Enhancement of GdVO4:Eu3+ red fluorescence through plasmonic effect of silver nanoprisms on Si solar cell surface | Journal of Applied Research and Technology. JART

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synthesis, characterization and surface active properties of novel cationic gemini surfactants with carbonate linkage based on C12C18 sat./unsat. fatty acids" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => "en" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "93" "paginaFinal" => "101" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 1288 "Ancho" => 1590 "Tamanyo" => 115809 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "FT-IR spectra of cationic gemini imidazoline surfactants." ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Divya Bajpai Tripathy, Anuradha Mishra" "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Divya Bajpai" "apellidos" => "Tripathy" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Anuradha" "apellidos" => "Mishra" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1665642317300196?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/16656423/0000001500000002/v1_201704200317/S1665642317300196/v1_201704200317/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:20 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Original" "titulo" => "Enhancement of GdVO4:Eu3+ red fluorescence through plasmonic effect of silver nanoprisms on Si solar cell surface" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "102" "paginaFinal" => "109" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Swati Bishnoi, Santa Chawla" "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Swati" "apellidos" => "Bishnoi" ] 1 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Santa" "apellidos" => "Chawla" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "sntchawla@yahoo.com" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Luminescent Materials Group, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi 110012, India" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0025" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 5" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr5.jpeg" "Alto" => 2362 "Ancho" => 2078 "Tamanyo" => 284360 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Confocal fluorescence map of (a) PVA+GdVO4:Eu; (b) PVA+GdVO4:Eu+PVA+Ag NP deposited on the Si cell; (c)corresponding spectra comparing the Eu3+ emission intensity with and without Ag NPs suggesting quenching of fluorescence." ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "1IntroductionSolar spectrum conversion through phosphors is a potential option for utilizing the ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR) part of the solar spectrum that otherwise remains unutilized by existing silicon solar cells. Silicon solar cells have inherent lower spectral response in the ultraviolet-blue (300–450nm) region because of its band gap (1.1eV) and fast surface recombination, high reflectance and thermalization losses of high energy photons (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">Shalav, Richards, Trupke, Krämer, & Güdel, 2005</a>). Such losses may be minimized by using a down shifting (DS) phosphor layer which can convert a portion of the incident high energy UV photons to the visible region, where the Si solar cell has optimum spectral response (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030">Chawla, Parvaz, Kumar, & Buch, 2013; Richards, 2006</a>). Solar UV photons are absorbed near the Si cell surface which leads to the recombination of photo-generated electrons with surface defects, lowering the short wavelength spectral response. A DS phosphor layer on the Si surface can readily absorb UV photons and give fluorescence of lower energy photons that can be absorbed deep within the solar cell, close to the depletion region thus enhancing the collection efficiency. The red spectral region offers an optimum balance in the penetration depth and spectral response of Si cell. The development of suitable phosphors with high luminescence efficiency and integration of phosphor layer with Si solar cell is a daunting task. Rare earth-doped red-emitting phosphors, particularly Eu3+ doped vanadates (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070">Gavrilović, Jovanović, Lojpur, & Dramićanin, 2014; Khan et al., 2008</a>) and oxides (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055">Dai, Foley, Breshike, Lita, & Strouse, 2011; Jayaramaiah, Lakshminarasappa, & Nagabhushana, 2012; Yadav et al., 2009</a>) have shown very high luminescence efficiency. There are few reports on the direct deposition of phosphor layer on Si cell surface with dye (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">Klampaftis, Congiu, Robertson, & Richards, 2011</a>), inorganic rare earth-doped phosphors (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045">Yen-Chi, Woan-Yu, & Teng-Ming, 2011; Chen & Chen, 2011</a>). Enhancement in Si cell efficiency by using Eu3+ complexes doped polyvinyl acetate (PVA) film (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120">Liu et al., 2013; Le Donne, Acciarri, Narducci, Marchionna, & Binetti, 2009</a>) and a layer of YVO4:Bi3+, Eu3+ nanophosphors (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Huang et al., 2013</a>) are reported. Recently there have been reports on the improvement in the performance of Si solar cells using nanostructured YVO4:Eu3+ downshifting phosphor layer (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040">Chander et al., 2015; Kumar, Khan, & Chawla, 2013</a>).Gadolinium orthovanadate (GdVO4)-based materials have gained attention because of their interesting luminescent and magnetic properties. Gd compounds doped with luminescent lanthanide ions can be efficiently excited with UV radiation because of the strong absorption of the VO43− groups and efficient energy transfer from GdVO4 to lanthanide ions. Therefore, Eu3+, Dy3+, Sm3+ doped GdVO4 are widely used as phosphor (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135">Singh et al., 2012</a>).Recent reports suggest that metal enhanced fluorescence is a viable option for further enhancement of rare earth (RE) emissions (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015">Bishnoi, Das, & Chawla, 2014; Feng, Sun, & Yan, 2009</a>) but optimal conjugation of phosphor and metal nanoparticles (MNP) is a challenge since surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of MNPs depend upon their shape, size and surrounding dielectric environment. However, contradictory reports exist in literature regarding efficiency enhancement of silicon solar cells by plasmonic effects including metal nanostructures (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060">El Daif et al., 2012; Thouti, Sharma, Sardana, & Komarala, 2014; Wan et al., 2010</a>) degrading the device's performance. Most reports on plasmon-enhanced fluorescence are on glass/quartz substrate (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">Buch, Kumar, Mamgain, & Chawla, 2013</a>). A dielectric intervening layer between phosphor and MNPs play a crucial role in enhancing or quenching (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010">Anger, Bharadwaj, & Novotny, 2006; Wang et al., 2011a; Wang et al., 2011b</a>) fluorescence from phosphor material. Since optimum conjugation of substrate, phosphor and MNPs are crucial to perform plasmon enhanced fluorescence, it is extremely important to evolve the conjugation sequence on the Si solar cell surface. We have chosen an intense red-emitting phosphor GdVO4:Eu3+ with excitation range in the UV-blue region. Ag nanoprisms are chosen since they can strongly confine and enhance the EM field in the visible region because of their ability to exhibit distinct dipolar and quadrupolar resonances (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">Hao & Schatz, 2004</a>) which can be tuned in the UV-visible region that can play an important role in fluorescence enhancement of RE ions (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150">Wang et al., 2011a; Wang et al., 2011b</a>). Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) has been chosen as the spacer layer as it has been reported that a PVA layer on the Si cell surface does not change the cell's performance (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120">Liu et al., 2013</a>) and Eu3+-doped PVA layer on the Si cell has been shown to improve external quantum efficiency in the UV spectral region (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">Guedje, Giloan, Potara, Hounkonnou, & Astilean, 2012</a>). We have done a systematic study of conjugating GdVO4:Eu3+ phosphor and silver nanoprisms so that maximum fluorescence enhancement could be realized on commercial Si solar cell surface.2Experimental methodsGdVO4:Eu3+ was synthesized using a controlled solid state reaction method. For the synthesis of Eu (5%)-doped GdVO4 particles, analytical grade commercial Gd2O3 (99.99% pure), V2O5 and Eu2O3 (99.99% pure) have been used. The precursor materials were taken in their stoichiometric ratios, mixed thoroughly, packed in recrystallized alumina boat and fired at 1000°C for 2h in air atmosphere. The resulting product was allowed to cool slowly at room temperature and was crushed to a fine powder using mortar and pestle.A silver nanoparticle solution was prepared by following the method by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">Heredia (2011)</a>. The silver precursor used was AgNO3 in which poly vinyl pyrrolidone was added followed by trisodium citrate (Na3C6H5O7) with continuous stirring. A solution of NaBH4 was added for reduction of silver salt to Ag+ followed by the formation of spherical Ag nanoparticles which were etched with H2O2 solution (30%w/v) to form silver nanoprisms.A paste of phosphor GdVO4:Eu3+ with the consistency of paint was prepared in an appropriate amount (1g) of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) dissolved in 5ml dichloro methane. A dilute solution (3%) of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was prepared in DI water to be used as an intervening dielectric layer. The sequence of deposition of phosphor paint on single crystal Si solar cell (with lab tested efficiency of 13.6%), Ag NP colloidal solution and PVA solution on Si solar cell surface were varied in four different ways to optimize maximum fluorescence enhancement. The sequences adopted were (1) Si cell+GdVO4:Eu3++AgNP; (2) Si cell+GdVO4:Eu3++PVA+Ag NP; (3) Si Cell+PVA+GdVO4:Eu3++Ag NP; (4) Si cell+PVA+GdVO4:Eu3++PVA+Ag NP. Controlled drop casting of individual species followed by drying was harnessed for sequential deposition. The dielectric PVA layer was used to separate different species and to investigate the effect of an intervening dielectric layer on the fluorescence output from GdVO4:Eu3+.2.1CharacterizationThe X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) of the Eu doped GdVO4 powdered sample was carried out on a Rigaku miniflex X-ray diffractometer with Cu-Kα radiation (1.54Å). The morphology of the powdered sample was inspected using a LEO 440 PC digital scanning electron microscope (SEM). The absorption spectra of the Ag NP solution was measured using Avantes UV-visible spectrometer. The photoluminescence (PL) characteristics were studied under a WITec Confocal fluorescence microscope (WITec 300M+) with PL mapping facility. Confocal fluorescence mapping and spectroscopy of the identical area was done of the bare Si cell and after each stage of deposition of GdVO4:Eu3+ and Ag NP solution and also PVA in samples (2–4) as mentioned above. A specific area of the cell was chosen under a 20× objective in the confocal microscope. Starting from the bare Si cell, confocal measurements were done for all 4 sets of layered structures and fluorescence distribution was recorded under excitation of a UV diode laser (λ∼375nm, output power 10mW, Toptica). Confocal fluorescence mapping and spectroscopy was done on the Si cell with sequence of layers deposited on it. In order to investigate the plasmonic effect on the red emission from Eu3+ doped in GdVO4 particles with various layer sequence of intervening PVA layer, the same area of the Si cell was used in each set, without disturbing the Si cell position on the confocal microscope sample plate. Spacer layer of PVA, phosphor layer and Ag NP layer was deposited on the Si cell surface by drop casting keeping the Si cell position fixed.3Results and discussion3.1XRD, SEM AND TEMThe synthesized GdVO4:Eu3+ was found to be well crystalline with tetragonal phase (JCPDS No. 17-0260) as shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>a. The SEM micrograph (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>b) shows GdVO4 particles with distinct rounded morphology. The HRTEM image of synthesized Ag nanoparticles displays that Ag nano prisms of average edge length 22nm are formed as shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>c.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia>The experimental UV-visible absorption spectra of Ag NP colloid (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>a) shows a sharp out-of-plane quadrupolar peak at 338nm, an in-plane quadrupolar peak at 395nm and a broad dipolar peak centered at 542nm. The broadness of the absorption peak occurs because of the inhomogeneous damping caused by different spatial positions and random orientations of Ag NPs in the colloidal solution (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">Akselrod, Tischler, Young, Nocera, & Bulovic, 2010</a>). The absorption spectra of the Ag nanoprisms cover the excitation range of GdVO4:Eu3+ as revealed by the PL excitation spectra at the red emission of GdVO4:Eu3+ (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>b), the charge transfer excitation band at 343nm and digital photograph of GdVO4:Eu3+ powder sample glowing red under UV excitation are shown in the inset of <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 2</a>b.