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What kinds of countries have better innovation performance?–A country-level fsQCA and NCA study
Haien Ding1
BI Norwegian Business School, Department of Leadership and Organizational Behavior, Nydalsveien 37, 0484 Oslo, Norway
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0001" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0004">Introduction</span><p id="para0002" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Innovation has always piqued the interest of practitioners&#44; academics&#44; and policymakers because it plays a pivotal role in economic growth and social change &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">Damanpour &#38; Schneider&#44;&#160;2006</a>&#41;&#46; Fostering innovation at all levels has become an important research topic for scholars&#46; However&#44; compared with numerous studies investigating innovation antecedents at the individual and organizational levels &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0019">Damanpour&#44;&#160;1991</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">West &#38; Altink&#44;&#160;1996</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0089">Zheng&#160;et&#160;al&#46;&#44; 2021</a>&#41;&#44; the literature exploring the drivers of country-level innovation has developed more slowly&#44; leaving many vital questions unanswered&#46; Contrary to country-level innovation receiving less attention in academia&#44; many countries have attached considerable importance to it and formulated relevant policies for national innovation performance &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0011">Bloom&#160;et&#160;al&#46;&#44; 2019</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0063">Mowery&#44;&#160;1998</a>&#41;&#46; National innovation performance refers to a country&#39;s ability to transform innovation inputs into outputs&#44; thus generating achievements and benefits in innovative activities &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0042">Iglesias-S&#225;nchez&#160;et&#160;al&#46;&#44; 2019</a>&#44; p&#46; 178&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0092">Zizlavsky&#44;&#160;2016</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="para0003" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The literature provides different perspectives on exploring the enablers of innovation &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0058">Lundvall&#44;&#160;2007</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0084">Watkins&#160;et&#160;al&#46;&#44; 2015</a>&#41;&#46; However&#44; the existing literature suffers from the following deficiencies&#46; First&#44; most studies understand country-level innovation from a business or market perspective&#46; They rely heavily on the Global Innovation Index &#40;GII&#41; dimensions&#44; limiting our understanding of innovation from different theoretical perspectives &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0018">Crespo &#38; Crespo&#44;&#160;2016</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0088">Yu&#160;et&#160;al&#46;&#44; 2021</a>&#41;&#46; For example&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">L&#243;pez-Cabarcos&#160;et&#160;al&#46;&#160;&#40;2021&#41;</a> maintain that foreign direct investment &#40;FDI&#41; is crucial for country-level innovation&#46; Nevertheless&#44; in their arguments&#44; the impact of FDI is limited to markets and industries that receive direct foreign investment&#46; Their conceptual frameworks do not capture the nature of innovation and only account for a limited variety of entities that conduct innovative activities&#46; As <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0032">Feldman&#160;and Kogler&#160;&#40;2008&#41;</a> point out&#44; firms&#8217; efforts are merely the visible tip of the iceberg that defines innovation activities&#46; Many unobserved entities such as governments&#44; universities&#44; non-profit organizations&#44; and other institutions are also essential to innovation&#46; When studying innovation at the country level&#44; the conclusions drawn from these studies are likely to be incomplete if we limit the research perspective to the market or business&#46;</p><p id="para0004" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Second&#44; there is a lack of dialogue between various theories on innovation&#44; as most studies are based on a single theoretical perspective&#46; National innovation systems have become the most prominent theoretical foundations &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0083">Wang&#160;et&#160;al&#46;&#44; 2021</a>&#41;&#46; However&#44; there is currently no consensus in the literature on how national innovation systems should be defined and measured &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0031">Fagerberg &#38; Srholec&#44;&#160;2008</a>&#41;&#46; The researcher&#39;s discretion determines the factors they want to deploy to understand the national innovation performance&#46; Exploring multiple theories may holistically explain innovation performance&#46;</p><p id="para0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Third&#44; there is a mismatch between theory and methods regarding national innovation performance &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0046">Khedhaouria &#38; Thurik&#44;&#160;2017</a>&#41;&#46; Many studies have employed regression-based statistical techniques to explore the net effects of single factors&#46; Net effect thinking currently dominates social science&#44; holding that each element can independently influence outcomes&#46; However&#44; macro and micro theories of innovation&#44; such as national innovation systems &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0058">Lundvall&#44;&#160;2007</a>&#41; and the ability-motivation-opportunity framework &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0012">Bos-Nehles&#160;et&#160;al&#46;&#44; 2017</a>&#41;&#44; believe that innovation relies on interdependence of multiple factors&#46; Therefore&#44; interpreting innovation should be based on the systematic perspective of configurational thinking &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0069">Pustovrh &#38; Jakli&#269;&#44; 2014</a>&#41;&#46; Configurational thinking sees causal conditions not as adversaries in the struggle to explain variation in the outcome but as potential collaborators contributing to the outcome &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0071">Ragin&#44;&#160;2008</a>&#44; pp&#46; 113&#8211;114&#41;&#46; The critical issue for studies on innovation performance is not which variable has the most substantial net effect&#46; Rather&#44; it is the question of how various conditions combine and whether there is only one combination or diverse combinations of conditions &#40;causal recipes&#41; capable of generating high innovation performance&#46;</p><p id="para0006" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study fills these research gaps as follows&#46; First&#44; as <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0058">Lundvall&#160;&#40;2007&#41;</a> puts it&#44; the national innovation systems must help understand both micro-behavior in the core and &#8220;wider settings&#8221; within which the core operates&#46; This study builds on the two most essential elements of innovation&#58; knowledge and learning&#46; It seeks to construct an explanatory framework with broader applicability to national innovation performance&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0059">Lundvall &#40;2016</a>&#44; p&#46; 6&#41; points out that the most fundamental resource in the modern economy is knowledge&#59; accordingly&#44; the most crucial process is learning&#46; The resource-based perspective stresses that innovative activities and knowledge generation depend on resources&#46; Therefore&#44; this study&#39;s framework incorporates R&#38;D investment and human capital because they provide the necessary financial and human resources for innovation&#46;</p><p id="para0007" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Learning is a socially embedded process that can only be understood by considering institutional and social contexts &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0059">Lundvall&#44;&#160;2016</a>&#44; p&#46; 86&#41;&#46; Innovation does not occur in a vacuum&#44; and many macro-socioeconomic factors play an important role in national innovation systems &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0018">Crespo &#38; Crespo&#44;&#160;2016</a>&#41;&#46; The institution-based perspective emphasizes the role of institutions in shaping innovation&#46; Therefore&#44; the framework incorporates democracy and social freedom because they represent formal and informal institutional support for knowledge creation and learning&#46;</p><p id="para0008" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Moreover&#44; innovation generation patterns vary across different settings&#46; Globalization has challenged the traditional role of national states in supporting learning processes &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0059">Lundvall&#44;&#160;2016</a>&#44; p&#46; 86&#41;&#46; Globalization enables a country to learn&#44; absorb&#44; and imitate the innovative outputs of other countries&#46; Country affluence is also an essential contextual factor because countries at different stages of development have different driving forces or formation paths for innovation systems &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0084">Watkins&#160;et&#160;al&#46;&#44; 2015</a>&#41;&#46; This study constructs an analytical framework comprising six elements and seeks to understand how different enablers of innovation performance complement each other and lead to high innovation performance&#46;</p><p id="para0009" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Second&#44; this study adopts QCA instead of applying a regression-based technique to unravel causal complexity&#46; This study focuses on two features of causal complexity&#58; equifinality and conjunctural causation &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0074">Schneider &#38; Wagemann&#44;&#160;2012</a>&#44; p&#46; 78&#41;&#46; An analysis of equifinality allows us to find different&#44; mutually non-exclusive explanations of high innovation performance&#46; Conjunctural causation implies that conditions must be combined to reveal causal recipes &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0074">Schneider &#38; Wagemann&#44;&#160;2012</a>&#44; p&#46; 89&#41;&#44; enabling us to understand a single condition&#39;s role in innovation systems under specific conditions&#46; Additionally&#44; this study makes an innovative attempt in research methods by using necessary condition analysis &#40;NCA&#41;&#46; This demonstrates how NCA can provide complementary insights into fsQCA&#46;</p><p id="para0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The remainder of this article proceeds as follows&#46; Section 2 introduces an integrated conceptual framework to unravel the multiple driving forces of national innovation performance&#46; Section 3 introduces research methods and presents operational definitions and descriptive statistics for each condition&#46; Section 4 shows the results of fsQCA and NCA by using a multi-source dataset of 116 countries&#46; Section 5 discusses the theoretical and practical insights drawn from this study and how NCA can complement the application of QCA&#46; Finally&#44; the main conclusions of this study are summarized&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0002" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0005">Theoretical framework</span><span id="sec0003" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0006">R&#38;D investment</span><p id="para0011" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As innovation became increasingly crucial in economic growth and productivity&#44; scholars gradually became interested in exploring what drove innovation during the 1980s&#46; The knowledge production function maintains that R&#38;D input is the primary indicator of innovation output &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0047">Koo&#160;et&#160;al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0079">Verba&#44;&#160;2020</a>&#41;&#46; R&#38;D usually refers to innovative activities to develop new services or products and improve existing ones&#46; Current literature has extensively studied the relationship between R&#38;D investment and innovation at the firm level &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0038">Gicheva &#38; Link&#44;&#160;2016</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0044">Jaffe&#44;&#160;1989</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0054">Link&#160;et&#160;al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#41;&#46; However&#44; relatively few studies have taken the country as the unit of analysis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0053">Link&#44;&#160;2021</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">Raghupathi &#38; Raghupathi&#44;&#160;2017</a>&#41;&#46; For example&#44; based on World Bank aggregate data&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0053">Link&#160;&#40;2021&#41;</a> finds that R&#38;D investment positively relates to innovative behavior at the country level&#46; Nevertheless&#44; this relationship varies across countries at different developmental stages&#46; Investment in R&#38;D plays a pivotal role in innovation&#44; as R&#38;D can directly bring about new knowledge&#44; products&#44; and services&#46; Moreover&#44; R&#38;D is vital for both firms and governments &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">Barasa&#160;et&#160;al&#46;&#44; 2017</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">Raghupathi &#38; Raghupathi&#44;&#160;2017</a>&#41;&#46; Firms&#8217; R&#38;D expenditures can help them achieve competitiveness in a rapidly changing market&#46; Governments&#8217; expenditures on R&#38;D can provide incentives to foster innovative activities in the private sector and support universities and research institutions for basic and applied research&#46; Therefore&#44; R&#38;D investment is an essential enabler of innovation capability as it constitutes a financial basis for innovation performance&#46; The first proposition is as follows&#46;</p><p id="para0012" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">P1&#58; R&#38;D investment is a necessary condition for national innovation performance&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0004" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0007">Human capital</span><p id="para0013" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As knowledge-intensive activities play a crucial role in economic growth and scientific innovation&#44; scholars have gradually emphasized the importance of human capital in fostering innovation&#46; Human capital can be described as knowledge and skills gained through training and education &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0002">Aleknavi&#269;i&#363;t&#279; et&#160;al&#46;&#44; 2016</a>&#41;&#46; The human capital theory maintains that investment in people can enhance their productivity and learning capabilities&#44; increasing the well-being of individuals&#44; organizations&#44; and society &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0064">Nafukho&#160;et&#160;al&#46;&#44; 2004</a>&#41;&#46; Empirical evidence has found that innovation is one of the most striking positive effects of human capital&#46; There are several reasons to expect high human capital to lead to innovation&#46; First&#44; human capital is a core prerequisite for innovative activities by accumulating and exchanging high-quality knowledge&#44; which leads to idea combinations and new knowledge creation &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0049">Kwan &#38; Chiu&#44;&#160;2015</a>&#41;&#46; Second&#44; organizational members resist innovative activities and adhere to traditional regulations to gain legitimacy from stakeholders &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0022">DiMaggio &#38; Powell&#44;&#160;1983</a>&#41;&#46; Investment in human capital enables organizational members to renew and update their capabilities&#44; which helps break the organization&#39;s adherence to old routines &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">Shane&#44;&#160;1995</a>&#41;&#46; Third&#44; in addition to generating new knowledge independently&#44; individuals and organizations can increase innovation performance by acquiring diverse and heterogeneous expertise from external sources&#46; Human capital can increase a country&#39;s ability to adopt technological advances abroad &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0006">Bashir&#160;et&#160;al&#46;&#44; 2021</a>&#41;&#46; A country&#39;s investment in human capital provides the human resources necessary to achieve high levels of innovation performance&#46; The second proposition is as follows&#46;</p><p id="para0014" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">P2&#58; Human capital is a necessary condition for national innovation performance&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0008">Social freedom</span><p id="para0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Innovative activities do not occur in a vacuum but are affected by social and cultural factors&#46; Many economic growth theories assume that a certain level or type of social freedom is a critical condition for innovation &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0051">Lehmann &#38; Seitz&#44;&#160;2017</a>&#41;&#46; Various types of individual-level freedom &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; job autonomy&#44; see <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">Orth &#38; Volmer&#44;&#160;2017</a>&#59; freedom to express&#44; see <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0016">Chen &#38; Hou&#44;&#160;2016</a>&#41; and organizational-level freedom &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; organizational climate&#44; see <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0048">Koys &#38; DeCotiis&#44;&#160;1991</a>&#41; are positively related to innovative behavior&#46; However&#44; the literature documenting the association between freedom and country-level innovation has developed more slowly&#44; although social freedom&#8212;an indicator reflecting social climate characteristics&#8212;significantly shapes individuals&#8217; and organizations&#8217; thinking and actions&#46; There are at least three reasons for expecting social freedom to lead to innovation&#46; First&#44; countries with high social freedom attract and retain talented people &#40;or creative classes&#41; who can spur economic growth and knowledge creation through innovation &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0041">Hansen &#38; Niedomysl&#44;&#160;2009</a>&#41;&#46; Second&#44; a high degree of social freedom stimulates knowledge flows&#44; diversity&#44; creativity&#44; and open social structures&#44; where innovative and risk-taking behavior can be fostered &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">Florida&#160;et&#160;al&#46;&#44; 2008</a>&#41;&#46; Third&#44; the social capital perspective does not regard innovation as an exogenous or isolated activity but as a social event embedded in social institutions and communities that help diverse but interdependent actors interact and exchange knowledge &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">Landry&#160;et&#160;al&#46;&#44; 2002</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0091">Zheng&#44;&#160;2010</a>&#41;&#46; High levels of social freedom may facilitate coworking&#44; creativity&#44; and knowledge spillovers &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0051">Lehmann &#38; Seitz&#44;&#160;2017</a>&#41;&#44; creating a supportive social climate for innovation&#46; Therefore&#44; the third proposition is as follows&#46;</p><p id="para0016" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">P3&#58; Social freedom is an enabler for national innovation performance&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0006" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0009">Democracy</span><p id="para0017" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Formal institutions can also influence innovation&#46; Innovation requires a stable domestic economic environment&#44; material guarantees&#44; and a free political environment that encourages personal initiatives &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0036">Gao&#160;et&#160;al&#46;&#44; 2017</a>&#41;&#46; Democracy provides a supportive institutional environment for innovation&#46; Although there are many forms of democracy&#44; political and economic scholars agree that democracy has the following characteristics&#58; facilitating economic freedom and protecting property rights&#46; These characteristics eventually contribute to innovative activities by building institutions that foster scientific innovation and protect intellectual property &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0036">Gao&#160;et&#160;al&#46;&#44; 2017</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0068">Popper&#44;&#160;2005</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0083">Wang&#160;et&#160;al&#46;&#44; 2021</a>&#41;&#46; Democracy can indirectly influence innovation through spillover effects&#44; such as increasing the quality of governance and promoting social progress &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0004">B&#228;ck &#38; Hadenius&#44;&#160;2008</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0078">Thompson&#44;&#160;2004</a>&#41;&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0068">Popper&#160;&#40;2005&#41;</a> points out that democratic countries perform better in fostering innovation&#59; his hypothesis drives scholars to test it empirically&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0036">Gao&#160;et&#160;al&#46;&#160;&#40;2017&#41;</a> analyzed a dataset of 156 countries between 1964 and 2010 using the difference-in-differences method&#46; They concluded that democracy has no direct positive effect on innovation&#44; as measured by the index of patents&#46; However&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0083">Wang&#160;et&#160;al&#46;&#160;&#40;2021&#41;</a> argue that merely using patents to measure innovation performance is flawed&#46; They use patents and trademarks as proxies for national innovation performance and employ a generalized method of moments &#40;GMM&#41; to increase the validity of the empirical findings&#46; The empirical results show that democracy is strongly positively related to innovation performance&#44; and even a change in democracy significantly influences innovation &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0083">Wang&#160;et&#160;al&#46;&#44; 2021</a>&#41;&#46; Nevertheless&#44; they also imply that the influence of democracy on innovation might vary in different socioeconomic situations&#44; which highlights the importance of configurational thinking &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; the role of democracy in innovation should be interpreted when combined with other factors&#41;&#46; Thus&#44; the fourth proposition is as follows&#46;</p><p id="para0018" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">P4&#58; Democracy is an enabler for national innovation performance&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0007" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0010">Globalization</span><p id="para0019" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Globalization is one of the most critical forces shaping economic growth and social progress&#46; It can be described as a process of eroding national borders&#44; integrating the national economy&#44; culture&#44; technology&#44; and governance&#44; and creating complex interdependent relationships &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0023">Dreher&#44;&#160;2006</a>&#41;&#46; National innovation systems focus on nationally bounded interactions and processes of different institutions&#44; ignoring the potential positive effects of exchange and cooperation between countries&#46; The diffusion of innovation theory maintains that various social system members can communicate and adopt each other&#39;s innovations&#59; this process is called innovation diffusion &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0072">Rogers&#44;&#160;2003</a>&#44; p&#46; 35&#41;&#46; Therefore&#44; one country&#39;s innovation performance is likely to be affected by the extent to which it can learn&#44; absorb&#44; and imitate other countries&#8217; innovations&#46; Numerous studies have documented the impact of globalization on innovation at the country level &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">Bloom&#160;et&#160;al&#46;&#44; 2016</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">Chang &#38; Lee&#44;&#160;2010</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0076">Spulber&#44;&#160;2008</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Zheng&#160;et&#160;al&#46;&#44; 2019</a>&#41;&#46; However&#44; previous studies usually narrow globalization to economic dimensions such as trade&#44; which ignores countries&#8217; social and political integration processes &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Zheng&#160;et&#160;al&#46;&#44; 2019</a>&#41;&#46; Globalization is a multifaceted concept&#44; including opening up to trade and capital flows&#44; communication and exchange of ideas among different citizens&#44; and cooperation among governments &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0039">Gygli&#160;et&#160;al&#46;&#44; 2019</a>&#41;&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Zheng&#160;et&#160;al&#46;&#160;&#40;2019&#41;</a> provide empirical evidence to support the positive effect of globalization on innovation&#46; They proposed three potential mechanisms to explain the impact process&#46; First&#44; bilateral trade promotes knowledge and technology transfers&#46; Second&#44; information flow creates novel research directions and diverse research paths&#46; Third&#44; international policy diffusion promotes reforms in administrative agencies and regulations&#46; They adopted a multidimensional indicator to measure innovation and found a positive influence of globalization on national innovation in the least innovative countries &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Zheng&#160;et&#160;al&#46;&#44; 2019</a>&#41;&#46; High globalization is an essential prerequisite for innovation performance in a world where innovation increasingly depends on mutual communication and collaboration&#46; Hence&#44; the fifth proposition is as follows&#46;</p><p id="para0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">P5&#58; Globalization is a necessary condition for national innovation performance&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0008" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0011">Country affluence</span><p id="para0021" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Country affluence may also be a crucial contextual factor in national innovation&#46; National innovation systems were initially used to describe variations in innovation performance among developed countries &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0061">Metcalfe &#38; Ramlogan&#44;&#160;2008</a>&#41;&#46; However&#44; only a few scholars have used this framework to explore innovation in developing countries &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0001">Alcorta &#38; Peres&#44;&#160;1998</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0061">Metcalfe &#38; Ramlogan&#44;&#160;2008</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0087">Wu&#160;et&#160;al&#46;&#44; 2017</a>&#41;&#46; One important reason is that some concepts of national innovation systems may not fit the characteristics of developing countries &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0018">Crespo &#38; Crespo&#44;&#160;2016</a>&#41;&#46; For example&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0003">Arocena&#160;and Sutz&#160;&#40;2000&#41;</a> argued that many essential elements &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; technological and industrial institutions&#41; of national innovation systems do not exist or are insufficient in developing countries&#46; Developed and developing countries show different patterns of economic development and innovation processes&#59; therefore&#44; the driving forces of innovation might also be different &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0084">Watkins&#160;et&#160;al&#46;&#44; 2015</a>&#41;&#46; Empirical studies have found that combinations of causal conditions that lead to high innovation performance in developed countries do not apply to developing countries &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0018">Crespo &#38; Crespo&#44;&#160;2016</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0083">Wang&#160;et&#160;al&#46;&#44; 2021</a>&#41;&#46; Therefore&#44; the modes of generation of innovation performance may be contingent upon country affluence&#46; Thus&#44; the sixth proposition is as follows&#46;</p><p id="para0022" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">P6&#58; Countries at different developmental stages differ in their generation mechanisms to achieve high national innovation performance&#46;</p><p id="para0023" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As illustrated above&#44; country-level innovation is a complex process that involves many factors&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0001">Fig&#46;&#160;1</a> illustrates this conceptual framework&#46; These factors do not impact innovation performance independently&#59; they may interact differently and form different paths toward high innovation performance&#46; Many empirical studies have also expressed that studying innovation performance requires configurational thinking&#59; therefore&#44; interpreting the influence of a single factor on innovation should combine other factors&#46; For example&#44; in exploring the impact of democracy on innovation&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0083">Wang&#160;et&#160;al&#46;&#160;&#40;2021&#41;</a> pointed out that such an influence may vary under different socioeconomic factors&#44; such as economic performance and globalization&#46; Similarly&#44; in investigating the effect of globalization on innovation&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Zhang&#160;et&#160;al&#46;&#160;&#40;2019&#41;</a> found that globalization impacts OECD and APEC countries differently&#46; Therefore&#44; a method that fits configurational thinking is required in studies of national innovation performance&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0001"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0009" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0012">Methodology</span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0013">Method</span><p id="para0024" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">With its focus on revealing causal complexity&#44; QCA has recently gained increasing attention and application in business and management academia &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0056">L&#243;pez-Cabarcos&#160;et&#160;al&#46;&#44; 2016</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0062">Misangyi&#160;et&#160;al&#46;&#44; 2017</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0066">Pappas &#38; Woodside&#44;&#160;2021</a>&#41;&#46; The logic of QCA differs substantively from that of regression-based techniques in many aspects&#44; making it a suitable method for this study&#46; First&#44; instead of focusing on the net effects of every single factor&#44; this study explores how combinations of multiple causal conditions lead to high innovation performance&#46; QCA enables us to find various causal recipes for the same desired outcome&#8212;a situation called equifinality&#46; Second&#44; QCA can identify whether a condition is necessary for the desired result&#46; A necessity statement or hypothesis &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; globalization is necessary for innovation performance&#41; can only be examined by QCA or NCA&#46; However&#44; many scholars have confused necessity and sufficiency because they often use traditional regression-based methods to empirically test necessary but insufficient statements &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">Dul&#44;&#160;2016a</a>&#41;&#46; Additionally&#44; QCA can only test relationships of necessity in kind&#44; whereas NCA can also test necessary statements in degrees&#44; making it an excellent complement to QCA &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">Vis &#38; Dul&#44;&#160;2018</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="para0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Further&#44; many traditional problems plagued by applied users of regression analytical methods &#40;RAMs&#41; do not cause severe threats in QCA&#46; The first is multicollinearity&#46; In this study&#44; many conditions influencing innovation performance may be highly correlated&#44; indicating that deploying RAMs is unsuitable&#46; Multicollinearity makes it difficult to isolate the effect of one condition from another&#44; hindering the intention of the regression analysis to explore the net effect&#46; However&#44; QCA does not assume the independence of the explanatory variables as an assumption &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">Du&#537;a&#44;&#160;2020</a>&#41;&#46; In QCA&#44; the problem of multicollinearity is called limited diversity&#44; a feature of many naturally occurring phenomena &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0071">Ragin&#44;&#160;2008</a>&#44; p&#46; 147&#41;&#46; Many social phenomena appear in clusters and impact outcomes only in conjunction &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0081">Wagemann &#38; Schneider&#44;&#160;2007</a>&#41;&#46; Limited diversity implies that many logically possible combinations lack empirical evidence&#46; As complex solutions only use empirical information&#44; they are subject to limited diversity&#46; Limited diversity makes complex solutions intricate because little or no simplification occurs &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0071">Ragin&#44;&#160;2008</a>&#44; p&#46; 175&#41;&#46; Conversely&#44; intermediate and parsimonious solutions incorporate counterfactual analysis&#46; Therefore&#44; they are less affected by limited diversity and preferred by most researchers&#46;</p><p id="para0026" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Second&#44; many variables causally relevant to the outcome are omitted from the model&#46; This study&#39;s theoretical framework inevitably omits other factors causally related to innovation performance&#46; However&#44; this is not a severe threat to QCA because its logical basis is INUS