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Promoting sales of knowledge products on knowledge payment platforms: A large-scale study with a machine learning approach
Xi Zhanga,
Corresponding author
jackyzhang@tju.edu.cn

Corresponding authors.
, Shan Jiangb, Xuyan Wangc, Keran Duand, Yuting Xiaoa, Dongming Xue, Miltiadis D. Lytrasf,
Corresponding author
, Yunhao Zhengg, Patricia Ordóñez De Pablosh
a College of Management and Economics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
b School of Economics, Wuhan University of Technology, Hubei, China
c Business School, Tianjin University of Finance and Economics, Tianjin, China
d College of Economics and Management, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
e UQ Business School, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
f Effat University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
g Qiushi Honor College, Tianjin University Tianjin, China
h University of Oviedo, Spain
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0001" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0003">Introduction</span><p id="para0001" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Driven both by in-depth implementation of both the 5th-Generation &#40;5 G&#41; strategy and by AI technologies in China&#44; knowledge innovation activities have begun to give rise to unprecedented new phenomena on open innovation platforms such as knowledge-sharing platforms &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">Chen et al&#46;&#44; 2019</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0016">2022</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0066">Lytras et al&#46;&#44; 2021</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0078">Peng &#38; Tao&#44; 2022</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0026">Davies et al&#46;&#44; 2007</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0071">Naeve et al&#46;&#44; 2008</a>&#41;&#46; Paid knowledge-sharing services&#44; as a new mode of knowledge service&#44; developed from online knowledge-sharing after the initial boom of sharing economy &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">Dabbous &#38; Tarhini&#44; 2021</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">Liu et al&#46;&#44; 2021</a>&#41;&#46; For example&#44; in 2016 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Zhihu</span> launched a new product&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Zhihu Live&#44;</span> an online real-time broadcast and Q&#38;A platform featuring pay-for-listening &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115">Zhang et al&#46;&#44; 2019</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="para0002" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As in the sharing economy&#44; the core idea of paid knowledge-sharing is shared private knowledge ownership&#44; helping knowledge providers to achieve economic rewards &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0007">Belk&#44; 2007</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0001">Acquier et al&#46;&#44; 2017</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0032">Frenken &#38; Schor&#44; 2017</a>&#41;&#46; It is also a way to help knowledge seekers to acquire knowledge of higher quality from knowledge-sharing platforms &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0098">Wang et al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="para0003" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Due to the characteristics of knowledge services and their complex sales arrangements&#44; it is necessary to describe the process&#46; Paid knowledge-sharing services have some features that differ from those of traditional knowledge services &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">Audretsch et al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0069">Meng et al&#46;&#44; 2021</a>&#41;&#46; First&#44; the threshold for being a knowledge provider is low on a paid knowledge-sharing platform &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0014">Cai et al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#41;&#46; Even general users&#44; more used to being knowledge seekers&#44; have the opportunity to obtain monetary returns by sharing their knowledge&#46; Second&#44; knowledge seekers are purchasing services to solve a specific problem within a broad topic &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; fashion and interpersonal communication&#41;&#44; not systematically learning about a subject &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0014">Cai et al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#41;&#46; Third&#44; the process of interaction is vital to paid knowledge-sharing services&#44; as the product attracts more attention than in a traditional knowledge service&#46; Specifically&#44; it is the interaction between the knowledge provider and seeker that sets paid knowledge-sharing services apart from other digital knowledge services &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0013">Cai et al&#46;&#44; 2018</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="para0004" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Paid knowledge-sharing services take many forms&#44; such as subscriptions&#44; one-to-one consultatations&#44; Q&#38;As&#44; and live sessions &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0033">Fu et al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#41;&#46; A live session&#44; as a real-time broadcast and interaction &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0033">Fu et al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#41;&#44; is a combination of two payment modes whereby knowledge providers initially broadcast a keynote talk&#44; sharing their prepared knowledge&#44; then answer questions posted by those who listened to the broadcast &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0013">Cai et al&#46;&#44; 2018</a>&#41;&#46; Besides the keynote talk&#44; the interaction between listener and speaker is important to online learning as it not only increases listeners&#8217; &#8216;stickiness&#8217; and experience of the learning process but can improve their knowledge internalization&#44; yielding better results &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">Chen et al&#46;&#44; 2019</a>&#41;&#46; Because of these characteristics&#44; selling this kind of knowledge-sharing service is highly complex&#46;</p><p id="para0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">One of the keys to sustaining a paid knowledge-sharing platform is improving the sales of its services&#46; However&#44; it is still not clear why knowledge seekers may pay to gain access rather than acquire the knowledge free of charge&#44; especially those who share a common user base with a free knowledge-sharing community&#44; such as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Zhihu Live</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Zhihu</span> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115">Zhang et al&#46;&#44; 2019</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="para0006" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our research intends to explore the antecedents of sales of paid knowledge services from the perspective of social influence&#46; Since paid knowledge-sharing platforms can be seen as e-commerce&#44; service quality is one of the determinants of its sales &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0014">Cai et al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#41;&#46; In addition&#44; because the standard of knowledge services can be evaluated only after personal use &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0072">Nelson&#44; 1974</a>&#41;&#44; the quality perceived before purchase is shaped by social interaction with a knowledge provider &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0107">Weathers et al&#46;&#44; 2007</a>&#41; and previous buyers&#44; such as customer reviews &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">Pnina et al&#46;&#44; 2018</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="para0007" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this study we focus on investigating sales of a live session&#46; We divide the session