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia>3.2PhotoluminescenceConfocal mapping of the four sets of samples namely (1) Si cell+GdVO4:Eu3++AgNP; (2) Si cell+GdVO4:Eu3++PVA+Ag NP; (3) Si Cell+PVA+GdVO4:Eu3++Ag NP: (4) Si cell+PVA+GdVO4:Eu3++PVA+Ag NP was done under the excitation of a UV diode laser (375nm). The measurements on each set were done in the sequential order of layer formation, without disturbing the Si cell position on the microscope platform, keeping all the parameters the same so that the comparison of the emission intensity could be made after deposition of each layer in every set of samples and the optimum layer sequence exhibiting the maximum emission intensity could be determined.After deposition of the GdVO4:Eu3+ layer, characteristic sharp emission peaks corresponding to f-f transitions (5D0-7FJ) of Eu3+ appeared with CCD counts in few thousands. In the first set of measurement, when a comparison was made in the emission intensity of the Si cell+GdVO4:Eu3+ and Si cell+GdVO4:Eu3++Ag NPs, it was observed that on addition of Ag NPs directly on the GdVO4:Eu3+ layer, the emission was quenched to 0.82 times its original intensity as shown in the confocal fluorescence maps and the corresponding emission spectra in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Figure 3</a>.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia>In the second set, when a dielectric spacer layer of PVA was deposited between the GdVO4:Eu3+ and Ag NPs, there occurred a significant enhancement (310%) in the emission intensity as shown in the same area fluorescence maps and spectra before and after deposition of the Ag NPs (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Figure 4</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia>In the third set of measurements, when an additional layer of PVA was deposited between the Si cell and GdVO4:Eu3+ but no spacer layer was deposited in between the emitting species GdVO4:Eu3+ and plasmonic field generating Ag NP layer, comparison was made between the emission intensities before and after Ag NP deposition. As seen in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Figure 5</a>, it is evidently discernible that because of the addition of Ag NPs, fluorescence quenching (0.53 times its original intensity) occurs. In the same configuration, when an intervening dielectric layer of PVA was employed between GdVO4:Eu3+& Ag NPs (set 4), an excellent increment (216%) in CCD counts was observed, as shown in the confocal fluorescence maps of the same area and the emission spectra in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Figure 6</a>. Optical images and the confocal fluorescence map are shown of Si Cell+PVA (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Fig. 6</a>a and d); Si cell+PVA+GdVO4:Eu (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Fig. 6</a>b and e); Si cell+PVA+GdVO4:Eu+PVA+Ag NP (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Fig. 6</a>c and f); digital image of the bare Si cell (left) and PVA+GdVO4:Eu+PVA+Ag NP deposited on the Si cell (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Fig. 6</a>g); the corresponding spectra comparing the Eu3+ emission intensity with and without Ag NPs (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Fig. 6</a>h) suggest enhancement of fluorescence. Whereas the Bare Si cell gave emission spectra with a broad peak at 670nm with maximum 150 CCD counts (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Fig. 6</a>h, inset). The results of the PL measurements are tabulated in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>, which clearly elucidates the fact that an intervening dielectric layer (PVA) between the emitter layer (GdVO4:Eu3+) and Ag NP layer is essential for the enhancement of red fluorescence from GdVO4:Eu3+.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0030"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia>According to reports (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110">Lakowicz, Malicka, Huang, Gryczynski, & Gryczynski, 2004</a>), a range of preferable distance from about 40nm to about 200nm between silver nanoparticles and fluorophore lead to metal enhanced fluorescence. Particularly, for the PVA spacer layer, enhanced photoluminescence and quantum yield have been observed from J-aggregate film separated by a 100nm thick spin-coated layer of PVA (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">Geddes, 2013</a>) from metal nanoparticles. For the present case, the deposited PVA spacer layer has a typical thickness of about 100nm, as measured by an optical profilometry [Stylus Profilometer (Ambios XP200)]. The investigation on four sets of samples clearly exemplify that enhancement of fluorescence occurs only when there is a PVA spacer layer between the emitter (Eu3+ in GdVO4 host) and Ag nanoprisms (sample set 2 and 4). When the PVA layer is placed in between the phosphor and Ag NPs, direct contact of the two species is averted which would have resulted in fluorescence quenching, favoring non radiative transitions from phosphor in contact with Ag NPs as observed for sample sets 1 and 3.Metal-enhanced fluorescence occurs since highly localized electromagnetic (EM) fields generated around metal nanoparticles (MNP) by resonant excitation of conduction electrons in MNP (surface plasmons) as well as the lightening rod effect, which strictly depends on the shape of MNP, can augment fluorescence by excitation and/or emission enhancement. For such enhancement to take place, the excitation or emission spectra of phosphor must spectrally overlap with the plasmon absorption band of MNP. For the present case, the Ag NP absorption spectra show quadrupolar peaks at 338nm and 395nm and a broad dipolar peak centered at 542nm (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>a), which falls in the excitation range of the phosphor GdVO4:Eu3+ that exhibits broad charge transfer excitation band around 343nm and sharp excitation peaks at 395nm, 466nm and 537nm (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>b) because of direct excitation of Eu3+ ions. Moreover, the fluorescence enhancements and quenching observed in all the four sets of samples occur across all the characteristic 5D0–7FJ transitions in the orange to deep red-emission range of Eu3+ ions suggest an enhanced/decreased excitation of the phosphor particles from the plasmonic near field of Ag NPs due to the effect of layer sequence.4ConclusionsIn order to achieve plasmon enhanced fluorescence on a single crystal Si solar cell, a comprehensive work on different sequence of deposition of layers of phosphor, metal nanoparticles and dielectric PVA layer on a commercial Si cell surface was carried out. The work involved chemical synthesis of shape tailored silver nanoprisms and Eu3+-doped phosphor with extended excitation range to match the absorption range of Ag nanoparticles, conjugation of Ag NP and phosphor in various configurations to ensure the best sequence for fluorescence enhancement. Confocal fluorescence mapping and spectroscopy used to investigate the same area before and after Ag NP deposition unequivocally establish plasmonic enhancement of fluorescence on the commercial Si solar cell surface. Such fluorescence enhancements (up to 310%) of Eu3+ red emission is achievable only when an intervening PVA layer separates the emitter and the metal nanoparticles whereas a PVA layer between the Si cell surface and the emitter decreases fluorescence. Direct deposition of MNPs on the emitter quenches fluorescence, with more quenching with a PVA layer between the Si cell surface and the emitter. A decrease in enhancement and an increase in fluorescence quenching because of a PVA layer on the Si cell surface may probably be caused by the absorption/scattering of the emitted photons in the interlayer. As the down shifting phosphor layer has been reported to enhance solar cell efficiency, such plasmon-enhanced red emission from vanadates on a commercial single crystal Si solar cell holds promise for further performance enhancement of silicon PV devices.Conflict of interestThe authors have no conflicts of interest to declare." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:9 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres830654" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec826649" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Experimental methods" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Characterization" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Results and discussion" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "XRD, SEM AND TEM" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Photoluminescence" ] ] ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack278769" "titulo" => "Acknowledgements" ] 8 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2016-08-30" "fechaAceptado" => "2017-01-10" "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec826649" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Plasmon enhanced fluorescence" 1 => "Rare earth doped phosphor" 2 => "Metal nanoparticles" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:1 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "A comprehensive study on deposition and conjugation of red emitting phosphor (GdVO4:Eu3+) and silver nanoprisms (Ag NP) on commercial single crystal silicon solar cell surface has been done to establish the optimum dielectric separating layer (PVA) sequence between consecutive species through confocal fluorescence mapping and spectroscopy. Results show that up to 310% fluorescence enhancement could be achieved in optimal arrangement of emitter, PVA and Ag NP layers on Si cell surface. The current work shows the potential of plasmon enhanced down shifting fluorescence of rare-earth doped vanadate in enhancing performance of SiPV devices." ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "nota" => "Peer Review under the responsibility of Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México." ] ] "multimedia" => array:7 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 4104 "Ancho" => 1667 "Tamanyo" => 601661 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "(a) X-ray powder diffraction spectrum of GdVO4:Eu3+; (b) SEM image of GdVO4:Eu3+; (c) TEM image of Ag nanoprisms." ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 2697 "Ancho" => 1666 "Tamanyo" => 253891 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "(a) UV-visible absorption spectrum of Ag NP colloid, the inset shows the violet colloid of Ag nanoprisms; (b) PL excitation spectra at red emission, the inset shows the charge transfer excitation band at 343nm and the digital photograph of the GdVO4:Eu3+ powder sample under UV excitation." ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 2441 "Ancho" => 2083 "Tamanyo" => 260828 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Confocal fluorescence map of (a) GdVO4:Eu; (b) GdVO4:Eu+Ag NP deposited on the Si cell; (c) corresponding spectra comparing the Eu3+ emission intensity with and without Ag NPs suggesting quenching of fluorescence." ] ] 3 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 2241 "Ancho" => 2084 "Tamanyo" => 285055 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Confocal fluorescence map of (a) GdVO4:Eu; (b) GdVO4:Eu+PVA+Ag NP deposited on the Si cell; (c) corresponding spectra comparing the Eu3+ emission intensity with and without Ag NPs suggesting enhancement of fluorescence." ] ] 4 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0025" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 5" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr5.jpeg" "Alto" => 2362 "Ancho" => 2078 "Tamanyo" => 284360 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Confocal fluorescence map of (a) PVA+GdVO4:Eu; (b) PVA+GdVO4:Eu+PVA+Ag NP deposited on the Si cell; (c)corresponding spectra comparing the Eu3+ emission intensity with and without Ag NPs suggesting quenching of fluorescence." ] ] 5 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0030" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 6" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr6.jpeg" "Alto" => 3145 "Ancho" => 2916 "Tamanyo" => 929549 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Optical images and confocal fluorescence map of: (a) and (d), the Si Cell+PVA; (b) and (e), the Si cell+PVA+GdVO4:Eu; (c) and (f), the Si cell+PVA+GdVO4:Eu+PVA+Ag NP; (g), digital image of the bare Si cell (left) PVA+GdVO4:Eu+PVA+Ag NP deposited on the Si cell; (h) corresponding spectra comparing the Eu3+ emission intensity with and without Ag NPs suggesting enhancement of fluorescence, the inset shows the emission from the Si cell with the PVA layer under the same experimental conditions." ] ] 6 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sample No. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Layer sequence \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Effect on fluorescence (ratio of emission intensity after and before Ag NP layer) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Si cell+GdVO4:Eu3++AgNP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Quenching (0.82 times) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Si cell+GdVO4:Eu3++PVA+Ag NP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Enhancement (3.10 times) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Si cell+PVA+GdVO4:Eu3++Ag NP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Quenching (0.53 times) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Si cell+PVA+GdVO4:Eu3++PVA+Ag NP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Enhancement (2.20 times) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1397907.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Effect on Eu3+ red emission of conjugation process with Ag NPs on Si cell surface." ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:32 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "Akselrod et al., 2010" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Exciton-exciton annihilation in organic polariton microcavities" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "G.M. 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Enhancement of GdVO4:Eu3+ red fluorescence through plasmonic effect of silver nanoprisms on Si solar cell surface

Swati Bishnoi, Santa Chawla

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sntchawla@yahoo.com

Corresponding author.