causation &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0008">Baumgartner&#44;&#160;2021</a>&#41;&#46; INUS stands for &#8220;Insufficient but Necessary part of a condition which is itself Unnecessary but Sufficient for the result&#8221; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Mackie&#44;&#160;1965</a>&#44; p&#46; 246&#41;&#46; For example&#44; when firms have ample financial resources&#44; they can invest in R&#38;D&#44; promoting innovation performance&#46; The financial resource surplus &#40;A&#41; and R&#38;D investment &#40;B&#41; can lead to high innovation performance&#46; R&#38;D investment is necessary for this situation&#44; and there would be no high innovation performance without it&#46; Nevertheless&#44; this set of conditions is not necessary for high innovation performance because other sets of conditions are also sufficient for the outcome&#46; Firms may also use surplus financial resources to acquire innovative organizations and achieve high innovation performance&#46; Combining a financial resource surplus &#40;A&#41; and the acquisition of other innovative organizations &#40;C&#41; can also lead to high innovation performance&#46; Therefore&#44; R&#38;D investment is an insufficient but necessary &#40;non-redundant&#41; part of an unnecessary but sufficient condition for the outcome&#46; If we only included conditions A and B in the study and omitted condition C&#44; we cannot know that the combination of C and B also leads to the outcome&#46; Nonetheless&#44; we find that the combination of A and B causes high innovation performance&#44; and this conclusion is undeniably correct&#46; Thus&#44; if the omitted variable is an INUS condition&#44; we cannot determine other causes of the outcome&#46; If the omitted variable is a necessary condition&#44; we might ignore this critical condition&#44; which allows all the identified sufficient solutions to work&#46; A necessary condition implies that it is an indispensable factor for the presence of the outcome&#59; otherwise&#44; even the identified sufficient solutions will not produce the desired outcome&#46; In summary&#44; the problem of omitted variables did not affect the correctness of the identified solutions&#46; However&#44; this may lead us to overlook some necessary conditions that allow the identified solution to produce the desired results&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0011" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0014">Data and measurements</span><p id="para0027" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">QCA uses calibrated data with values from 0&#8211;1&#46; Calibration is a process in which raw data are transformed into membership scores in each set&#46; This study adopts the direct calibration method and specifies three variables&#8217; anchors&#58; the benchmark for full membership&#44; crossover point&#44; and full non-membership&#46; Membership scores should reflect external standards based on substantive knowledge and the existing literature &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0071">Ragin&#44;&#160;2008</a>&#44; p&#46; 208&#41;&#46; When external standards and substantive knowledge are unavailable&#44; a mechanistic calibration method based on the percentiles of the sample is preferred and widely adopted by scholars &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0021">De&#160;Crescenzo et&#160;al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#41;&#46; Therefore&#44; democracy and country affluence were calibrated using external standards&#46; For the other variables without established external standards&#44; this study used mechanistic calibration and assigned the 95th&#44; 50th&#44; and 5th percentiles of the original data as the thresholds for fully in&#44; crossover&#44; and fully out of the sets&#44; respectively &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0066">Pappas &#38; Woodside&#44;&#160;2021</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0086">Woodside&#44;&#160;2013</a>&#41;&#46; The calibration anchor distinguished relevant and irrelevant variations &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0071">Ragin&#44;&#160;2008</a>&#44; p&#46; 33&#41;&#46; It is imprudent to erase excessive variance in the raw data without substantive knowledge&#46; Therefore&#44; the 95th-50th-5th percentile calibration was employed because it retained more differences in the raw data&#46; Conversely&#44; the 75th-50th-25th percentile calibration method reduced the variance in the raw data&#46; For example&#44; the difference between the 75th and 100th cases is almost eliminated in the calibrated data because they are all considered fully in a set&#8212;differences in the raw data are considered irrelevant to the degree of membership in a set&#46;</p><p id="para0028" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R&#38;D investment</span> was measured by the sub-index of R&#38;D from the 2019 GII report&#46; This sub-index captures the level and quality of R&#38;D activities&#44; which considers researchers&#44; R&#38;D expenditure&#44; and the quality of research institutions&#46;</p><p id="para0029" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Human capital</span> was measured using the sub-index of tertiary education from the GII report in 2019&#46; This sub-index measures the performance of higher education&#44; which considers tertiary enrolment&#44; the percentage of tertiary graduates in science&#44; and the inbound mobility of tertiary students&#46;</p><p id="para0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Social freedom</span> was measured by a proxy variable&#58; the Gay Travel Index &#40;GTI&#41; published by the SPARTACUS World in 2019&#46; This index measures the legal situation and living conditions of queer community members in the respective country&#46; Many scholars assume that gays would choose relatively open-minded and tolerant places for newcomers and alternative ways of living and thinking &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0034">Florida&#44;&#160;2014</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0043">Inglehart&#160;et&#160;al&#46;&#44; 2008</a>&#41;&#46; Therefore&#44; a high degree of gay friendliness indicates a high degree of individual freedom and social tolerance&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0051">Lehmann&#160;and Seitz&#160;&#40;2017&#41;</a> adopted the GTI to measure social freedom&#46;</p><p id="para0031" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Democracy</span> was measured using the Democracy Index published by the Economist Intelligence Unit in 2019&#46; This index measures pluralism&#44; civil liberties&#44; and political cultures&#46; The Economist Intelligence Unit established relevant criteria&#44; holding that the scores of 8&#44; 6&#44; and 4 in the index are the thresholds for full democracy&#44; hybrid regimes&#44; and authoritarian regimes&#44; respectively&#46; Therefore&#44; 8&#44; 6&#44; and 4 were assigned as the benchmarks for fully in&#44; crossover&#44; and fully out of this set&#44; respectively&#46;</p><p id="para0032" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Globalization</span> was measured using the KOF Globalization Index of 2019 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0039">Gygli&#160;et&#160;al&#46;&#44; 2019</a>&#41;&#46; This composite index measures globalization for every country along the economic&#44; social&#44; and political dimensions&#44; combining <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">de facto</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">de jure</span> globalization&#46;</p><p id="para0033" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Country affluence</span> was measured by gross national income &#40;GNI&#41; per capita in 2019&#44; as published by the World Bank&#46; The established standards made by the World Bank set the thresholds for high-&#44; middle-&#44; and low-income countries as &#36;46038&#44; &#36;5523&#44; and &#36;688&#44; respectively&#46; Therefore&#44; &#36;46038&#44; &#36;5523&#44; and &#36;688 were assigned as benchmarks for fully in&#44; crossover&#44; and fully out of this set&#44; respectively&#46;</p><p id="para0034" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Innovation performance</span> was measured using the innovation output sub-index from the 2020 GII report&#46; This indicator comprises knowledge&#44; technology&#44; and creative outputs&#44; providing information about the performance of innovative activities within each economy &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0017">Cornell&#160;et&#160;al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#41;&#46; Knowledge creation&#44; impact&#44; and diffusion are the three dimensions of knowledge and technology outputs&#46; Intangible assets&#44; creative goods and services&#44; and online creativity constitute the creative output&#46;</p><p id="para0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A total of 116 countries have data on all variables&#59; their information can be found in the Appendix&#46; However&#44; cases with a score of 0&#46;5 in any condition will be excluded from the truth table analysis in QCA&#46; Following established practices&#44; each membership score with a value of 0&#46;5 is recalibrated by adding a small constant &#40;0&#46;001&#41; to avoid this problem &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0024">Du &#38; Kim&#44;&#160;2021</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0033">Fiss&#44;&#160;2011</a>&#41;&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0001">Table&#160;1</a> presents the calibration anchors for each fuzzy set&#46; All data and results from the analyses are openly available on the OSF platform&#58; https&#58;&#47;&#47;osf&#46;io&#47;z7gbc&#47;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0001"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0012" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0015">Analysis</span><span id="sec0013" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0016">Descriptive analysis</span><p id="para0036" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0002">Table&#160;2</a> presents a descriptive analysis of each variable&#46; All the variables were positively correlated with the outcome&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0002"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0014" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0017">Necessity analysis</span><p id="para0037" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">QCA is a set-theoretical method that separately tests sufficient and necessary relationships&#46; This study first conducts a necessity analysis to examine whether any single condition is necessary for high innovation performance in the fsQCA 3&#46;0&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0003">Table&#160;3</a> shows that only country affluence passes the consistency threshold of 0&#46;9&#44; indicating that high country affluence is necessary for high innovation performance&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0003"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="para0038" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Second&#44; as mentioned before&#44; NCA can analyze necessity relationships in kind and degree&#44; helping to answer questions like &#8220;what degree of the antecedent &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; country affluence&#41; should be at least if one country wants to achieve a specific level of innovation performance&#63;&#8221; Necessity analysis in NCA fundamentally differs from the fsQCA approach&#59; this difference often leads to NCA identifying additional necessary conditions than fsQCA &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">Dul&#44;&#160;2016a</a>&#41;&#46; The two methods do not compete&#59; instead&#44; they provide complementary insights&#46; Therefore&#44; NCA should not be used as a tool for robustness testing of QCA necessity analysis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0024">Du &#38; Kim&#44;&#160;2021</a>&#41; but as a complementary tool for QCA necessity analysis&#46; NCA can use both calibrated and raw data &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0026">Dul&#44;&#160;2016b</a>&#41;&#46; A necessary condition analysis was conducted by R package &#8220;NCA&#8221; with calibrated data for two reasons&#46; First&#44; this study focuses on set relations &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; sufficiency and necessity&#41;&#59; the calibrated configurational data are more meaningful and fit better with set relationships&#46; Second&#44; using the same data can show us what additional insights NCA can bring to fsQCA through necessity analysis in degree&#46;</p><p id="para0039" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">NCA draws a ceiling line on the top of the data in an XY scatter plot&#44; and the space above the ceiling line &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; the upper left corner&#41; indicates that high levels of Y are not possible with low levels of X &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0029">Dul&#160;et&#160;al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#41;&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0002">Fig&#46;&#160;2</a> shows the scatter plots with ceiling lines&#46; The space in the upper left corner relative to the total space with observations reflects the extent of the constraint that X poses on Y&#59; the larger the space&#44; the more X constraints Y &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0029">Dul&#160;et&#160;al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#41;&#46; NCA uses two techniques to draw ceiling lines&#58; ceiling envelopment with a free disposal hull &#40;CE-FDH&#41; and ceiling regression with a free disposal hull &#40;CR-FDH&#41;&#46; CE-FDH is preferred under the following conditions&#58; &#40;a&#41; the variables are dichotomous&#59; &#40;b&#41; the variables are discrete with a small number of variable levels &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; &#60; 5&#41;&#59; &#40;c&#41; a straight ceiling line does not properly represent the data around the ceiling line&#59; &#40;d&#41; smoothing significantly reduces the size of the ceiling zone &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">Dul&#44;&#160;2016a</a>&#41;&#46; As shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0002">Fig&#46;&#160;2</a>&#44; the data around the straight ceiling line are jumpy&#44; indicating that a straight ceiling does not fit the data points well&#46; Thus&#44; this study reports the results generated by the CE-FDH&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0002"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="para0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0029">Dul&#160;et&#160;al&#46;&#160;&#40;2020&#41;</a> recommend that whether a condition is necessary depends on two criteria&#46; First&#44; the effect size should pass the 0&#46;1 threshold level&#59; otherwise&#44; the effect size should be too small to make sense&#46; Second&#44; the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-value based on the permutation test should be smaller than 0&#46;05 to demonstrate that the effect size is not the result of random chance&#46; NCA results in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0004">Table&#160;4</a> show that R&#38;D investment&#44; globalization&#44; and country affluence are necessary for high innovation performance&#44; although they are of different importance &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; they have different effect sizes&#41;&#46; The results of fsQCA and NCA partially supported P1 and P5 but not P2&#46; Some theories and empirical studies conclude that R&#38;D investment&#44; globalization&#44; and country affluence contribute to innovation &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; sufficiency relationships&#41;&#46; However&#44; NCA found that these three factors are also necessary for innovation performance because high innovation performance is impossible when these factors are low&#46; Therefore&#44; NCA allows researchers to build and test causal necessity relationships &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0028">Dul&#44;&#160;2021</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0004"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="para0041" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A necessary condition is a bottleneck for the outcome to exist&#44; and other conditions cannot compensate for the absence of the necessary condition &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">Dul&#44;&#160;2016a</a>&#41;&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table&#160;5</a> displays the bottleneck table of the three significant conditions necessary to analyze the necessary relationships in degrees&#46; The bottleneck table allows us to make necessary statements in degrees&#46; &#8220;NN&#8221; means X is not necessary for a particular value of Y&#58; one country can achieve the value of Y with any value of X&#46; For example&#44; any level of R&#38;D investment is unnecessary if one country only wants to achieve a membership score of 0&#46;3 in innovation performance&#46; For a particular value of innovation performance&#44; the conditions in the bottleneck table must be met&#59; otherwise&#44; this particular value of innovation performance is impossible&#46; For instance&#44; R&#38;D investment &#62; 0&#46;77 is necessary