into two parts&#58; knowledge and interaction&#46; We aim to explore four research questions&#58; 1&#41; What is the distinct influence of knowledge quality and interaction quality on the sales of paid knowledge-sharing services&#63; 2&#41; How do providers&#8217; free knowledge contributions influence the sales of their paid knowledge-sharing services&#63; 3&#41; How does the rating influence the sales of their paid knowledge-sharing services&#63; 4&#41; How does price moderate the influence of providers&#8217; free knowledge contributions and the sales of their paid knowledge-sharing services&#63;</p><p id="para0008" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although studies have explored sales of paid knowledge-sharing services&#44; several research gaps need to be solved&#46; First&#44; although informational and normative social influences have been used to explain the acceptance of public information&#44; such as word-of-mouth in e-commerce &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0046">Hu et al&#46;&#44; 2019</a>&#41;&#44; and customers&#8217; reviews &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">Ismagilova et al&#46;&#44; 2019</a>&#41;&#44; few studies have explored private knowledge services from the perspective of social influence&#46; Investigations of sales have found a herd effect among customers&#59; that is&#44; an individual&#39;s purchase is influenced by others&#8217; decisions on paid knowledge-sharing platforms &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0014">Cai et al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#41;&#46; Despite its prevalence&#44; from a social influence perspective there is little study of the acceptance of private&#44; paid knowledge services&#46;</p><p id="para0009" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Second&#44; although <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0014">Cai et al&#46; &#40;2020&#41;</a> proved that interaction between speaker and listener is critical to sales of paid knowledge-sharing services&#44; for informational influence determinants of quality few studies have investigated the impact of the interaction&#39;s quality &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; Q&#38;A between speaker and listeners&#41;&#46; This aspect is likely to affect the efficiency of the interaction&#46;</p><p id="para0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Third&#44; for the informational influence determinants of knowledge providers we should consider knowledge-sharing behaviors in the free community&#46; This is because platforms usually share their user base between the free and paying customers&#58; people have the option to obtain&#44; from a common base of potential knowledge providers&#44; the same knowledge either free of charge or for payment&#46; It is not clear how knowledge providers&#8217; free knowledge contributions influence the sales of their paid knowledge-sharing services&#46;</p><p id="para0011" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fourth&#44; normative influence should also be addressed when exploring sales of knowledge-sharing services&#46; It happens because individuals have a propensity to seek approval from other group members&#44; so they follow others&#8217; opinions &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0041">Henningsen &#38; Henningsen-Miller&#44; 2003</a>&#41;&#46; However&#44; on paid knowledge-sharing platforms that feature e-commerce and social community&#44; it is unclear whether customers may purchase a niche knowledge service that is less popular &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">Brynjolfsson et al&#46;&#44; 2011</a>&#41;&#44; or instead comply with the majority decision and buy the more highly rated product &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">Duan et al&#46;&#44; 2009</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="para0012" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study is based on a social influence framework to understand further the sales of paid knowledge-sharing services &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0014">Cai et al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#41;&#44; and it distinguishes between informational and normative social influences &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0029">Deutsch &#38; Gerard&#44; 1955</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0099">Wang et al&#46;&#44; 2018</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0117">Zhao et al&#46;&#44; 2018</a>&#41;&#46; Paid knowledge-sharing platforms can be regarded as e-commerce platforms&#44; and a higher price make consumers more cautious &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0056">Kim&#44; 2005</a>&#41; and likely to choose a similar yet free alternative &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0119">Zhu &#38; Zhang&#44; 2019</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="para0013" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In addition to investigating the influence of information and normative social influencing factors on sales of paid knowledge-sharing services&#44; we consider the moderating role of e-commerce attribution &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; price&#41;&#46; We propose a research model of knowledge quality&#44; interaction quality&#44; knowledge providers&#44; and ratings from a social influence perspective&#44; and take into account the price&#46;</p><p id="para0014" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study used comprehensive data on providers both from a free knowledge-sharing platform &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Zhihu</span>&#41; and a paid knowledge-sharing platform &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Zhihu Live</span>&#41;&#46; We adopted a text-mining method to quantify from customers&#8217; comments the variables of accuracy&#44; completeness&#44; currency&#44; and empathy in specific knowledge-sharing services&#46; We proposed twelve hypotheses on knowledge providers&#44; knowledge quality&#44; interaction quality&#44; ratings&#44; and price&#46; The model was empirically tested by hierarchical regression&#46;</p><p id="para0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Besides studying both free and paid platforms in a single study&#44; we focused on the separate roles of detailed dimensions of knowledge quality and interaction quality&#46; Our findings reveal the threats to sales of knowledge-sharing services&#44; such as knowledge providers&#8217; provider-driven knowledge contributions and ratings&#46; We also proved that the responsiveness of interaction influences sales positively&#46;</p><p id="para0016" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The structure of this study is as follows&#46; Section 2 introduces the paid knowledge-sharing services and social influence theory used in this study&#46; The third explains the development of the hypothesis&#46; The fourth presents the data&#44; research methods&#44; and analysis results of this article&#46; Sections 5 and 6 are the results and discussion&#46; The seventh gives the implications and limitations&#44; and the last section is the conclusion&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0002" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0004">Theoretical background</span><span id="sec0003" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0005">Live session&#58; A paid knowledge-sharing service</span><p id="para0017" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Knowledge-sharing is usually understood as the exchange of knowledge between knowledge providers and knowledge seekers &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0061">Lee&#44; 2001</a>&#41;&#46; It has two sub-processes&#58; one is that knowledge providers externalize their knowledge into information or another externalized form&#44; and the other is that knowledge seekers acquire information and internalize &#40;such as learning&#41; into their own knowledge &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">Hendriks&#44; 1999</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="para0018" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Knowledge-sharing itself can be regarded