Luminescent Materials Group, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi 110012, India

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    "titulo" => "Enhancement of GdVO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#58;Eu3&#43; red fluorescence through plasmonic effect of silver nanoprisms on Si solar cell surface"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Confocal fluorescence map of &#40;a&#41; PVA<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GdVO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#58;Eu&#59; &#40;b&#41; PVA<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GdVO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#58;Eu<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PVA<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ag NP deposited on the Si cell&#59; &#40;c&#41;corresponding spectra comparing the Eu<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#43;</span> emission intensity with and without Ag NPs suggesting quenching of fluorescence&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Solar spectrum conversion through phosphors is a potential option for utilizing the ultraviolet &#40;UV&#41; and infrared &#40;IR&#41; part of the solar spectrum that otherwise remains unutilized by existing silicon solar cells&#46; Silicon solar cells have inherent lower spectral response in the ultraviolet-blue &#40;300&#8211;450<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm&#41; region because of its band gap &#40;1&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>eV&#41; and fast surface recombination&#44; high reflectance and thermalization losses of high energy photons &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">Shalav&#44; Richards&#44; Trupke&#44; Kr&#228;mer&#44; &#38; G&#252;del&#44; 2005</a>&#41;&#46; Such losses may be minimized by using a down shifting &#40;DS&#41; phosphor layer which can convert a portion of the incident high energy UV photons to the visible region&#44; where the Si solar cell has optimum spectral response &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030">Chawla&#44; Parvaz&#44; Kumar&#44; &#38; Buch&#44; 2013&#59; Richards&#44; 2006</a>&#41;&#46; Solar UV photons are absorbed near the Si cell surface which leads to the recombination of photo-generated electrons with surface defects&#44; lowering the short wavelength spectral response&#46; A DS phosphor layer on the Si surface can readily absorb UV photons and give fluorescence of lower energy photons that can be absorbed deep within the solar cell&#44; close to the depletion region thus enhancing the collection efficiency&#46; The red spectral region offers an optimum balance in the penetration depth and spectral response of Si cell&#46; The development of suitable phosphors with high luminescence efficiency and integration of phosphor layer with Si solar cell is a daunting task&#46; Rare earth-doped red-emitting phosphors&#44; particularly Eu<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#43;</span> doped vanadates &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070">Gavrilovi&#263;&#44; Jovanovi&#263;&#44; Lojpur&#44; &#38; Drami&#263;anin&#44; 2014&#59; Khan et al&#46;&#44; 2008</a>&#41; and oxides &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055">Dai&#44; Foley&#44; Breshike&#44; Lita&#44; &#38; Strouse&#44; 2011&#59; Jayaramaiah&#44; Lakshminarasappa&#44; &#38; Nagabhushana&#44; 2012&#59; Yadav et al&#46;&#44; 2009</a>&#41; have shown very high luminescence efficiency&#46; There are few reports on the direct deposition of phosphor layer on Si cell surface with dye &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">Klampaftis&#44; Congiu&#44; Robertson&#44; &#38; Richards&#44; 2011</a>&#41;&#44; inorganic rare earth-doped phosphors &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045">Yen-Chi&#44; Woan-Yu&#44; &#38; Teng-Ming&#44; 2011&#59; Chen &#38; Chen&#44; 2011</a>&#41;&#46; Enhancement in Si cell efficiency by using Eu<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#43;</span> complexes doped polyvinyl acetate &#40;PVA&#41; film &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120">Liu et al&#46;&#44; 2013&#59; Le Donne&#44; Acciarri&#44; Narducci&#44; Marchionna&#44; &#38; Binetti&#44; 2009</a>&#41; and a layer of YVO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#58;Bi<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#43;</span>&#44; Eu<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#43;</span> nanophosphors &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Huang et al&#46;&#44; 2013</a>&#41; are reported&#46; Recently there have been reports on the improvement in the performance of Si solar cells using nanostructured YVO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#58;Eu<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#43;</span> downshifting phosphor layer &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040">Chander et al&#46;&#44; 2015&#59; Kumar&#44; Khan&#44; &#38; Chawla&#44; 2013</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Gadolinium orthovanadate &#40;GdVO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#41;-based materials have gained attention because of their interesting luminescent and magnetic properties&#46; Gd compounds doped with luminescent lanthanide ions can be efficiently excited with UV radiation because of the strong absorption of the VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8722;</span> groups and efficient energy transfer from GdVO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> to lanthanide ions&#46; Therefore&#44; Eu<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#43;</span>&#44; Dy<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#43;</span>&#44; Sm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#43;</span> doped GdVO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> are widely used as phosphor &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135">Singh et al&#46;&#44; 2012</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Recent reports suggest that metal enhanced fluorescence is a viable option for further enhancement of rare earth &#40;RE&#41; emissions &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015">Bishnoi&#44; Das&#44; &#38; Chawla&#44; 2014&#59; Feng&#44; Sun&#44; &#38; Yan&#44; 2009</a>&#41; but optimal conjugation of phosphor and metal nanoparticles &#40;MNP&#41; is a challenge since surface plasmon resonance &#40;SPR&#41; of MNPs depend upon their shape&#44; size and surrounding dielectric environment&#46; However&#44; contradictory reports exist in literature regarding efficiency enhancement of silicon solar cells by plasmonic effects including metal nanostructures &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060">El Daif et al&#46;&#44; 2012&#59; Thouti&#44; Sharma&#44; Sardana&#44; &#38; Komarala&#44; 2014&#59; Wan et al&#46;&#44; 2010</a>&#41; degrading the device&#39;s performance&#46; Most reports on plasmon-enhanced fluorescence are on glass&#47;quartz substrate &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">Buch&#44; Kumar&#44; Mamgain&#44; &#38; Chawla&#44; 2013</a>&#41;&#46; A dielectric intervening layer between phosphor and MNPs play a crucial role in enhancing or quenching &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010">Anger&#44; Bharadwaj&#44; &#38; Novotny&#44; 2006&#59; Wang et al&#46;&#44; 2011a&#59; Wang et al&#46;&#44; 2011b</a>&#41; fluorescence from phosphor material&#46; Since optimum conjugation of substrate&#44; phosphor and MNPs are crucial to perform plasmon enhanced fluorescence&#44; it is extremely important to evolve the conjugation sequence on the Si solar cell surface&#46; We have chosen an intense red-emitting phosphor GdVO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#58;Eu<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#43;</span> with excitation range in the UV-blue region&#46; Ag nanoprisms are chosen since they can strongly confine and enhance the EM field in the visible region because of their ability to exhibit distinct dipolar and quadrupolar resonances &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">Hao &#38; Schatz&#44; 2004</a>&#41; which can be tuned in the UV-visible region that can play an important role in fluorescence enhancement of RE ions &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150">Wang et al&#46;&#44; 2011a&#59; Wang et al&#46;&#44; 2011b</a>&#41;&#46; Polyvinyl alcohol &#40;PVA&#41; has been chosen as the spacer layer as it has been reported that a PVA layer on the Si cell surface does not change the cell&#39;s performance &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120">Liu et al&#46;&#44; 2013</a>&#41; and Eu<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#43;</span>-doped PVA layer on the Si cell has been shown to improve external quantum efficiency in the UV spectral region &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">Guedje&#44; Giloan&#44; Potara&#44; Hounkonnou&#44; &#38; Astilean&#44; 2012</a>&#41;&#46; We have done a systematic study of conjugating GdVO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#58;Eu<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#43;</span> phosphor and silver nanoprisms so that maximum fluorescence enhancement could be realized on commercial Si solar cell surface&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Experimental methods</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">GdVO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#58;Eu<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#43;</span> was synthesized using a controlled solid state reaction method&#46; For the synthesis of Eu &#40;5&#37;&#41;-doped GdVO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> particles&#44; analytical grade commercial