39;s <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">y</span>-intersect was then adjusted until the curve intersected with the last minimum recorded &#40;70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m&#41; at the distance boundary&#44; as shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0035">Figure 6</a> for the MIMO test network and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0040">Figure 7</a> for the single transceiver&#46;</p><p id="par0385" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">With the aid of the logarithmic trend graph indicated in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0035">Figures 6 and 7</a>&#44; the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">BW</span> values corresponding to the d-CIR and d-EIR can be more accurately extracted from the data collected&#46; As indicated&#44; the transmission characteristics were measured in decreasing steps as determined by the wireless adapter&#39;s on-board firmware and algorithms&#46; The result is a rather erratic stepped curve with more than one range value for each <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">BW</span> value below 54<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mbps&#46;</p><p id="par0390" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to the trend graph in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0035">Figure 6</a> &#40;which can also be described by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">y<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span></span>&#8722;26&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ln</span>&#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">x</span>&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>125&#46;6 for the section of interest&#41;&#44; the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">BW</span> value at a range of 55<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m &#40;d-CIR&#41; is 19<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mbps&#46; The trend graph extends in range up to the last measured <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">BW</span> value before transmission terminated&#46;</p><p id="par0395" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For the section of graph beyond 70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m&#44; the interpolation method used here to estimate the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">BW</span> at 72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m &#40;d-EIR&#41; is by assuming a straight line graph section between 70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m &#40;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mbps&#41; and 75<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m &#40;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mbps&#41;&#46; If 72&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m corresponds to 4&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mbps&#44; then the interpolated bandwidth at 72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m is approximately 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mbps&#46;</p><p id="par0400" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Considering the single transceiver&#39;s characteristics and resulting logarithmic trend graph as depicted in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0040">Figure 7</a>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">y<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span></span>&#8722;14&#46;17<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ln</span>&#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">x</span>&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>71&#46;356&#44; the d-CIR range corresponds to a connected bandwidth value of 14&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mbps and the d-EIR range a value of 2&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mbps&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Results and data analysis</span><p id="par0405" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the method followed to test the hypothesis&#44; samples were drawn from the data collected during experimentation presented in Section <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0030">2</a>&#46; After starting the video transmission&#44; the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">BW</span> data was recorded at suitable distance intervals whilst increasing the transmission range to the point of total signal deterioration&#44; as shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Figure 3</a>&#46; These data samples were then processed with an Eq&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#eq0040">&#40;3&#41;</a> derived in the previous Section <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0020">1&#46;3</a>&#44; which is based on the inverse square law of radiated power&#46;</p><p id="par0410" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The equation reveals the relationship between range variation &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#47;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41; and signal strength &#40;dB&#41; when the bandwidth &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">BW</span>&#41; is constant &#40;at 600<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kbps&#41;&#46; Each of the processed results is then compared with the expected value&#46;</p><span id="sec0090" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3&#46;1</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Passive test data analysis</span><p id="par0415" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Considering <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0015">Figures 2 and 3</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> compares the results obtained with the standard &#43;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dBi antennas to the results obtained with the &#43;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dBi antennas&#44; thus a total link budget variation of &#43;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dB&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0420" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Considering <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0015">Figures 2 and 4</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a> compares the results obtained with the standard &#43;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dBi antennas to the results obtained with 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dB attenuators set fitted in-line&#44; thus a total link budget variation of &#8722;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dB&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0095" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3&#46;2</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Active test data analysis</span><p id="par0425" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Considering <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Figure 5</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a> compares the results obtained with the RF transmit power set to 50&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mW &#40;&#43;17<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dBm&#41;&#59; to the results obtained with the RF transmit power set to 12&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mW &#40;&#43;11<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dBm&#41;&#46; This represents a 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dB difference in power level&#44; or a 1&#8211;4 power ratio&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0100" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3&#46;3</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Standard deviation</span><p id="par0430" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The standard deviation for each of these three series in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tbl0005">Tables 1&#8211;3</a>&#44; are respectively estimated at 13&#37;&#44; 4&#46;2&#37; and 16&#46;6&#37;&#46; This is regarded as excessive in the first and last cases and can be attributed to the stepped transmission curves&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0105" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3&#46;4</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Processing data to improve standard deviation</span><p id="par0435" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In a second method of data analysis&#44; collected data samples are processed to produce a logarithmic trend-line&#44; in order to reduce the standard deviation i&#46;e&#46; accuracy of the measurements&#46; The following <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0045">Figure 8</a> indicates a logarithmic trend-line for the series &#43;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dBi shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Figure 3</a>&#40;b&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0045"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0440" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Using the logarithmic trend-line&#44; specific values can be extracted for the respective data rates 36<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mbps&#44; 18<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mbps&#44; 9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mbps&#44; d-CIR and d-EIR&#46; Similarly&#44; specific values were extracted from the series in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Figure 2</a>&#44; and the two sets of processed values can again be compared in terms of the expected results&#44; as shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a> below&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0110" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">4</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Discussion</span><span id="sec0115" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">4&#46;1</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">The hypothesis</span><p id="par0450" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The hypothesis suggests that <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">connected bandwidth</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">BW</span>&#41; in Mbps is directly proportional to the electric field strength &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E</span>&#41; in V&#47;m&#44; or to the power density &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PD</span>&#41; in W&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; of the RF wave at the receiving node&#46;</p><p id="par0455" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To test the hypothesis&#44; several experiments were conducted&#46; The hypothesis was confirmed by the experimental results obtained and presented in this study&#44; since they correlate with expected values&#46; The positive testing of the hypothesis suggests that connected bandwidth <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">BW</span> in Mbps is directly proportional to the relative signal strength in dBm&#44; which is the preferred expression of signal power level&#46;</p><p id="par0460" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Positive testing of the hypothesis motivates the application of the inverse squared law of radiated power &#40;or irradiation&#41; as a mathematical tool to estimate information rate variations in ISM band OFDM wireless Ethernet networks&#44; as applied in industrial wireless sensor networks&#46;</p><p id="par0465" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">By using a video bit stream of a pre-determined rate to specify the required committed throughput&#44; the service level differential zone SLDZ can easily be measured and the CIR and EIR for each network option can be detected&#46; Once the d-CIR and d-EIR transmission ranges for the network options are known&#44; these values can be used in conjunction with a simple set of Eqs&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#eq0040">&#40;3&#41; and &#40;4&#41;</a> to estimate range or bandwidth variations in network performance&#44; in terms of relative link budget in dB&#46;</p><p id="par0470" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The observation of a video stream in order to evaluate network key performance indicators &#40;KPIs&#41;&#44; namely <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">bandwidth</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">latency</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">jitter</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">errors</span>&#44; provides a fast&#44; intuitive and easily interpreted method to confirm the CIR under actual operational conditions&#46; It appears easier to use <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">BW</span> to express relative variations in signal strength in dB&#44; because the measurement of RSS in dBm requires special test equipment and an in-depth knowledge of test and measurement w&#46;r&#46;t&#46; resolution bandwidth measurements&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">BW</span> readings may be obtained from on-board instrumentation such as Window Task Manager &#40;Networking pane&#41; or PROSet Wireless freeware from Intel&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0120" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">4&#46;2</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">The digital SINAD ratio</span><p id="par0475" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">An interesting phenomenon</span> initially observed is that the CIR &#40;in the example&#39;s case 600<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kbps max&#41; requires a minimum of approximately ten times the connected bandwidth&#44; to a maximum of approximately thirty times the connected bandwidth&#44; to reconnect or reset&#46; These limits are determined by the manufacturer&#39;s firmware&#44; situated on the radio chipset&#46; This means the 600<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kbps CIR fails at a connected bandwidth value below 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mbps&#44; and reconnects or recovers from reset at approximately 18<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mbps connected bandwidth&#46;</p><p id="par0480" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">With specific reference drawn to the observation above&#44; the signal-to-noise-and-distortion ratio &#40;SINAD&#41; is considered because it is an indicator of the quality of the signal that is transmitted from a communications device&#44; and is often defined as&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0050"></elsevierMultimedia></p><p id="par0485" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">By functional comparison&#44; the d-EIR is the transmission range at which the signal level of the CIR has deteriorated to the point that it is overcome by the noise and distortion level&#46; Conversely&#44; the d-CIR is the transmission range at which the CIR signal level is at a sufficiently higher ratio elevated above the noise and distortion level for acceptable video transmission&#46; This situation relatively represents the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">digital SINAD ratio</span> which can be calculated from the proposed equation&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0055"></elsevierMultimedia></p><p id="par0490" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">With reference to the results of the passive tests in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0015">Figures 2&#8211;4</a>&#44; the SINAD for each characteristic was calculated with values obtained from the Excel trend-line method as in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Figure 2</a>&#46; For example&#44; for the curve <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tx &#43;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dBi</span>&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0060"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0065"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0070"></elsevierMultimedia></p><p id="par0495" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For the curve <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tx &#43;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dBi</span>&#44; using the same method&#44; the SINAD is calculated at 13&#46;18<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dB&#44; and for the curve <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tx</span> &#8722;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dBi</span> the SINAD is 15&#46;44<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dB&#46; Acceptable results were noted for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tx &#43;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dBi</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tx &#43;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dBi</span>&#44; since the SINAD required for microwave frequency is expected to be slightly higher than the 12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dB recommended for VHF&#46;</p><p id="par0500" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A higher than expected SINAD of 15&#46;44<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dB was noted for the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tx</span> &#8722;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dBi</span> curve to produce acceptable results&#46; The additional signal level that is required to produce acceptable results is probably to overcome additional return loss because of mismatch&#46; The