as a service&#44; for knowledge owners not only provide knowledge to meet seekers&#8217; needs but help them to understand and absorb knowledge &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0049">Ipe&#44; 2003</a>&#41;&#46; Depending on whether the knowledge is shared freely or with payment&#44; online knowledge-sharing platforms can be either free or paid &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0098">Wang et al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#41;&#44; where paid knowledge-sharing platforms support the individual activities of seeking&#44; providing&#44; sharing&#44; and paying for th access to knowledge-based services &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0039">Hamari et al&#46;&#44; 2016</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0081">Qi et al&#46;&#44; 2019</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="para0019" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are two types of paid knowledge-sharing service&#58; provider-driven or seeker-driven&#44; depending on the user type&#46; Seeker-driven mode is initiated by the knowledge seeker&#39;s need to solve a specific problem by payment&#44; and knowledge providers answer their questions for monetary gain&#59; while in the provider-driven mode&#44; knowledge providers actively design the content themselves for one-to-many promotion&#44; and only those seekers who pay for it can obtain the knowledge that is shared &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115">Zhang et al&#46;&#44; 2019</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="para0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Paid subscriptions&#44; one-to-one consultations&#44; paid Q&#38;As and live sessions are the commonest knowledge services&#44; in practice&#46; Paid subscriptions use a provider-driven mode&#44; where customers pay a monthly or annual fee for access to knowledge-sharing services from a provider&#44; initially in the form of pictures&#44; documents&#44; audio&#44; and video &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0116">Zhang et al&#46;&#44; 2018</a>&#41;&#46; By contrast&#44; one-to-one consultations and paid Q&#38;As are driven by seekers&#44; who post their knowledge requirements&#46; Knowledge providers reply to the request and receive payment &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115">Zhang et al&#46;&#44; 2019</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="para0021" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A live session is a combination of the provider- and seeker-driven modes&#46; It is initiated by the knowledge provider delivering a real-time keynote address &#40;broadcast&#41; on a specific topic&#46; Before a session starts&#44; potential customers pay to listen to the broadcast as it is aired&#44; and they have the opportunity to put questions to the live speaker and receive a reply during the broadcast&#46; Even after a live session ends&#44; customers can pay to listen to the recording and these interactions between the speaker and previous listeners&#46; Interactions with knowledge providers can create not only additional benefit for customers &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">Chen et al&#46;&#44; 2019</a>&#41; but additional value in the knowledge services&#44; which rely on providers &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0014">Cai et al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#41;&#46; For a live session&#44; customers and knowledge providers co-create value through the interaction of knowledge sharing&#44; which is the most distinctive feature of all knowledge services on paid knowledge-sharing platforms&#46; Moreover&#44; knowledge seekers not only want high-quality knowledge from the professionals&#59; they also want direct interaction with them in the knowledge-sharing community &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0019">Chiu et al&#46;&#44; 2006</a>&#41;&#46; Interaction may be expected of a knowledge service on a paid platform&#44; transited from a social community such as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Zhihu Live</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Zhihu</span>&#46;</p><p id="para0022" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this study we focus on live sessions&#44; which are comprised of knowledge &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; live content initially created by speakers&#41; and interaction &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; questions and answers between speakers and listeners&#41;&#46;</p><p id="para0023" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Several studies have explored the determinants of sales of knowledge products on paid knowledge-sharing platforms from various theoretical perspectives&#46; It has been found that&#44; from a cue utilization perspective&#44; respondents&#8217; cues &#40;experience and popularity on paid knowledge-sharing platforms&#41; and question-related features &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; length&#41; are inversely proportional to the number of buyers &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0092">Sun et al&#46;&#44; 2022</a>&#41;&#46; From a social learning perspective&#44; the key antecedents of sales of paid knowledge products include knowledge seekers&#8217; identification&#44; reciprocity norms&#44; trust&#44; and commitment &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0014">Cai et al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#41;&#46; Furthermore&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0014">Cai et al&#46; &#40;2020&#41;</a> found a herd effect among customers whereby an individual&#39;s purchases are influenced by the decisions of others on the paid knowledge-sharing platform &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0014">Cai et al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#41;&#46; When both knowledge and interactive process are considered regarding the complex real-time dialogue on paid knowledge services&#44; it is not clear what key factors affect sales&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0004" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0006">Social influence theory&#58; informational and normative influence</span><p id="para0024" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Social Influence Theory &#40;SIT&#41; is a theoretical lens to view the conformity of buyer behavior&#44; influenced as it is by those around them &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0011">Burnkrant &#38; Cousineau&#44; 1975</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0048">Ifinedo&#44; 2016</a>&#41;&#46; Since knowledge services are &#8216;experience goods&#8217;&#44; from an SIT perspective &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0014">Cai et al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#41;&#44; so potential customers&#8217; purchasing decisions on a paid knowledge-sharing platform could be based on the quality perceived before the purchase&#44; which is shaped through social interactions with both knowledge providers &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0107">Weathers et al&#46;&#44; 2007</a>&#41; and previous buyers &#40;such as customer reviews&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0084">Reinstein &#38; Snyder&#44; 2005</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="para0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Influence may be of two types&#58; informational or normative &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0029">Deutsch &#38; Gerard&#44; 1955</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0099">Wang et al&#46;&#44; 2018</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0117">Zhao et al&#46;&#44; 2018</a>&#41;&#46; Informational influence refers to how information recipients judge the received information&#44; which may be derived from its quality &#40;such as approximation to the reality&#41; and the provider&#39;s power &#40;such as authority and proficiency in the area of questions&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0029">Deutsch &#38; Gerard&#44; 1955</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0117">Zhao et al&#46;&#44; 