Gd<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> &#40;99&#46;99&#37; pure&#41;&#44; V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">5</span> and Eu<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> &#40;99&#46;99&#37; pure&#41; have been used&#46; The precursor materials were taken in their stoichiometric ratios&#44; mixed thoroughly&#44; packed in recrystallized alumina boat and fired at 1000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C for 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h in air atmosphere&#46; The resulting product was allowed to cool slowly at room temperature and was crushed to a fine powder using mortar and pestle&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A silver nanoparticle solution was prepared by following the method by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">Heredia &#40;2011&#41;</a>&#46; The silver precursor used was AgNO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> in which poly vinyl pyrrolidone was added followed by trisodium citrate &#40;Na<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>C<span class="elsevierStyleInf">6</span>H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">5</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">7</span>&#41; with continuous stirring&#46; A solution of NaBH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> was added for reduction of silver salt to Ag<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> followed by the formation of spherical Ag nanoparticles which were etched with H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> solution &#40;30&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>w&#47;v&#41; to form silver nanoprisms&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A paste of phosphor GdVO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#58;Eu<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#43;</span> with the consistency of paint was prepared in an appropriate amount &#40;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#41; of polymethyl methacrylate &#40;PMMA&#41; dissolved in 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml dichloro methane&#46; A dilute solution &#40;3&#37;&#41; of polyvinyl alcohol &#40;PVA&#41; was prepared in DI water to be used as an intervening dielectric layer&#46; The sequence of deposition of phosphor paint on single crystal Si solar cell &#40;with lab tested efficiency of 13&#46;6&#37;&#41;&#44; Ag NP colloidal solution and PVA solution on Si solar cell surface were varied in four different ways to optimize maximum fluorescence enhancement&#46; The sequences adopted were &#40;1&#41; Si cell<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GdVO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#58;Eu<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#43;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>AgNP&#59; &#40;2&#41; Si cell<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GdVO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#58;Eu<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#43;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PVA<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ag NP&#59; &#40;3&#41; Si Cell<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PVA<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GdVO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#58;Eu<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#43;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ag NP&#59; &#40;4&#41; Si cell<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PVA<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GdVO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#58;Eu<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#43;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PVA<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ag NP&#46; Controlled drop casting of individual species followed by drying was harnessed for sequential deposition&#46; The dielectric PVA layer was used to separate different species and to investigate the effect of an intervening dielectric layer on the fluorescence output from GdVO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#58;Eu<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#43;</span>&#46;</p><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;1</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Characterization</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The X-ray powder diffraction &#40;XRD&#41; of the Eu doped GdVO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> powdered sample was carried out on a Rigaku miniflex X-ray diffractometer with Cu-K&#945; radiation &#40;1&#46;54<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8491;&#41;&#46; The morphology of the powdered sample was inspected using a LEO 440 PC digital scanning electron microscope &#40;SEM&#41;&#46; The absorption spectra of the Ag NP solution was measured using Avantes UV-visible spectrometer&#46; The photoluminescence &#40;PL&#41; characteristics were studied under a WITec Confocal fluorescence microscope &#40;WITec 300<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>M<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span>&#41; with PL mapping facility&#46; Confocal fluorescence mapping and spectroscopy of the identical area was done of the bare Si cell and after each stage of deposition of GdVO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#58;Eu<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#43;</span> and Ag NP solution and also PVA in samples &#40;2&#8211;4&#41; as mentioned above&#46; A specific area of the cell was chosen under a 20&#215; objective in the confocal microscope&#46; Starting from the bare Si cell&#44; confocal measurements were done for all 4 sets of layered structures and fluorescence distribution was recorded under excitation of a UV diode laser &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#955;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8764;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>375<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm&#44; output power 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mW&#44; Toptica&#41;&#46; Confocal fluorescence mapping and spectroscopy was done on the Si cell with sequence of layers deposited on it&#46; In order to investigate the plasmonic effect on the red emission from Eu<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#43;</span> doped in GdVO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> particles with various layer sequence of intervening PVA layer&#44; the same area of the Si cell was used in each set&#44; without disturbing the Si cell position on the confocal microscope sample plate&#46; Spacer layer of PVA&#44; phosphor layer and Ag NP layer was deposited on the Si cell surface by drop casting keeping the Si cell position fixed&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Results and discussion</span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3&#46;1</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">XRD&#44; SEM AND TEM</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The synthesized GdVO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#58;Eu<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#43;</span> was found to be well crystalline with tetragonal phase &#40;JCPDS No&#46; 17-0260&#41; as shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>a&#46; The SEM micrograph &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>b&#41; shows GdVO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> particles with distinct rounded morphology&#46; The HRTEM image of synthesized Ag nanoparticles displays that Ag nano prisms of average edge length 22<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm are formed as shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>c&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The experimental UV-visible absorption spectra of Ag NP colloid &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>a&#41; shows a sharp out-of-plane quadrupolar peak at 338<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm&#44; an in-plane quadrupolar peak at 395<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm and a broad dipolar peak centered at 542<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm&#46; The broadness of the absorption peak occurs because of the inhomogeneous damping caused by different spatial positions and random orientations of Ag NPs in the colloidal solution &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">Akselrod&#44; Tischler&#44; Young&#44; Nocera&#44; &#38; Bulovic&#44; 2010</a>&#41;&#46; The absorption spectra of the Ag nanoprisms cover the excitation range of GdVO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#58;Eu<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#43;</span> as revealed by the PL excitation spectra at the red emission of GdVO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#58;Eu<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#43;</span> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>b&#41;&#44; the charge transfer excitation band at 343<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm and digital photograph of GdVO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#58;Eu<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#43;</span> powder sample glowing red under UV excitation are shown in the inset of <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 2</a>b&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3&#46;2</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Photoluminescence</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Confocal mapping of the four sets of samples namely &#40;1&#41; Si