mismatch probably occurs as a result of the additional connectors introduced to the system by the attenuator pads&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0125" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">4&#46;3</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Comparative test results</span><p id="par0505" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">sensitivity</span> specification of the first mobile node in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Figure 5</a>&#40;a&#41; as a radio receiver&#44; for the transmission characteristics shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0035">Figure 6</a>&#44; can also now be estimated as 19<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mbps for a 13&#46;35<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dB <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SINAD</span> at throughput CIR of 600<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kbps&#46; &#40;18<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mbps may be used being the closest standard <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">BW</span> value that the network can connect&#44; for an approximated value of 13<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dB <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SINAD</span>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0510" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For the second example&#44; the SINAD can be calculated for the curve depicted in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0040">Figure 7</a> by the same method&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0075"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0080"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0085"></elsevierMultimedia></p><p id="par0515" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Again&#44; the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">sensitivity</span> specification of the second mobile node in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Figure 5</a>&#40;b&#41; as a radio receiver can now be estimated as 14&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mbps for a 13<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dB SINAD at a throughput CIR of 600<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kbps&#46;</p><p id="par0520" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results obtained by the study&#44; for two dissimilar physical layers transporting the same CoS traffic&#44; can now be tabulated for brief discussion &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">Table 5</a>&#41;&#58;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0025"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0525" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is noted with interest that the single transceiver has a much improved sensitivity rating&#46; This was not clear from initial measurements&#44; because the same d-CIR range was measured&#46; However&#44; with the use of the logarithmic trend graph it became possible to estimate the corresponding data rate with closer accuracy and clearly reveal the difference in physical layer characteristic features&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0130" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">5</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Conclusion</span><p id="par0530" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study introduces WSNs to ISM-band OFDM WLANs&#44; with specific reference to thermography and Android-based computer technology&#46;</p><p id="par0535" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A novel method to estimate a specified committed information rate in terms of range and link budget is positively tested against expected values&#46; These capabilities render OFDM WLANs operating within ISM bands an extremely useful communications transport medium for industrial wireless sensor networks&#44; and specifically for cutting edge Android nodes with Linux-based operating systems&#46;</p><p id="par0540" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A hypothesis is proposed that connected bandwidth in OFDM WLANs is directly proportional to the relative RF signal strength&#46; The concept is mathematically proved by a heuristic statistical analysis approach&#44; whereby data collected from transmission characteristics are compared with expected results&#44; when the signals are intensified or attenuated to specifically known values&#46; A method is revealed whereby collected data are processed in order to substantially improve the accuracy of the measurements&#46;</p><p id="par0545" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Comparative studies by physical experimentation revealed that mobile nodes can be individually tested in terms of their respective SINAD parameters&#44; as well as their sensitivity parameters&#44; without connecting external test equipment&#46; With these parameters available&#44; mobile Android&#47;Linux computer nodes can in future be qualified for industrial use in terms of their throughput performance&#44; which is a key requirement for service level agreements &#40;SLAs&#41; which incorporate the ITU-T Y&#46;1564 and EtherSAM test methodologies&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0135" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0145">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0550" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare no conflict of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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              "titulo" => "Derivation of the range equations"
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                  "titulo" => "Experiment 4&#58; Test network with node RF power at &#43;11 dBm"
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                  "titulo" => "Experiment 5&#58; Test network with node RF power at &#43;17 dBm"
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            1 => "Wireless"
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            3 => "Data throughput"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A novel method is proposed to estimate committed information rate &#40;CIR&#41; variations in typical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing &#40;OFDM&#41; wireless local area networks &#40;WLANs&#41; that are applied in wireless sensor networks &#40;WSNs&#41; and operate within the industrial&#44; scientific and medical &#40;ISM&#41; frequency bands&#46; The method is based on the observation of a phenomenon of which the significance has not previously been recognized nor documented&#59; here termed the service level differential zone &#40;SLDZ&#41;&#46; This method&#44; which conforms to the ITU-T Y&#46;1564 test methodology&#44; provides the means to set a committed information rate &#40;CIR&#41; reference for IEEE 802&#46;11a&#47;g&#47;n OFDM systems in terms of committed throughput bandwidth between a test node and an access point &#40;AP&#41; at a specific range&#46; An analytical approach is presented to determine the relationship between the maximum operating range &#40;in metres&#41; of a wireless sensor network for a specific committed throughput bandwidth&#44; and its link budget &#40;in dB&#41;&#46; The most significant contributions of this paper are the analytical tools to determine wireless network capabilities&#44; variations and performance in a simplified method&#44; which does not require specialized measurement equipment&#46; With these it becomes possible for industrial technicians and engineers &#40;who are not necessarily information technology &#40;IT&#41; network experts&#41; to field analyze OFDM WLANs and so qualify their performance in terms of Y&#46;1564 specified service level agreement &#40;SLA&#41; requirements&#44; as well as in terms of the widely acceptable sensitivity&#47;SINAD parameters&#46;</p></span>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Single transceiver transmission characteristics with actively controlled transmit power&#44; indicating typical stepped curves for two series&#46;</p>"
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        "identificador" => "fig0030"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Transmission characteristics for MIMO test network&#46;</p>"
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        "identificador" => "fig0040"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 7"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
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      8 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0045"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 8"
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        "mostrarFloat" => true
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Transmission characteristics for &#43;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dBi with logarithmic trend line&#46;</p>"