2018</a>&#41;&#46; On the other hand&#44; normative influence is defined as the degree of conformity to the perceived norms or expectations of others or the group &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0029">Deutsch &#38; Gerard&#44; 1955</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0117">Zhao et al&#46;&#44; 2018</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="para0026" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Both informational and normative social influence have been used to explain knowledge adoption in free knowledge-sharing communities &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">Chou et al&#46;&#44; 2015</a>&#41;&#46; Since knowledge seekers may find or receive answers to their questions from providers with varying degrees of expertise in a specific area&#44; they need to evaluate these answers and adopt one&#46; This evaluation process is primarily affected by factors of informational social influence &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0106">Wathen &#38; Burkell&#44; 2014</a>&#41;&#46; In addition&#44; in the virtual community where knowledge seekers are easily exposed to others&#8217; opinions&#44; their evaluation of knowledge adoption is affected by normative influence &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">Kim et al&#46;&#44; 2011</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="para0027" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Social interaction has also been investigated in e-commerce research&#44; referring to the activities that users participate in to influence others&#8217; behaviors &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">Godes et al&#46;&#44; 2005</a>&#41;&#46; Electronic word-of-mouth &#40;e-WOM&#41; is one of the most critical types of social interaction on online shopping platform &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0104">Wang &#38; Yu&#44; 2017</a>&#41;&#46; In this study&#44; we focus on social influence on private knowledge services from providers rather than on public information such as e-WOM&#46;</p><p id="para0028" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this study we use social influence theory as our theoretical framework to explain the mechanism of knowledge payment service sales&#46; In the paid knowledge-sharing community&#44; in a critical step in the knowledge-sharing process that reflects the recipient&#39;s acceptance&#44; payment for knowledge is promoted by social interaction&#44; especially interaction with knowledge providers&#46; Knowledge services are &#8216;experience goods&#8217; so cannot be touched&#44; watched&#44; or felt prior to purchase&#44; so potential customers must form their expectations of the quality through social learning from previous customers &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0014">Cai et al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#41;&#46; For example&#44; by observing others&#8217; purchasing experiences&#44; potential customers can imitate their purchase behavior&#44; known as vicarious learning&#44; This can be strengthened by social interaction with the model &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">Myers&#44; 2018</a>&#41;&#46; Moreover&#44; in the online market there is an information asymmetry between sellers and buyers &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0008">Berger &#38; Gleisner&#44; 2009</a>&#41;&#59; before making their purchasing decisions&#44; knowledge consumers are uncertain and feel an ambiguity to knowledge providers&#46; They need cues to evaluate whether are able to give valuable and useful knowledge services&#44; which refers to symbolic payment for learning for knowledge &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0014">Cai et al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="para0029" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Similar to free knowledge adoption&#44; knowledge purchase can be explained simultaneously by both informational and normative influence&#46; Besides&#44; research has already been undertaken on informational and normative influence on online buyer behavior &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0047">Huang et al&#46;&#44; 2011</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0051">Johnson et al&#46;&#44; 2018</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0027">de Luna et al&#46;&#44; 2019</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">Park et al&#46;&#44; 2019</a>&#41;&#46; For example&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0047">Huang et al&#46; &#40;2011&#41;</a> studied the impact on movie sales by other people&#39;s comments in social media&#44; and found that the visibility and favorability of the comments boosted sales&#46; In addition&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">Park et al&#46; &#40;2019&#41;</a> found that social influence&#44; through multiple experiential and social benefits&#44; also promotes the adoption of the online payment behavior&#46;</p><p id="para0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0001">Table 1</a> describes two social influence processes on a paid knowledge-sharing service platform&#44; observed from the perspective of knowledge providers &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0094">Trenz et al&#46;&#44; 2018</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115">Zhang et al&#46;&#44; 2019</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0114">2023</a>&#46; We outline how each affects sales of knowledge products&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0001"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="para0031" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the next section we describe our research model and hypothesis development in detail&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0007">Hypothesis development</span><p id="para0032" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study intends to investigate&#44; from the perspective of information and normative social influence&#44; the factors influencing sales of services for paid knowledge-sharing platforms&#46; The research model proposed is shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0001">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#44; and includes knowledge quality &#40;accuracy&#44; completeness&#44; currency&#44; and format&#41;&#44; interaction quality &#40;responsiveness&#44; assurance&#44; and empathy&#41;&#44; knowledge provider characteristics &#40;social capital and reputation&#41;&#44; free knowledge contribution &#40;provider-driven and seeker-driven&#41;&#44; ratings&#44; and price&#46; Of these&#44; knowledge quality&#44; interaction quality&#44; and factors relating to the knowledge provider are the determinants of information influence&#44; while ratings are a normative influence&#46; As an attribution factor in knowledge service&#44; price plays a moderating role between free knowledge contribution and sales&#46; In the following we elaborate arguments for each hypothesis&#8217; development&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0001"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="sec0006" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0008">Informational influence determinants of the quality of paid knowledge-sharing services</span><p id="para0033" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The determinants of informational influence have three dimensions&#58; source&#44; message&#44; and receiver &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0044">Hovland et al&#46;&#44; 1954</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">Chou et al&#46;&#44; 2015</a>&#41;&#46; The study of knowledge adoption&#44; features of the source&#44; and the message have been the main focus&#44; from the receiver&#39;s perspective&#44; while informational influence is determined by knowledge quality and source credibility &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">Chou et al&#46;&#44; 2015</a>&#41;&#46; In order to investigate the sales of knowledge products from the customer&#39;s view &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; receiver perspective&#41;&#44; we focus on features of both the products of knowledge-sharing services &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; message factors&#41; and the providers &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; source factors&#41;&#46;</p><span id="sec0007" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0009">Quality of paid knowledge-sharing services</span><p id="para0034" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Service quality&#44; usually a multidimensional concept&#44; can be understood as consumers&#39; overall view of the extent to which a certain service meets their expected needs &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0003">Al-Debei et al&#46;&#44; 2022</a>&#41;&#46; Since a live session has two parts&#44; the content of transferred knowledge &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; a keynote talk&#41; and the interaction between the speaker and listeners&#44; the quality of a paid knowledge-sharing service not only includes the quality of knowledge as a service itself but the interactive quality generated by consumers in absorbing their internalized knowledge while acquiring such services&#46; In this study&#44; we investigate the effects on sales of services by knowledge quality and interaction quality&#46;</p><span id="sec0008" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0010">Knowledge quality</span><p id="para0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Since individuals seek knowledge in order to learn &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0067">McLure-Wasko &#38; Faraj&#44; 2000</a>&#41; or perform certain tasks &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0036">Gray &#38; Meister&#44; 2002</a>&#41;&#44; we use the concept of knowledge quality by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0058">Kyoon Yoo et al&#46; &#40;2011&#41;</a>&#58; &#8220;the extent to which the awareness and understanding of ideas&#44; logics&#44; relationships&#44; and circumstances are fit for use&#44; relevant and valuable to context&#44; and easy to adapt&#8221;&#46; Quality of knowledge can be evaluated by knowledge customers&#8217; intrinsic&#44; contextual&#44; and representational views of data and information quality &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0083">Rao &#38; Osei-Bryson&#44; 2007</a>&#41;&#46; Specially&#44; we focus on four dimensions of knowledge quality&#58; its format &#40;indicating representational aspect&#41;&#59; its completeness and currency &#40;indicating contextual aspect&#41;&#59; and its accuracy &#40;indicating intrinsic aspects&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0097">Wand &#38; Wang&#44; 1996</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0102">Wang &#38; Strong&#44; 1996</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0073">Nelson &#38; Todd&#44; 2005</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0058">Kyoon Yoo et al&#46;&#44; 2011</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="para0036" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Accuracy</span> is defined as the extent to which knowledge is correct&#44; unambiguous&#44; objective&#44; meaningful&#44; and reliable &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0102">Wang &#38; Strong&#44; 1996</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0058">Kyoon Yoo et al&#46;&#44; 2011</a>&#41;&#46; Accurate knowledge helps receivers to learn the reality&#46; Beyond the intrinsic view&#44; the contextual view takes into consideration the user&#44; task&#44; and application of knowledge&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Completeness</span> refers to the extent to which knowledge is sufficient and all relevant content is covered within the task &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0006">Becerrafernandez &#38; Sabherwal&#44; 2001</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0058">Kyoon Yoo et al&#46;&#44; 2011</a>&#41;&#44; while <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">currency</span> refers to the extent to which the knowledge is up to date&#44; effective&#44; and accurately reflects current trends and states &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0073">Nelson &#38; Todd&#44; 2005</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0058">Kyoon Yoo et al&#46;&#44; 2011</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="para0037" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">IS research has proved that accuracy&#44; completeness&#44; and currency of information have a significantly positive effect on the performance expectancy of an information system &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0074">Nisha et al&#46;&#44; 2016</a>&#41; and help to build customers&#8217; satisfaction and loyalty &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0057">Kumar et al&#46;&#44; 2013</a>&#41;&#44; so that they are more likely to accept and use the system&#46;</p><p id="para0038" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">From a representational view&#44; knowledge quality is usually assessed in terms of the extent to which knowledge is presented in a way that helps the receiver&#39;s understanding and interpretation &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0073">Nelson &#38; Todd&#44; 2005</a>&#41;&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Format</span> is another important dimension of knowledge quality &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0112">Yang et al&#46;&#44; 2003</a>&#41;&#44; and it plays a role in information processing &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0093">Tractinsky &#38; Meyer&#44; 1999</a>&#41;&#46; Recording or visualizing knowledge in the form of a document&#44; image&#44; or video have been shown to make knowledge more comprehensible and understandable to others &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">Hendriks&#44; 1999</a>&#41;&#46; For these reasons&#44; knowledge with a better format aids in task completion &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0073">Nelson &#38; Todd&#44; 2005</a>&#41;&#46; In order to learn and complete tasks&#44; consumers evaluate the quality of the knowledge before they make payment&#44; and a live session that is accurate&#44; complete&#44; current&#44; and has a good format sells better&#46; The specific hypothesis 1 &#40;H1&#41; is as follows&#58;</p><p id="para9001" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleEnunciation" id="enun0001"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">H1</span><p id="para0039" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Accuracy &#40;H1a&#41;&#44; Completeness&#40;H1b&#41;&#44; Currency &#40;H1c&#41;&#44; and Format&#40;H1d&#41; of knowledge has a positive impact on sales of a live session&#46;</span></p></span></p></span><span id="sec0009" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0011">Interaction quality</span><p id="para0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On paid knowledge-sharing platforms &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; Zhihu Live&#41;&#44; providers of a live session not only provide the keynote talk but answer listeners&#8217; questions about its content&#46; For this reason&#44; the knowledge providers of a live session play a service role&#46; During the broadcast customized personal interactions take place between customer and service provider &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0079">Pitt et al&#46;&#44; 1995</a>&#41;&#44; to the extent to which interaction quality is regarded as a determinant of perceived service quality &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0009">Brady &#38; Cronin Jr&#44; 2001</a>&#41;&#46; In this study&#44; interaction quality refers to the quality of interaction in a live session between knowledge provider and consumer&#46;</p><p id="para0041" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For knowledge service providers&#44; since customers expect to learn or perform certain tasks after accessing the knowledge that they have paid for&#44; this learner-instructor interaction in the online learning environment is an extremely important part of the learning experience &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0111">Woo &#38; Reeves&#44; 2007</a>&#41;&#46; Through interaction&#44; knowledge providers