for innovation performance &#62; 0&#46;9&#46; With 0&#46;77 in R&#38;D investment&#44; the maximum score of innovation performance that one country can achieve is 0&#46;9&#46; NCA also captures variations in degree&#59; therefore&#44; NCA is not a competing method for QCA&#39;s analysis of necessity&#46; Instead&#44; it provides additional insights into the results of fsQCA&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0018">Sufficiency analysis</span><p id="para0042" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A sufficiency analysis was conducted by using a frequency benchmark &#8805; 1&#44; raw consistency &#8805; 0&#46;80&#44; and proportional reduction in inconsistency &#40;PRI&#41; cutoff &#8805; 0&#46;60 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0067">Patala&#160;et&#160;al&#46;&#44; 2021</a>&#41;&#46; Unlike previously applied users of QCA who favor intermediate solutions&#44; this paper reports parsimonious solutions based on two grounds&#46; First&#44; several recent methodological studies on QCA recommend reporting parsimonious solutions instead of intermediate solutions &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0007">Baumgartner&#44;&#160;2015</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0009">Baumgartner &#38; Thiem&#44;&#160;2020</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0077">Thiem&#44;&#160;2019</a>&#41;&#46; For example&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0007">Baumgartner&#160;&#40;2015&#41;</a> showed that intermediate solutions could not be interpreted causally because they contain redundant elements&#46; Based on a series of tests&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0009">Baumgartner&#160;and Thiem&#160;&#40;2020&#41;</a> proved that only parsimonious solutions are guaranteed to be correct&#44; whereas QCA is incorrect when generating conservative and intermediate solutions&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0077">Thiem&#160;&#40;2019&#41;</a> also explains why complex and intermediate solutions frequently commit causal fallacies&#44; whereas parsimonious solutions do not seem to be affected by the risks of moving away from the truth&#46; Second&#44; parsimonious solutions are closer to the minimally or redundancy-free sufficient conditions&#46; The consistencies of the parsimonious solutions are above the recommended threshold&#44; indicating that they are already sufficient conditions for the outcome&#46; Conversely&#44; intermediate and complex solutions may include redundant conditions&#46; Redundant conditions are not difference-makers&#59; thus&#44; they should not be considered causes&#46; If QCA solutions contain redundant or nonessential elements that make no difference to the outcome&#44; they cannot be causally interpretable &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">Haesebrouck &#38; Thomann&#44;&#160;2021</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="para0043" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0006">Table&#160;6</a> shows the two parsimonious solutions using conventional notations&#58; a black circle &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; &#8220;&#9679;&#8221;&#41; indicates the presence of the condition&#44; and a blank space indicates that the presence or absence of conditions does not matter &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0033">Fiss&#44;&#160;2011</a>&#41;&#46; Countries with membership scores greater than 0&#46;5 in both the solution and outcome can be found in the Appendix&#46; In fsQCA&#44; the absence of the condition &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; low innovation performance&#41; means a set membership score &#60; 0&#46;5&#44; and the presence of the condition &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; high innovation performance&#41; means a set membership score &#62; 0&#46;5&#46; Based on the bottleneck table in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table&#160;5</a>&#44; three conditions are necessary for high innovation performance &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; innovation performance &#62; 0&#46;5&#41;&#58; R&#38;D investment &#62; 0&#46;06&#44; globalization &#62; 0&#46;07&#44; and country affluence &#62; 0&#46;11&#46; Other conditions cannot compensate for the absence or low levels of the necessary conditions&#46; Thus&#44; the three specific values of the necessary conditions must be met&#59; otherwise&#44; the sufficient configurations for high innovation performance identified by fsQCA will not produce the desired outcome&#46; Following <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0027">Dul&#160;&#40;2020&#41;</a>&#44; the three necessity requirements are added to the QCA sufficiency result&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0006"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="para0044" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sufficiency analysis identified two distinct influence mechanisms for high innovation performance&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">leveraging human capital</span> &#40;S1&#41; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">leveraging R&#38;D investment</span> &#40;S2&#41;&#46; S1 has a consistency of 0&#46;936 and a raw coverage of 0&#46;630&#44; indicating that this configuration can explain 63&#37; of the membership scores in the set of high innovation performance&#46; S2 has a consistency of 0&#46;946 and can explain 71&#46;3&#37; of the outcome membership scores&#46; Each configuration comprises ingredients from resources and institutions and operates only in specific settings&#46; The results reveal how resource and institutional elements reinforce one another for high innovation performance in different contexts&#46;</p><p id="para0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">S1 shows that a developed country can achieve high innovation through high human capital&#44; social freedom&#44; and democracy&#46; Therefore&#44; P3 is supported&#46; Human capital is a core prerequisite for innovation because well-educated people can engage in innovative activities &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0049">Kwan &#38; Chiu&#44;&#160;2015</a>&#41;&#46; High human capital enables people to change&#44; learn&#44; improve&#44; adapt to rapidly changing conditions &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0002">Aleknavi&#269;i&#363;t&#279; et&#160;al&#46;&#44; 2016</a>&#41;&#44; and effectively absorb and organize knowledge to innovate &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0052">Lenihan&#160;et&#160;al&#46;&#44; 2019</a>&#41;&#46; Human capital is sensitive to the institutional environment&#59; therefore&#44; formal and informal institutional support is needed&#46; Social freedom fosters open-mindedness toward new ideas and influences&#44; enables collective learning&#44; and encourages individual initiatives &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0034">Florida&#44;&#160;2014</a>&#41;&#46; Meanwhile&#44; democracy creates formal institutional support for innovative activities&#46; This combination works only when the country&#39;s affluence is high&#46; This is because human resources are liquid&#59; people would seek appropriate places that can best leverage their knowledge&#46; Developed countries have numerous scientific and technical organizations that can provide suitable positions to retain intellectuals &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0058">Lundvall&#44;&#160;2007</a>&#41;&#46; Conversely&#44; investing in human capital is relatively risky for developing countries because they provide relatively fewer opportunities and positions for intellectuals to innovate and are less likely to retain them&#46; Arguably&#44; this configuration shows how to utilize human capital for high innovation performance&#59; thus&#44; the influence mechanism was labeled <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">leveraging human capital</span>&#46;</p><p id="para0046" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to S2&#44; high R&#38;D investment&#44; democracy&#44; and globalization can lead to high innovation performance&#46; Therefore&#44; P4 is supported&#46; The primary purpose of R&#38;D is to generate new knowledge and develop new products and processes&#46; Thus&#44; R&#38;D investment has always been directly linked to innovation performance &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0031">Fagerberg &#38; Srholec&#44;&#160;2008</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0079">Verba&#44;&#160;2020</a>&#41;&#46; However&#44; the role of R&#38;D investment depends on several institutional factors such as consistent policy support for innovation&#44; economic freedom&#44; property rights protection&#44; good governance&#44; and political stability &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0036">Gao&#160;et&#160;al&#46;&#44; 2017</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0037">Gerring&#160;et&#160;al&#46;&#44; 2005</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0073">Samara&#160;et&#160;al&#46;&#44; 2012</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0082">Wang&#160;et&#160;al&#46;&#44; 2021</a>&#41;&#46; Democratic countries are more likely to fulfill these institutional factors&#46; Democracy facilitates the transformation of R&#38;D investment into innovation outputs by stimulating technical progress&#44; improving entrepreneurial activities&#44; and incentivizing inventors to participate in innovation &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">Kanwar &#38; Evenson&#44;&#160;2003</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0083">Wang&#160;et&#160;al&#46;&#44; 2021</a>&#41;&#46; In addition to formal institutional support&#44; R&#38;D investment achieves its intended purpose only when globalization is high&#46; This is because high globalization stimulates the mobility of knowledge&#44; technology&#44; and skilled labor&#44; enabling R&#38;D to remain at the top of trends and updates to generate new knowledge &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Zheng&#160;et&#160;al&#46;&#44; 2019</a>&#41;&#46; Otherwise&#44; R&#38;D investments can generate repetitive&#44; outdated&#44; and futile knowledge&#46; This configuration shows how to achieve high innovation performance through R&#38;D investment&#59; thus&#44; the influence mechanism was labeled <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">leveraging R&#38;D investment</span>&#46;</p><p id="para0047" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The overall solution coverage was 0&#46;760&#44; indicating that the two configurations explained 76&#37; of the membership score&#46; Coverage gauges a causal combination&#39;s practical importance or relevance &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0071">Ragin&#44;&#160;2008</a>&#44; p&#46; 44&#41;&#46; As S2&#8217;s coverage is higher than S1&#8217;s&#44; S2 explains more membership scores of high innovation performance&#59; therefore&#44; it has more important theoretical and practical implications&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0016" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0019">Robustness analysis</span><p id="para0048" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although QCA has become an increasingly prominent method for investigating causal complexity&#44; many scholars have questioned the correctness of QCA results &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0009">Baumgartner &#38; Thiem&#44;&#160;2020</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0057">Lucas &#38; Szatrowski&#44;&#160;2014</a>&#41;&#46; One of the most severe threats to fsQCA results is rooted in Boolean minimization&#44; which automatically produces the aggregation bias&#46; Braumoeller &#40;2017&#41; points out that aggregation bias produces false-positive subset relationships&#44; despite random data&#46; Although QCA does not involve statistical significance in the data analysis process&#44; it is ideal and helpful to use a statistical test that enables researchers to check whether the observed QCA relationships are spurious &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0013">Braumoeller&#44;&#160;2015a</a>&#41;&#46; Therefore&#44; a permutation test with the number of iterations of 10000 was conducted using the R package &#8220;QCAfalsePositive&#8221; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0014">Braumoeller&#44;&#160;2015b</a>&#41; to reject the possibility that QCA solutions may result from random chance&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0007">Table&#160;7</a> displays the permuted 95&#37; confidence intervals for the degree of consistency&#46; All 95&#37; confidence intervals based on permutations did not include observed raw consistencies&#44; indicating that the two configurations identified by QCA are unlikely to result from random chance&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0007"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="para0049" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Additionally&#44; the threat to QCA can also result from the parameter setting&#58; changes in the calibration anchors can lead to substantively different results&#46; Five variables without external standards were recalibrated using the 75th-50th-25th anchor before reconducting the sufficiency analysis&#46; QCA generates four parsimonious configurations&#58; high human capital and social freedom &#40;S3&#41;&#59; high globalization and R&#38;D investment &#40;S4&#41;&#59; high democracy&#44; human capital&#44; and country affluence &#40;S5&#41;&#59; high democracy&#44; human capital&#44; and R&#38;D investment &#40;S6&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#cit_1"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; Overall&#44; the new configurations are more parsimonious than the old ones because changing the calibration anchors erased more differences among cases&#44; making it possible to pass the consistency threshold with fewer conditions&#46; Many &#40;combinations of&#41; conditions are equivalent to achieving this outcome&#46; For instance&#44; according to S5 and S6&#44; R&#38;D investment and country affluence are equivalent in leveraging human capital&#59; a potential reason could be that both can provide opportunities for talented people to innovate&#46;</p><p id="para0051" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Two pieces of evidence were used to illustrate the robustness of the results&#46; First&#44; the influence mechanisms remain qualitatively unchanged&#46; This is because the four new configurations always need to leverage either human capital or R&#38;D investment to achieve high innovation performance&#44; which is in line with previous findings&#46; Second&#44; S1 and S2 were tested for the sufficiency of the newly calibrated data&#46; Their consistencies passed the desired thresholds&#44; indicating that they were still sufficient configurations for high innovation performance despite changing the calibration anchors&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0017" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0020">Discussion</span><span id="sec0018" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0021">Contributions</span><p id="para0052" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study makes several contributions to the national innovation performance field&#46; First&#44; many previous studies have explored the net effect of critical factors on country-level innovation&#46; However&#44; this net effect approach contradicts the fact that innovation is a complex process that requires the interaction of multiple factors&#46; The results support equifinality by showing that different conditions may form different&#44; mutually non-exclusive causal recipes for the same desired outcome &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0074">Schneider &#38; Wagemann&#44;&#160;2012</a>&#44; p&#46; 5&#41;&#46; This study found at least two equivalent pathways for boosting national innovation performance&#46; S1 and S2 show how a country can leverage human capital or R&#38;D investment to achieve high innovation performance&#46; This study supports the view that multiple enablers of innovation systems are needed to produce high innovation performance &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0061">Metcalfe &#38; Ramlogan&#44;&#160;2008</a>&#41;&#44; helping us understand the different influence mechanisms of high innovation performance&#46;</p><p id="para0053" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Second&#44; in addition to the two sufficient configurations&#44; this study identifies three necessary conditions that provide more nuanced implications&#46; Certain levels of R&#38;D investment&#44; globalization&#44; and country affluence are necessary conditions for high innovation performance&#46; Most studies do not incorporate globalization into their conceptual frameworks to explain national innovation performance&#46; However&#44; this study found that globalization is a necessary condition restricting high innovation performance levels&#46; This finding supports the notion that the role of national innovation systems has fundamentally changed due to globalization &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0059">Lundvall&#44;&#160;2016</a>&#44; p&#46; 100&#41;&#46; Further&#44; country affluence is the most important necessary condition because its effect size is the largest&#44; indicating that economic development