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      9 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
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        "mostrarDisplay" => false
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Measured result</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Calculated result dB<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#40;20Log<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#47;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Expected result dB<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#40;&#43;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dB&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Data rate&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">45&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">32&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">57&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">70&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&#46;86&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">45&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">75&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&#46;43&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">90&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&#46;81&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">55&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">100&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">CIR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">57&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">102&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">65&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">115&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&#46;95&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">70&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">125&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;03&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">EIR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">72&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">127&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&#46;93&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top">Standard deviation</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">13&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Transmission results &#43;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dBi antenna vs&#46; &#43;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dBi antenna&#46;</p>"
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Measured result</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Calculated result dB<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#40;20Log<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#47;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Expected result dB<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#40;&#8211;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dB&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Data rate&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">CIR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">55&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">27&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;6&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">70&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">35&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">EIR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">72&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">37&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;5&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top">Standard deviation</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;5&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Transmission results &#43;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dBi antenna vs&#46; &#8722;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dB attenuator&#46;</p>"
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            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Measured result</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Calculated result dB<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#40;20Log<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#47;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Expected result dB<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#40;&#43;17<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dB&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Data rate&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">37&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">CIR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">27&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">54&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">32&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">65&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">35&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">70&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">EIR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">37&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">73&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top">Standard deviation</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16&#46;6&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
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        ]
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Transmission results &#43;17<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dBm rf-out vs&#46; &#43;11<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dBm rf-out&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      12 => array:8 [
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        "etiqueta" => "Table 4"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
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          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at4"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
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        ]
        "tabla" => array:1 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Measured result</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Calculated result dB<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#40;20Log<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#47;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Expected result dB<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#40;&#43;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dB&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Data rate&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">62&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&#46;72&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#43;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">56&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">100&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;03&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#43;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">CIR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">55&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">102&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#43;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">70&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">125&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;03&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#43;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">EIR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">72&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">127&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&#46;99&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#43;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top">Standard deviation</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;6&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">MIMO Experiment 6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Single transceiver Experiment 7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">SINAD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">13&#46;01<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dB&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Sensitivity&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mbps for approx&#46; 13<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dB SINAD at CIR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>600<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kbps&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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Article information

ISSN: 16656423
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.jart.2016.10.002

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