and customers can exchange knowledge that helps them to achieve better learning outcomes &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0052">Kang &#38; Im&#44; 2013</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="para0042" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Interaction quality has three dimensions&#58; responsiveness&#59; assurance&#59; and empathy &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0063">Lin&#44; 2012</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0074">Nisha et al&#46;&#44; 2016</a>&#41;&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Responsiveness</span> refers to the willingness of knowledge provider to assist knowledge customers and provide rapid and agile support &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0002">Akter et al&#46;&#44; 2010</a>&#41;&#44; which enhances their loyalty &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0059">Lau et al&#46;&#44; 2013</a>&#41;&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Assurance</span> refers to a provider&#39;s ability to keep their promises about their product&#39;s quality&#44; which helps to build customer trust and confidence in the product &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0002">Akter et al&#46;&#44; 2010</a>&#41;&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Empathy</span> represents the ability to understand knowledge customers&#8217; demands and to offer a personalized service &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0002">Akter et al&#46;&#44; 2010</a>&#41;&#44; and has been found to relate positively to customer satisfaction &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0059">Lau et al&#46;&#44; 2013</a>&#41;&#46; All three dimensions are found to affect customers&#8217; performance expectations towards the product &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0074">Nisha et al&#46;&#44; 2016</a>&#41;&#44; for example the information system&#39;s utility in task completion &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">Venkatesh et al&#46;&#44; 2003</a>&#41;&#46; Hypothesis 2 &#40;H2&#41; is as follows&#58;</p><p id="para9002" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleEnunciation" id="enun0002"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">H2</span><p id="para0043" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Responsiveness &#40;H2a&#41;&#44; Assurance &#40;H2b&#41;&#44; and Empathy &#40;H2c&#41; of interaction has a positive impact on sales of a live session&#46;</span></p></span></p></span></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0012">Characteristics of knowledge providers</span><p id="para0044" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On a knowledge-sharing platform&#44; knowledge seekers are more likely to turn to experts who can provide satisfactory answers &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0118">Zhu et al&#46;&#44; 2011</a>&#41;&#46; In e-commerce the credibility of the information source positively influences a potential customer&#39;s acceptance of information such as user comments &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0046">Hu et al&#46;&#44; 2019</a>&#41;&#46; Specifically&#44; in this study we focus on knowledge providers&#8217; social capital and reputation&#46;</p><span id="sec0011" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0013">Social capital</span><p id="para0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Knowledge providers&#8217; social capital can be regarded as a sign of quality&#44; referring to their investment in social relations for an expected return &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0091">Stevenson &#38; Radin&#44; 2009</a>&#41;&#46; In this study&#44; we conceptualize this investment as the extent to which an individual connects with others&#44; and the return on social capital in terms of an individual&#39;s influence in their social network &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0091">Stevenson &#38; Radin&#44; 2009</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="para0046" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In previous studies on knowledge-sharing community&#44; social capital has been found to have significant influence on knowledge exchange among participants &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">Wasko &#38; Faraj&#44; 2005</a>&#41;&#46; It has been shown that individuals with more followers often attract attention and favors from others in the virtual community &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">Wang et al&#46;&#44; 2013</a>&#41;&#46; This shows the benefits of social capital in a monetary transaction to reducing information asymmetry &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0037">Greiner &#38; Wang&#44; 2009</a>&#41;&#46; Before making a loan decision&#44; lenders need cues to evaluate whether a borrower can pay back the loan on time&#46; Since borrowers&#8217; social capital signals their creditworthiness to potential lenders&#44; those with high social capital are more likely to be funded &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0037">Greiner &#38; Wang&#44; 2009</a>&#41;&#46; Similar to the lending market&#44; knowledge providers&#8217; social capital provides empirical evidence of potential consumers&#39; purchasing behavior &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0103">Wang et al&#46;&#44; 2016</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="para0047" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Scholars have explored the benefits of social capital to knowledge providers on paid platforms&#46; For example&#44; on medical payment platforms those doctors with higher social reputation and status receive more virtual gifts and monetary returns &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0038">Guo et al&#46;&#44; 2017</a>&#41;&#46; For these reasons&#44; we propose hypothesis 3a &#40;H3a&#41;&#58;</p><p id="para9003" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleEnunciation" id="enun0003"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">H3a</span><p id="para0048" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Knowledge providers&#8217; social capital has a positive impact on sales of a live session&#46;</span></p></span></p></span><span id="sec0012" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0014">Reputation</span><p id="para0049" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On knowledge-sharing platforms&#44; reputation is defined as the extent to which one is respected and recognized by others &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0014">Cai et al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#41;&#46; In research into e-commerce&#44; seller reputation is a critical element in trust building &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0012">Cai et al&#46;&#44; 2014</a>&#41;&#46; It is a positive signal of quality both for the seller &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0023">Chu&#44; 1994</a>&#41; and the product &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0024">Coff&#44; 2002</a>&#41;&#46; The seller&#39;s reputation helps to reduce both customers&#8217; uncertainty towards their products &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0068">McKnight et al&#46;&#44; 2002</a>&#41; and the perceived purchase risk &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0108">Weiss&#44; 2008</a>&#41;&#46; It has been shown that seller reputation significantly influences product sales in the online market &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0076">Park &#38; Lee&#44; 2014</a>&#41;&#46; Specifically&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0014">Cai et al&#46; &#40;2020&#41;</a> found that knowledge providers&#8217; reputation refers to approval of a speaker&#39;s answers to questions &#40;including the times thanked&#44; upvote count and times &#8216;favorited&#8217;&#41; in the free Zhihu community&#44; which has proved to boost product sales&#46; We propose hypothesis 3b &#40;H3b&#41;&#58;</p><p id="para9004" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleEnunciation" id="enun0004"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">H3b</span><p