is a critical prerequisite for innovative activities&#46; High innovation is impossible in countries without a certain level of economic development&#46;</p><p id="para0054" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Third&#44; this study distinguishes between sufficiency and necessity causalities because they have different theoretical and practical implications&#46; However&#44; most empirical studies and theories confuse sufficiency with necessity&#46; For a sufficient condition&#44; the best strategy is to achieve a high level because a sufficient condition can guarantee the desired outcome &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; &#8220;if X&#44; then Y&#8221;&#41;&#46; Nevertheless&#44; the most cost-effective strategy for a necessary condition is to avoid a low level because the desired outcome is impossible without a certain level of the necessary condition &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; &#8220;No Y without X&#8221;&#41;&#46; The outcome entails both sufficiency and necessity&#46; For example&#44; S2 suggests that combining the three conditions is sufficient for the outcome and that the presence or absence of country affluence does not matter&#46; Nonetheless&#44; NCA indicates that a membership score in the set of country affluence &#62; 0&#46;11 is necessary to achieve high innovation performance&#59; otherwise&#44; this configuration will not lead to the desired outcome&#46; This finding supports the argument of <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">Vis&#160;and Dul&#160;&#40;2018&#41;</a> that with its ability to make necessary statements in degree&#44; NCA can complement fsQCA by yielding more precise or complete results&#46;</p><p id="para0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Finally&#44; this study provides practical implications for government officials and policymakers from countries at different stages of development&#46; All countries must first meet the required levels of each necessary condition that allows the desired levels of the outcome to exist&#46; Certain levels of R&#38;D investment&#44; globalization&#44; and country affluence are necessary conditions that must be met&#46; Otherwise&#44; they could become bottlenecks and hinder the occurrence of high innovation performance because other determinants cannot compensate for the absence of a necessary condition&#46; Countries can then invest their resources into configurations that best suit them to achieve high innovation performance&#46; Leveraging human capital &#40;S1&#41; or R&#38;D investment &#40;S2&#41; is feasible for higher-income countries&#46; Conversely&#44; the choice of lower-income countries is somewhat limited because only leveraging the R&#38;D investment strategy &#40;S2&#41; seems feasible&#46; This finding supports the notion that innovation promotion systems differ among countries at different development stages &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0084">Watkins&#160;et&#160;al&#46;&#44; 2015</a>&#41;&#46; However&#44; higher-income countries may share a similar innovation system&#46; Therefore&#44; P6 is partially supported&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0019" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0022">Limitations and future research</span><p id="para0056" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although this study provides new insights into innovation research&#44; it has several limitations that provide opportunities for future research&#46; First&#44; as discussed before&#44; the two pathways cannot cover all the configurations that produce high innovation performance because of omitted variables&#46; Different theoretical perspectives may provide different views on the causal recipes of innovation performance &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0089">Zheng&#160;et&#160;al&#46;&#44; 2021</a>&#41;&#46; Future research could explore different pathways to innovation from other perspectives&#46; Second&#44; this research is cross-country&#59; some variables may have measurement errors because of indirect measures&#46; Future studies should explore more diverse and precise methods&#46; Third&#44; this study measures innovation performance using the innovation output sub-index of the GII&#44; which comprises knowledge and technology outputs and creative outputs&#46; However&#44; some countries may perform better in knowledge and technology output&#44; while others may perform better in creative outputs&#46; An interesting research direction is distinguishing between these two innovation outputs&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0023">Conclusions</span><p id="para0057" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study examines how multiple factors combine to produce high innovation performance at the country level based on an integrated theoretical framework&#46; From a configurational perspective&#44; fsQCA reveals two mutually non-exclusive configurations of high innovation performance&#46; By combining QCA and NCA&#44; this study uncovers three necessary conditions for innovation and demonstrates how it can provide additional insights for fsQCA&#46; In conclusion&#44; this study contributes to the innovation literature and mixed-method research field&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0021" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0024">Funding</span><p id="para0058" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The author acknowledges financial support from BI Norwegian Business School&#46;</p></span></span>"
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              "titulo" => "Contributions"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0019"
              "titulo" => "Limitations and future research"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0020"
              "titulo" => "Conclusions"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        8 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0021"
          "titulo" => "Funding"
        ]
        9 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xack643811"
          "titulo" => "Acknowledgement"
        ]
        10 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "References"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2021-12-01"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2022-06-20"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [
      "en" => array:2 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1591751"
          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "National innovation performance"
            1 => "National innovation systems"
            2 => "Qualitative comparative analysis &#40;QCA&#41;"
            3 => "Necessary condition analysis &#40;NCA&#41;"
          ]
        ]
        1 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "jel"
          "titulo" => "JEL codes"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1591752"
          "palabras" => array:3 [
            0 => "O30"
            1 => "P51"
            2 => "F60"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:1 [
      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abss0001" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spara019" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Innovation is critical to boosting economic growth and combating social problems&#46; Based on national innovation systems&#44; this study investigates how combinations of multiple factors &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; R&#38;D investment&#44; human capital&#44; social freedom&#44; democracy&#44; globalization&#44; and country affluence&#41; lead to high national innovation performance&#46; This study adopts fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis &#40;fsQCA&#41; to explore multiple conjunctural causations of innovation performance using a multi-source dataset of 116 countries&#46; It identifies two configurations for high innovation performance&#58; leveraging human capital and leveraging R&#38;D investment&#46; It also adopts a necessary condition analysis &#40;NCA&#41; to examine the necessary relationships between every condition and the outcome&#46; NCA finds that R&#38;D investment&#44; globalization&#44; and country affluence are necessary conditions for innovation performance&#44; although they have different degrees of importance&#46; This study advances the knowledge on national innovation performance and demonstrates how NCA can add complementary insights to the findings of fsQCA&#46;</p></span>"
      ]
    ]
    "NotaPie" => array:2 [
      0 => array:3 [
        "etiqueta" => "1"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="notep0001">Haien Ding is a Ph&#46;D&#46; candidate in the leadership and organizational behavior department at BI Norwegian Business School&#46; His research interests include work-related stress &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; illegitimate tasks&#41;&#44; individual and country-level innovation&#44; configurational comparative methods &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; qualitative comparative analysis&#41;&#44; and necessary condition analysis&#46;</p>"
        "identificador" => "fn1"
      ]
      1 => array:3 [
        "etiqueta" => "1"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="notep0002">In the sufficiency analysis&#44; some prime implicants are tied&#46; The configuration &#8220;democracy&#42;human capital&#42;social freedom&#42;country affluence&#42;R&#38;D investment&#8221; was kept instead of &#8220;democracy&#42;human capital&#42;social freedom&#42;&#8764;globalization&#42;R&#38;D investment&#46;&#8221; This is because&#44; theoretically&#44; the absence of globalization cannot contribute to high innovation performance&#46;</p>"
        "identificador" => "cit_1"
      ]
    ]
    "apendice" => array:1 [
      0 => array:1 [
        "seccion" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "apendice" => "<p id="para0061" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0008">Table&#160;A&#46;1</a> displays the 116 countries covered in this paper&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0009">Table&#160;A&#46;2</a> details the countries with membership scores greater than 0&#46;5 in the solution and outcome&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0008"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0009"></elsevierMultimedia>"
            "titulo" => "Appendix"
            "identificador" => "sec0022"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "multimedia" => array:11 [
      0 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "fig0001"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 975
            "Ancho" => 2667
            "Tamanyo" => 196812
          ]
        ]
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "alt0001"
            "detalle" => "Fig "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spara001" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Conceptual framework&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      1 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "fig0002"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 2377
            "Ancho" => 3583
            "Tamanyo" => 377055
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        ]
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "alt0002"
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          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spara002" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Scatter plots with ceiling lines&#46; CR-FDH generates straight lines &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; solid lines&#41;&#44; and CE-FDH generates the piecewise lines &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; dashed lines&#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      2 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0001"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
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        "detalles" => array:1 [
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sets</th><a name="en0002"></a><th class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_colgroup " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Calibration anchors</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0004"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Fully in&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Crossover&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">R&#38;D investment&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">73&#46;88&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0009"></a><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">9&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0010"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0011"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Human capital&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0012"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">57&#46;35&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0013"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">32&#46;15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0014"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">6&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0015"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Social freedom&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0016"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0017"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0018"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">-9&#46;25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0019"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Democracy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0020"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0021"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0022"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0023"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Globalization&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0024"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">88&#46;66&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0025"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">70&#46;24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0026"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">50&#46;84&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0027"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Country affluence&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0028"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">46038&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0029"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">5523&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0030"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">688&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0031"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Innovation performance&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0032"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">50&#46;55&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0033"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0034"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">10&#46;08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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          "en" => "<p id="spara003" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Calibration anchors of each fuzzy set&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spara005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Note&#58; &#42;&#42;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#60;0&#46;01&#44; RD&#61; R&#38;D investment&#44; HC&#61; human capital&#44; SF&#61; social freedom&#44; DEM&#61; democracy&#44; GLO&#61; globalization&#44; CA&#61; country affluence&#44; IP&#61; innovation