cell<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GdVO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#58;Eu<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#43;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>AgNP&#59; &#40;2&#41; Si cell<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GdVO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#58;Eu<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#43;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PVA<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ag NP&#59; &#40;3&#41; Si Cell<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PVA<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GdVO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#58;Eu<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#43;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ag NP&#58; &#40;4&#41; Si cell<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PVA<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GdVO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#58;Eu<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#43;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PVA<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ag NP was done under the excitation of a UV diode laser &#40;375<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm&#41;&#46; The measurements on each set were done in the sequential order of layer formation&#44; without disturbing the Si cell position on the microscope platform&#44; keeping all the parameters the same so that the comparison of the emission intensity could be made after deposition of each layer in every set of samples and the optimum layer sequence exhibiting the maximum emission intensity could be determined&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After deposition of the GdVO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#58;Eu<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#43;</span> layer&#44; characteristic sharp emission peaks corresponding to f-f transitions &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span>D<span class="elsevierStyleInf">0</span>-<span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span>F<span class="elsevierStyleInf">J</span>&#41; of Eu<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#43;</span> appeared with CCD counts in few thousands&#46; In the first set of measurement&#44; when a comparison was made in the emission intensity of the Si cell<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GdVO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#58;Eu<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#43;</span> and Si cell<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GdVO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#58;Eu<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#43;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ag NPs&#44; it was observed that on addition of Ag NPs directly on the GdVO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#58;Eu<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#43;</span> layer&#44; the emission was quenched to 0&#46;82 times its original intensity as shown in the confocal fluorescence maps and the corresponding emission spectra in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Figure 3</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the second set&#44; when a dielectric spacer layer of PVA was deposited between the GdVO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#58;Eu<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#43;</span> and Ag NPs&#44; there occurred a significant enhancement &#40;310&#37;&#41; in the emission intensity as shown in the same area fluorescence maps and spectra before and after deposition of the Ag NPs &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Figure 4</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the third set of measurements&#44; when an additional layer of PVA was deposited between the Si cell and GdVO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#58;Eu<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#43;</span> but no spacer layer was deposited in between the emitting species GdVO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#58;Eu<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#43;</span> and plasmonic field generating Ag NP layer&#44; comparison was made between the emission intensities before and after Ag NP deposition&#46; As seen in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Figure 5</a>&#44; it is evidently discernible that because of the addition of Ag NPs&#44; fluorescence quenching &#40;0&#46;53 times its original intensity&#41; occurs&#46; In the same configuration&#44; when an intervening dielectric layer of PVA was employed between GdVO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#58;Eu<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#43;</span>&#38; Ag NPs &#40;set 4&#41;&#44; an excellent increment &#40;216&#37;&#41; in CCD counts was observed&#44; as shown in the confocal fluorescence maps of the same area and the emission spectra in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Figure 6</a>&#46; Optical images and the confocal fluorescence map are shown of Si Cell<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PVA &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Fig&#46; 6</a>a and d&#41;&#59; Si cell<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PVA<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GdVO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#58;Eu &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Fig&#46; 6</a>b and e&#41;&#59; Si cell<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PVA<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GdVO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#58;Eu<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PVA<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ag NP &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Fig&#46; 6</a>c and f&#41;&#59; digital image of the bare Si cell &#40;left&#41; and PVA<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GdVO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#58;Eu<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PVA<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ag NP deposited on the Si cell &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Fig&#46; 6</a>g&#41;&#59; the corresponding spectra comparing the Eu<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#43;</span> emission intensity with and without Ag NPs &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Fig&#46; 6</a>h&#41; suggest enhancement of fluorescence&#46; Whereas the Bare Si cell gave emission spectra with a broad peak at 670<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm with maximum 150 CCD counts &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Fig&#46; 6</a>h&#44; inset&#41;&#46; The results of the PL measurements are tabulated in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#44; which clearly elucidates the fact that an intervening dielectric layer &#40;PVA&#41; between the emitter layer &#40;GdVO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#58;Eu<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#43;</span>&#41; and Ag NP layer is essential for the enhancement of red fluorescence from GdVO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#58;Eu<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#43;</span>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0030"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to reports &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110">Lakowicz&#44; Malicka&#44; Huang&#44; Gryczynski&#44; &#38; Gryczynski&#44; 2004</a>&#41;&#44; a range of preferable distance from about 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm to about 200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm between silver nanoparticles and fluorophore lead to metal enhanced fluorescence&#46; Particularly&#44; for the PVA spacer layer&#44; enhanced photoluminescence and quantum yield have been observed from J-aggregate film separated by a 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm thick spin-coated layer of PVA &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">Geddes&#44; 2013</a>&#41; from metal nanoparticles&#46; For the present case&#44; the deposited PVA spacer layer has a typical thickness of about 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm&#44; as measured by an optical profilometry &#91;Stylus Profilometer &#40;Ambios XP200&#41;&#93;&#46; The investigation on four sets of samples clearly exemplify that enhancement of fluorescence occurs only when there is a PVA spacer layer between the emitter &#40;Eu<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#43;</span> in GdVO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> host&#41; and Ag nanoprisms &#40;sample set 2 and 4&#41;&#46; When the PVA layer is placed in between the phosphor and Ag NPs&#44; direct contact of the two species is averted which would have resulted in fluorescence quenching&#44; favoring non radiative transitions from phosphor in contact with Ag NPs as observed for sample sets 1 and 3&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Metal-enhanced fluorescence occurs since highly localized electromagnetic &#40;EM&#41; fields generated around metal nanoparticles &#40;MNP&#41; by resonant excitation of conduction electrons in MNP &#40;surface plasmons&#41; as well as the lightening rod effect&#44; which strictly depends on the shape of MNP&#44; can augment fluorescence by excitation and&#47;or emission enhancement&#46; For such enhancement to take place&#44; the excitation or emission spectra of phosphor must spectrally overlap with the plasmon absorption band of MNP&#46; For the present case&#44; the Ag NP absorption spectra show quadrupolar peaks at 338<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm and 395<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm and a broad dipolar peak centered at 542<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>a&#41;&#44; which falls in the excitation range of the phosphor GdVO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#58;Eu<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#43;</span> that exhibits broad charge transfer excitation band around 343<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm and sharp excitation peaks at 395<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm&#44; 466<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm and 537<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>b&#41; because of direct excitation of Eu<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#43;</span> ions&#46; Moreover&#44; the fluorescence enhancements and quenching observed in all the four sets of samples occur across all the characteristic <span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span>D<span class="elsevierStyleInf">0</span>&#8211;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span>F<span class="elsevierStyleInf">J</span> transitions in the orange to deep red-emission range of Eu<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#43;</span> ions suggest an enhanced&#47;decreased excitation of the phosphor particles from the plasmonic near field of Ag NPs due to the effect of layer sequence&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">4</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Conclusions</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In order to achieve plasmon enhanced fluorescence on a single crystal Si solar cell&#44; a comprehensive work on different sequence of deposition of layers of phosphor&#44; metal nanoparticles and dielectric PVA layer on a commercial Si cell surface was carried out&#46; The work involved chemical synthesis of shape tailored silver nanoprisms and Eu<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#43;</span>-doped phosphor with extended excitation range to match the absorption range of Ag nanoparticles&#44; conjugation of Ag NP and phosphor in various configurations to ensure the best sequence for fluorescence enhancement&#46; Confocal fluorescence mapping and spectroscopy used to investigate the same area before and after Ag NP deposition unequivocally establish plasmonic enhancement of fluorescence on the commercial Si solar cell surface&#46; Such fluorescence enhancements &#40;up to 310&#37;&#41; of Eu<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#43;</span> red emission is achievable only when an intervening PVA layer separates the emitter and the metal nanoparticles whereas a PVA layer between the Si cell surface and the emitter decreases fluorescence&#46; Direct deposition of MNPs on the emitter quenches fluorescence&#44; with more quenching with a PVA layer between the Si cell surface and the emitter&#46; A decrease in enhancement and an increase in fluorescence quenching because of a PVA layer on the Si cell surface may probably be caused by the absorption&#47;scattering of the emitted photons in the interlayer&#46; As the down shifting phosphor layer has been reported to enhance solar cell efficiency&#44; such plasmon-enhanced red emission from vanadates on a commercial single crystal Si solar cell holds promise for further performance enhancement of silicon PV devices&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A comprehensive study on deposition and conjugation of red emitting phosphor &#40;GdVO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#58;Eu<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#43;</span>&#41; and silver nanoprisms &#40;Ag NP&#41; on commercial single crystal silicon solar cell surface has been done to establish the optimum dielectric separating layer &#40;PVA&#41; sequence between consecutive species through confocal fluorescence mapping and spectroscopy&#46; Results show that up to 310&#37; fluorescence enhancement could be achieved in optimal arrangement of emitter&#44; PVA and Ag NP layers on Si cell surface&#46; The current work shows the potential of plasmon enhanced down shifting fluorescence of rare-earth doped vanadate in enhancing performance of SiPV devices&#46;</p></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Peer Review under the responsibility of Universidad Nacional Aut&#243;noma de M&#233;xico&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#40;a&#41; UV-visible absorption spectrum of Ag NP colloid&#44; the inset shows the violet colloid of Ag nanoprisms&#59; &#40;b&#41; PL excitation spectra at red emission&#44; the inset shows the charge transfer excitation band at 343<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm and the digital photograph of the GdVO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#58;Eu<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#43;</span> powder sample under UV excitation&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Optical images and confocal fluorescence map of&#58; &#40;a&#41; and &#40;d&#41;&#44; the Si Cell<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PVA&#59; &#40;b&#41; and &#40;e&#41;&#44; the Si cell<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PVA<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GdVO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#58;Eu&#59; &#40;c&#41; and &#40;f&#41;&#44; the Si cell<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PVA<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GdVO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#58;Eu<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PVA<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ag NP&#59; &#40;g&#41;&#44; digital image of the bare Si cell &#40;left&#41; PVA<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GdVO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#58;Eu<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PVA<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ag NP deposited on the Si cell&#59; &#40;h&#41; corresponding spectra comparing the Eu<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#43;</span> emission intensity with and without Ag NPs suggesting enhancement of fluorescence&#44; the inset shows the emission from the Si cell with the PVA layer under the same experimental conditions&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sample No&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Layer sequence&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Effect on fluorescence &#40;ratio of emission intensity after and before Ag NP layer&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Si cell<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GdVO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#58;Eu<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#43;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>AgNP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Quenching &#40;0&#46;82 times&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Si cell<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GdVO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#58;Eu<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#43;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PVA<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ag NP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Enhancement &#40;3&#46;10 times&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Si cell<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PVA<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GdVO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#58;Eu<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#43;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ag NP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Quenching &#40;0&#46;53 times&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Si cell<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PVA<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GdVO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#58;Eu<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#43;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PVA<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ag NP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Enhancement &#40;2&#46;20 times&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Effect on Eu<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#43;</span> red emission of conjugation process with Ag NPs on Si cell surface&#46;</p>"
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Article information

ISSN: 16656423
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.jart.2017.01.007

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2021 March	34	13	47
2021 February	21	13	34
2021 January	15	3	18
2020 December	14	8	22
2020 November	26	12	38
2020 October	18	5	23
2020 September	17	6	23
2020 August	24	7	31
2020 July	20	11	31
2020 June	11	7	18
2020 May	25	4	29
2020 April	13	3	16
2020 March	8	4	12
2020 February	22	2	24
2020 January	28	10	38
2019 December	30	5	35
2019 November	15	8	23
2019 October	23	6	29
2019 September	45	7	52
2019 August	21	4	25
2019 July	22	8	30
2019 June	81	21	102
2019 May	206	46	252
2019 April	76	17	93
2019 March	11	8	19
2019 February	17	4	21
2019 January	9	5	14
2018 December	4	0	4
2018 November	15	1	16
2018 October	30	1	31
2018 September	14	4	18
2018 August	11	3	14
2018 July	6	1	7
2018 June	3	2	5
2018 May	8	3	11
2018 April	6	1	7
2018 March	7	2	9
2018 February	4	0	4
2018 January	9	1	10
2017 December	4	1	5
2017 November	8	1	9
2017 October	9	3	12
2017 September	13	3	16
2017 August	24	2	26
2017 July	19	0	19
2017 June	37	3	40
2017 May	34	4	38
2017 April	12	5	17

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