performance&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0041"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0042"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0043"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0044"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0045"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">1&#46;RD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0046"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0048"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0049"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0050"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0051"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0052"></a><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">21&#46;97&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">24&#46;67&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0055"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">2&#46;HC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;52<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8270;&#8270;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0057"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0058"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0059"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0062"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0063"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">31&#46;86&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0064"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">15&#46;48&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0065"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">3&#46;SF&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0066"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;56<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8270;&#8270;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0067"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;30<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8270;&#8270;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0068"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0069"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0070"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0071"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0072"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0073"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">-0&#46;42&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0074"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">6&#46;18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0075"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">4&#46;DEM&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0076"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;56<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8270;&#8270;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0077"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;28<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8270;&#8270;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0078"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;76<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8270;&#8270;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0079"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0080"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0081"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0082"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0083"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">6&#46;14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0084"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">2&#46;04&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0085"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">5&#46;GLO&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0086"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;71<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8270;&#8270;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0087"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;67<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8270;&#8270;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0088"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;63<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8270;&#8270;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0089"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;65<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8270;&#8270;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0090"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0091"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0092"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0093"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">70&#46;35&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0094"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">12&#46;107&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0095"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">6&#46;CA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0096"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;79<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8270;&#8270;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0097"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;53<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8270;&#8270;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0098"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;57<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8270;&#8270;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0099"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;59<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8270;&#8270;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0100"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;72<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8270;&#8270;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0101"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0102"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0103"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">19076&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0104"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">21428&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0105"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">7&#46;IP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0106"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;86<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8270;&#8270;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0107"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;57<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8270;&#8270;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0108"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;64<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8270;&#8270;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0109"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;64<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8270;&#8270;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0110"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;81<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8270;&#8270;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0111"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;78<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8270;&#8270;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0112"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0113"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">26&#46;07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0114"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">13&#46;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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      4 => array:8 [
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        "etiqueta" => "Table 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
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          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "alt0005"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spara007" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Note&#58; &#8764; indicates the absence of or a low level&#46; For example&#44; &#8764; democracy is the absence of democracy or low democracy &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; membership score in the set of democracy &#60; 0&#46;5&#41;&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sets of conditions&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Consistency&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Coverage&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">R&#38;D investment&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;857&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0120"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;851&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0121"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8764; R&#38;D investment&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0122"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;461&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0123"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;401&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0124"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Human capital&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0125"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;826&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0126"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;770&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0127"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8764; Human capital&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0128"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;490&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0129"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;450&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0130"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Social freedom&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0131"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;798&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0132"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;774&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0133"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8764; Social freedom&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0134"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;496&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0135"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;440&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0136"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Democracy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;853&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0138"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;717&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0139"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8764; Democracy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0140"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;364&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0141"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;376&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0142"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Globalization&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0143"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;899&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0144"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;812&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0145"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8764; Globalization&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0146"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;425&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0147"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;404&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0148"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Country affluence&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0149"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;906&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0150"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;775&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0151"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8764; Country affluence&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0152"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;418&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0153"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;422&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spara006" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Analysis of necessity for high innovation performance&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      5 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0004"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 4"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "alt0006"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spara009" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Note&#58; The ceiling technique that produces the results is CE-FDH&#46; Accuracy is the number of cases on or below the ceiling lines divided by the total number of cases multiplied by 100&#37;&#46; The effect sizes were based on 10&#44;000 random samples generated by an approximate permutation&#46; The extent to which a condition is necessary is expressed with the effect size <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">d</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">d</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;the size of the space above the ceiling&#47;the total space where cases are observed&#41;&#46; General benchmark for effect size&#58; 0 &#8804; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">d</span> &#60; 0&#46;1 &#8216;&#8216;small effect&#44;&#8217;&#8217; 0&#46;1 &#8804; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">d</span> &#60; 0&#46;3 &#8216;&#8216;medium effect&#44;&#8217;&#8217; 0&#46;3 &#8804; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">d</span> &#60; 0&#46;5 &#8216;&#8216;large effect&#44;&#8217;&#8217; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">d</span> &#8804; 0&#46;5 &#8216;&#8216;very large effect&#46;&#8217;&#8217;&#41;&#46; &#42; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#60; 0&#46;05 level&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:1 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0154"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Condition&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0155"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Method&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0156"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Accuracy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0157"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Effect size&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0158"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>-value&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0159"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">R&#38;D investment&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0160"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">CE-FDH&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0161"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">100&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0162"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;202&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0163"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0164"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Human capital&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0165"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">CE-FDH&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0166"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">100&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0167"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;086&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0168"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0169"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Social freedom&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0170"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">CE-FDH&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0171"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">100&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0172"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;087&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0173"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0174"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Democracy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0175"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">CE-FDH&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0176"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">100&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0177"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;040&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0178"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;032&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0179"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Globalization&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0180"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">CE-FDH&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0181"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">100&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0182"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;177&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0183"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0184"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Country affluence&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0185"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">CE-FDH&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0186"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">100&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0187"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;214&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0188"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spara008" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Results of necessary condition analysis&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      6 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 5"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "alt0007"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spara011" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Note&#58; The bottleneck table indicates the required levels of the necessary conditions for different levels of innovation performance&#46; NN means &#8220;Not necessary&#46;&#8221; The minimum and maximum values of innovation performance are 0&#46;02 and 0&#46;99&#44; respectively&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:1 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0189"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Innovation performance&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0190"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">R&#38;D investment&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0191"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Globalization&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0192"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Country affluence&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0193"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0194"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">NN&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0195"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">NN&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0196"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">NN&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0197"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0198"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">NN&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0199"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0200"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0201"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0202"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">NN&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0203"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0204"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0205"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0206"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">NN&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0207"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0208"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0209"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0210"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0211"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0212"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0213"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0214"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0215"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0216"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0217"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0218"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0219"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0220"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0221"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0222"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0223"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;29&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0224"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0225"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0226"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0227"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;31&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0228"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;59&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0229"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0230"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;77&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0231"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;31&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0232"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;59&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0233"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;99&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0234"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;96&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0235"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;97&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0236"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spara010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Bottleneck table&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      7 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0006"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 6"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "alt0008"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spara013" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Note&#58; A black circle &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; &#8220;&#9679;&#8221;&#41; indicates the presence of the condition&#44; and a blank space indicates that the presence or absence of conditions does not matter&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:1 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0237"></a><th class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Configurations</th><a name="en0238"></a><th class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_colgroup " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top" scope="col">High innovation performance</th><a name="en0239"></a><th class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Necessity requirement</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0241"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">S1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0242"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">S2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0244"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Resources</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0245"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0246"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0247"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0248"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">R&#38;D investment&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0249"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0250"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#9679;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0251"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#62; 0&#46;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0252"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Human capital&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0253"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#9679;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0254"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0255"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0256"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Institutions</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0257"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0258"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0259"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0260"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Social freedom&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0261"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#9679;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0262"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0263"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0264"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Democracy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0265"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#9679;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0266"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#9679;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0267"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0268"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Contingencies</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0269"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0270"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0271"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0272"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Globalization&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0273"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0274"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#9679;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0275"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#62; 0&#46;07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0276"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Country affluence&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0277"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#9679;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0278"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0279"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#62; 0&#46;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0280"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Raw coverage&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0281"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;630&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0282"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;713&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0283"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0284"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Unique coverage&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0285"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;046&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0286"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;129&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0287"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0288"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Consistency&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0289"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;936&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0290"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;946&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0291"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0292"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Solution coverage&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0293"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_colgroup " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">0&#46;760</td><a name="en0294"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0295"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Solution consistency&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0296"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_colgroup " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">0&#46;924</td><a name="en0297"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spara012" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Sufficient configurations for high innovation performance&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      8 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0007"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 7"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "alt0009"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spara015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Note&#58; The number of iterations is 10000&#46; CI&#61; confidence interval&#46; The <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-value adjustment method used was the Holm test&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:1 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0298"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Configurations&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0299"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Consistency &#40;observed&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0300"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">95&#37; CI of Consistency &#40;permuted&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0301"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-adj&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0302"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">S1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0303"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;936&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0304"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#91;0&#46;511&#44; 0&#46;719&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0305"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0306"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">S2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0307"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;946&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0308"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#91;0&#46;444&#44; 0&#46;688&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0309"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spara014" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Permutation tests of two configurations&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      9 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0008"
        "etiqueta" => "Table A&#46;1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "alt0010"
            "detalle" => "Table A"
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:1 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:1 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0310"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">Albania&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0311"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">China&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0312"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Hong Kong&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0313"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Madagascar&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0314"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Paraguay&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0315"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Switzerland&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0316"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">Argentina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0317"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Colombia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0318"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Hungary&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0319"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Malawi&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0320"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Peru&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0321"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Tajikistan&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0322"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">Armenia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0323"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Costa Rica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0324"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Iceland&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0325"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Malaysia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0326"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Philippines&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0327"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Tanzania&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0328"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">Australia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0329"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Croatia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0330"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">India&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0331"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Malta&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0332"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Poland&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0333"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Thailand&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0334"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">Austria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0335"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Cyprus&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0336"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Indonesia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0337"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Mauritius&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0338"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Portugal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0339"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Togo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0340"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">Azerbaijan&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0341"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Czech Republic&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0342"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Iran&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0343"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Mexico&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0344"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Qatar&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0345"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Tunisia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0346"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">Bahrain&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0347"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Denmark&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0348"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Ireland&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0349"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Moldova&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0350"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Romania&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0351"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Turkey&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0352"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">Bangladesh&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0353"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Dominican&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0354"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Israel&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0355"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Mongolia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0356"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Russia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0357"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Uganda&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0358"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">Belarus&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0359"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Ecuador&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0360"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Italy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0361"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Montenegro&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0362"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Rwanda&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0363"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Ukraine&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0364"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">Belgium&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0365"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Egypt&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0366"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Jamaica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0367"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Morocco&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0368"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Saudi Arabia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0369"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">United Arab Emirates&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0370"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">Benin&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0371"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">El Salvador&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0372"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Japan&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0373"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Mozambique&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0374"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Senegal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0375"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">United Kingdom&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0376"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">Bosnia and Herzegovina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0377"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Estonia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0378"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Jordan&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0379"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Namibia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0380"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Serbia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0381"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">United States of America&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0382"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">Botswana&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0383"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Ethiopia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0384"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Kazakhstan&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0385"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Nepal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0386"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Singapore&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0387"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Uruguay&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0388"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">Brazil&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0389"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Finland&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0390"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Kenya&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0391"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Netherlands&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0392"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Slovakia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0393"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Vietnam&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0394"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">Bulgaria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0395"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">France&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0396"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Kuwait&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0397"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">New Zealand&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0398"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Slovenia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0399"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Zambia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0400"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">Burkina Faso&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0401"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Georgia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0402"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Kyrgyzstan&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0403"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Nigeria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0404"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">South Africa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0405"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Zimbabwe&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0406"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">Cambodia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0407"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Germany&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0408"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Latvia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0409"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Norway&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0410"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">South Korea&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0411"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0412"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">Cameroon&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0413"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Ghana&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0414"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Lebanon&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0415"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Oman&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0416"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Spain&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0417"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0418"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">Canada&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0419"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Greece&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0420"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Lithuania&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0421"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Pakistan&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0422"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Sri Lanka&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0423"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0424"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">Chile&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0425"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Honduras&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0426"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Luxembourg&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0427"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Panama&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0428"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Sweden&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0429"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spara016" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The 116 countries are covered in this paper&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      10 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0009"
        "etiqueta" => "Table A&#46;2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
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        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spara018" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Note&#58; The first number in parentheses indicates the membership score in the solution set&#44; and the second number is the membership score in the outcome set &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; innovation performance&#41;&#46; For example&#44; &#8220;Austria &#40;0&#46;95&#44;0&#46;85&#41;&#8221; means Austria scored 0&#46;95 in the set of S1 and 0&#46;85 in the set of high innovation performance&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:1 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0430"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Solutions&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0431"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Countries&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0432"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">S1 &#40;the combination of human capital&#44; social freedom&#44; democracy&#44; and country affluence&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0433"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Austria &#40;0&#46;95&#44;0&#46;85&#41;&#44; Finland &#40;0&#46;92&#44;0&#46;94&#41;&#44; United Kingdom &#40;0&#46;92&#44;0&#46;97&#41;&#44; New Zealand &#40;0&#46;91&#44;0&#46;74&#41;&#44; Germany &#40;0&#46;91&#44;0&#46;95&#41;&#44; Switzerland &#40;0&#46;88&#44;0&#46;99&#41;&#44; Australia &#40;0&#46;88&#44;0&#46;75&#41;&#44; Ireland &#40;0&#46;83&#44;0&#46;93&#41;&#44; France &#40;0&#46;82&#44;0&#46;92&#41;&#44; Estonia &#40;0&#46;79&#44;0&#46;87&#41;&#44; Portugal &#40;0&#46;79&#44;0&#46;77&#41;&#44; Sweden &#40;0&#46;79&#44;0&#46;97&#41;&#44; Denmark &#40;0&#46;78&#44;0&#46;94&#41;&#44; Czech Republic &#40;0&#46;77&#44;0&#46;88&#41;&#44; Canada &#40;0&#46;75&#44;0&#46;85&#41;&#44; Spain &#40;0&#46;75&#44;0&#46;8&#41;&#44; Luxembourg &#40;0&#46;74&#44;0&#46;91&#41;&#44; Slovenia &#40;0&#46;73&#44;0&#46;7&#41;&#44; Belgium &#40;0&#46;65&#44;0&#46;84&#41;&#44; Italy &#40;0&#46;64&#44;0&#46;85&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0434"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">S2 &#40;the combination of R&#38;D investment&#44; democracy&#44; and globalization&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0435"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Sweden &#40;0&#46;96&#44;0&#46;97&#41;&#44; Switzerland &#40;0&#46;96&#44;0&#46;99&#41;&#44; Denmark &#40;0&#46;95&#44;0&#46;94&#41;&#44; Germany &#40;0&#46;95&#44;0&#46;95&#41;&#44; Finland &#40;0&#46;94&#44;0&#46;94&#41;&#44; United Kingdom &#40;0&#46;94&#44;0&#46;97&#41;&#44; Netherlands &#40;0&#46;93&#44;0&#46;96&#41;&#44; France &#40;0&#46;93&#44;0&#46;92&#41;&#44; Austria &#40;0&#46;91&#44;0&#46;85&#41;&#44; Belgium &#40;0&#46;91&#44;0&#46;84&#41;&#44; Canada &#40;0&#46;91&#44;0&#46;85&#41;&#44; Norway &#40;0&#46;9&#44;0&#46;79&#41;&#44; United States of America &#40;0&#46;88&#44;0&#46;96&#41;&#44; Australia &#40;0&#46;87&#44;0&#46;75&#41;&#44; Ireland &#40;0&#46;87&#44;0&#46;93&#41;&#44; Italy &#40;0&#46;84&#44;0&#46;85&#41;&#44; Spain &#40;0&#46;84&#44;0&#46;8&#41;&#44; South Korea &#40;0&#46;81&#44;0&#46;93&#41;&#44; Japan &#40;0&#46;8&#44;0&#46;88&#41;&#44; Malaysia &#40;0&#46;8&#44;0&#46;73&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spara017" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Countries with a membership score greater than 0&#46;5 in the solution and outcome&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "cebibsec1"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:92 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0001"
              "etiqueta" => "Alcorta and Peres&#44; 1998"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Innovation systems and technological specialization in Latin America and the Caribbean"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "L&#46; Alcorta"
                            1 => "W&#46; Peres"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/S0048-7333(97)00067-X"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Research Policy"
                        "fecha" => "1998"
                        "volumen" => "26"
                        "numero" => "7&#8211;8"
                        "paginaInicial" => "857"
                        "paginaFinal" => "881"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0002"
              "etiqueta" => "Aleknavi&#269;i&#363;t&#279; et&#160;al&#46;&#44; 2016"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The role of human capital for national innovation capability in Eu countries"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "R&#46; Aleknavi&#269;i&#363;t&#279;"
                            1 => "V&#46; Skvarciany"
                            2 => "S&#46; Survilait&#279;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1515/jec-2016-0014"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Economics and Culture"
                        "fecha" => "2016"
                        "volumen" => "13"
                        "numero" => "1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "114"
                        "paginaFinal" => "125"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0003"
              "etiqueta" => "Arocena and Sutz&#44; 2000"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Looking at national systems of innovation from the South"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "R&#46; Arocena"
                            1 => "J&#46; Sutz"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1080/713670247"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Industry and Innovation"
                        "fecha" => "2000"
                        "volumen" => "7"
                        "numero" => "1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "55"
                        "paginaFinal" => "75"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0004"
              "etiqueta" => "B&#228;ck and Hadenius&#44; 2008"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Democracy and state capacity&#58; Exploring a J-shaped relationship"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "H&#46; B&#228;ck"
                            1 => "A&#46; Hadenius"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1111/j.1468-0491.2007.00383.x"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Governance"
                        "fecha" => "2008"
                        "volumen" => "21"
                        "numero" => "1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1"
                        "paginaFinal" => "24"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            4 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0005"
              "etiqueta" => "Barasa et&#160;al&#46;&#44; 2017"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Institutions&#44; resources and innovation in East Africa&#58; A firm level approach"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "L&#46; Barasa"
                            1 => "J&#46; Knoben"
                            2 => "P&#46; Vermeulen"
                            3 => "P&#46; Kimuyu"
                            4 => "B&#46; Kinyanjui"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.respol.2016.11.008"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Research Policy"
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Article information
ISSN: 2444569X
Original language: English
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