id="para0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Knowledge providers&#8217; reputation has a positive impact on sales of a live session&#46;</span></p></span></p></span></span></span><span id="sec0013" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0015">Normative influencing factor&#58; ratings</span><p id="para0051" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In contrast to informational influence&#44; which relates to achieving the best possible decisions&#44; normative influence for individuals tends to align with that of other group members &#40;Henningsen&#44; 2003&#41;&#46; If there is consensus in the group&#44; namely a shared belief&#44; attitude&#44; or behavior of the majority of members&#44; the other group members are influenced by this consensus and comply with it &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110">Winquist &#38; Larson&#44; 1998</a>&#41;&#46; Ratings reflect member congruence in the virtual community &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">Chou et al&#46;&#44; 2015</a>&#41;&#46; The rating of a product directly reflects customers&#8217; overall usage experience &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0104">Wang &#38; Yu&#44; 2017</a>&#41; and encourages potential purchasers to give up to inspect a product&#39;s detailed information&#44; which is informational influence &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Speier&#44; 2005</a>&#41;&#46; Ratings influence potential consumers&#8217; decisions by reducing purchase uncertainty &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0077">Pavlou et al&#46;&#44; 2008</a>&#41; and the cost of their information search &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0062">Li et al&#46;&#44; 2014</a>&#41;&#44; and directly affect purchase behavior &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">Hsu et al&#46;&#44; 2017</a>&#41;&#46; Moreover&#44; for knowledge&#44; it has been proved that knowledge adoption is directly influenced by the normative power of the ratings &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0082">Qiu &#38; Dong&#44; 2010</a>&#41;&#46; Therefore&#44; for a knowledge-sharing service with high-level ratings&#44; most customers recognize and agree with them&#46; We propose the following as hypothesis 4 &#40;H4&#41;&#58;</p><p id="para9005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleEnunciation" id="enun0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">H4</span><p id="para0052" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rating has a positive impact on sales of a live session&#46;</span></p></span></p></span><span id="sec0014" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0016">Free knowledge contribution</span><p id="para0053" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Knowledge contribution refers to the production and provision of knowledge content &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0028">Deng et al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#41;&#46; In the internet age people have a &#8216;free&#8217; mentality&#44; thinking that everything online should have no charge &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0064">Lin et al&#46;&#44; 2013</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0022">Chou &#38; Hsu&#44; 2018</a>&#41;&#46; Accordingly&#44; although some businesses have been forced to charge users when it became difficult for them to sustain the free business model&#44; few people are willing to pay for what used to be free &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0064">Lin et al&#46;&#44; 2013</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0004">Anzenbacher &#38; Wagner&#44; 2019</a>&#41;&#46; For knowledge seekers faced with the choice of purchasing knowledge or getting it free&#44; according to the standard economic theory the rational choice is to pay nothing &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0087">Santana &#38; Morwitz&#44; 2011</a>&#41;&#46; Moreover&#44; if a knowledge provider makes further contributions of free content&#44; it is likely that potential customers will identify this free substitute for the paid knowledge service&#46; Since knowledge seekers often believe that their needs can be met by the free knowledge&#44; they do not pay to obtain knowledge on a similar topic &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0119">Zhu &#38; Zhang&#44; 2019</a>&#41;&#46; For these reasons&#44; sales of knowledge-sharing services may be negatively influenced by the sheer volume of relevant free knowledge that is available&#46;</p><p id="para0054" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although a study has already investigated how free knowledge on a relevant topic has a significant and negative effect on the purchase of information &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0119">Zhu &#38; Zhang&#44; 2019</a>&#41;&#44; for a live session this type of free content contribution can be ignored&#46; This is because we are investigating the influence of the focal knowledge provider&#39;s free knowledge contributions on the sales on specifically their live sessions&#46; We propose hypothesis 5&#58;</p><p id="para9006" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleEnunciation" id="enun0006"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">H5</span><p id="para0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Free provider-&#40;H5a&#41; and seeker- &#40;H5b&#41; driven knowledge contribution of the knowledge provider has a negative impact on sales of a live session&#46;</span></p></span></p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0017">The moderating role of price</span><p id="para0056" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Price is regarded as the most useful information on a service that users can obtain in advance of payment on a paid knowledge-sharing platform&#44; and is critical to the purchasing decision &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0113">Yang et al&#46;&#44; 2018</a>&#41;&#46; It has been studied as a moderator of the relationship between non-monetary factors and the purchase &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0054">Kim &#38; Gupta&#44; 2009</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0119">Zhu &#38; Zhang&#44; 2019</a>&#41;&#46; Since price refers to the actual amount of money that the consumer has to pay &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0043">Horton&#44; 1976</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0096">V&#246;lckner&#44; 2008</a>&#41;&#44; it serves as a measure of the cost of a purchase &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0096">V&#246;lckner&#44; 2008</a>&#41;&#46; Since a high price leads customers to perceive high cost&#44; they are more cautious and rigorous about the quality of that provider &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0056">Kim&#44; 2005</a>&#41;&#44; their integrity&#44; and reputation &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0113">Yang et al&#46;&#44; 2018</a>&#41;&#46; This phenomenon confirms that&#44; upon a price increase&#44; to protect themselves from potential risks potential customers respond with stronger demands on their knowledge providers&#8217; social capital and reputation&#46; We propose hypothesis 6 &#40;H6&#41;&#58;</p><p id="para9007" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleEnunciation" id="enun0007"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">H6</span><p id="para0057" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">The price reduces the positive influence of providers&#8217; social capital &#40;H6a&#41;&#44; and providers&#8217; reputation &#40;H6b&#41; on sales of a live session&#46;</span></p></span></p><p id="para0058" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Moreover&#44; considering free knowledge contributions&#44; it has been shown that the negative effect of relevant free knowledge on sales is intensified for an expensive knowledge-sharing service &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0119">Zhu &#38; Zhang&#44; 2019</a>&#41;&#46; In detail&#44; potential customers tend to choose similar free knowledge on free knowledge-sharing platform as an alternativ &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0119">Zhu &#38; Zhang&#44; 2019</a>&#41;&#46; We propose hypothesis 7 &#40;H7&#41;&#58;</p><p id="para9008" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleEnunciation" id="enun0008"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">H7</span><p id="para0059" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">The price strengthens the negative influence of free providers&#8217; &#40;H7a&#41; and seekers&#8217; &#40;H7b&#41; driven knowledge contribution by the knowledge provider on sales of a live session&#46;</span></p></span></p></span></span><span id="sec0016" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0018">Data and Method</span><span id="sec0017" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0019">Research context and data</span><p id="para0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Since our research is to investigate the impact of free knowledge contributions&#44; knowledge quality&#44; interaction quality&#44; and ratings on sales of paid knowledge-sharing services&#44; comprehensive data on both free and paid providers are required&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Zhihu</span> &#40;<a href="http://www.zhihu.com">www&#46;zhihu&#46;com</a>&#41; is one of the largest knowledge-sharing communities in China&#58; it has more than 7 million active users &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">Research&#44; 2018</a>&#41; and huge influence &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0089">Sootoo&#44; 2017</a>&#41;&#46; It also provides both a free knowledge-sharing platform &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Zhihu</span>&#41; and a paid knowledge-sharing platform &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Zhihu Live</span>&#41;&#46; In terms of paid knowledge&#44; in 2016<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Zhihu</span> introduced live courses known as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Zhihu Live</span> &#40;<a href="http://www.zhihu.com/lives">www&#46;zhihu&#46;com&#47;lives</a>&#41;&#46; Any user who wants to hold or buy a paid live course in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Zhihu Live</span> must have a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Zhihu</span> account&#46; Both platforms share the same user base &#40;that is&#44; there are both free and paid knowledge-sharing platforms in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Zhihu</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Zhihu Live</span>&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115">Zhang et al&#46;&#44; 2019</a>&#41;&#59; therefore&#44; it is an appropriate and representative provider to serve as our research background&#46;</p><p id="para0061" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For a live session&#44; the transaction data&#44; content description&#44; and reviews can be retrieved from <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Zhihu Live</span>&#44; while information on knowledge providers can be retrieved from <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Zhihu</span>&#46; In the Zhihu community&#44; the knowledge providers may answer questions without payment or rewards&#44; publish articles or column articles free of charge&#44; and demonstrate attention to fellow users in various ways&#46; Based on these features of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Zhihu</span>&#44; we selected seven attributes relevant to our social influence-sales model&#44; making them match as closely as possible the basic measures in the model&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0002">Table 2</a> presents the information on these properties in detail&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0002"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="para0062" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this study&#44; a public data set of 795 live sessions broadcast from October 1&#44; 2016 to September 30&#44; 2017&#44; as well as their 30&#44;891 reviews&#44; was crawled from <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Zhihu Live</span> by network spiders&#46; Since we focused on the influence of individuals&#8217; free knowledge-sharing behaviors on sales of knowledge service&#44; live sessions held by organizational accounts were beyond the scope of this research&#44; and we removed them&#46; Some 777 live sessions with a total of 27&#44;223 reviews became our study sample&#46; For each live session&#44; with the speakers&#8217; identification&#44; we crawled data about knowledge providers in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Zhihu</span>&#46; Finally&#44; we combined the information on live sessions with their knowledge providers&#8217; characteristics and content contributions according to the speakers&#8217; identification&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0018" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0020">Measurements</span><p id="para0063" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The dependent variable of this research is <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">sale &#40;S&#41;</span>&#44; which is measured by the total number of product transactions&#59; that is&#44; the sum of transactions before and after broadcast&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Price &#40;P&#41;</span> is the moderating variable&#44; measured by how much money a potential customer must pay for access to the knowledge service&#46; Since knowledge transfer is socially influenced in virtual communities &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">Chou et al&#46;&#44; 2015</a>&#41;&#44; the independent variables of this research fall into three categories&#58; informational determinants &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; characteristics of knowledge providers&#44; knowledge quality&#44; and interaction quality&#41;&#59; normative influence &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; ratings&#41;&#44; and the free content contributions&#46;</p><p id="para0064" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Informational determinants can be subdivided by whether they have a provider or product perspective&#46; Characteristics of knowledge providers include reputation and social capital&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Social capital</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Qsc</span>&#41; is measured by the number of followers in the knowledge-sharing community &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0101">Wang&#44; 2016</a>&#41;&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Reputation</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Qrep</span>&#41; refers to the ability of a user to influence others&#44; and is measured by the sum of the upvote count&#44; number of times thanked&#44; and the number of &#8216;favorited&#8217; items collected &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0028">Deng et al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#41;&#46; As for knowledge providers&#8217; free content contributions&#44; we considered both the provider- and seeker-driven modes&#46; The <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Seeker-driven knowledge-contribution</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Qsdkc</span>&#41; is measured by the number of free answers that a user has posted to questions initiated by other knowledge seekers&#44; while the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">provider-driven knowledge-contribution</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Qpdkc</span>&#41; is measured by the sum of articles posted and columns posted that this user has posted that are not in response to questions&#46;</p><p id="para0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As mentioned above&#44; in this study knowledge-sharing service quality can be disaggregated into knowledge quality and interaction quality&#46; Based on prior work considering the intrinsic&#44; contextual&#44; and representative dimensions of knowledge quality &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0073">Nelson &#38; Todd&#44; 2005</a>&#41;&#44; we extracted the core features of knowledge quality&#58; accuracy&#44; completeness&#44; currency&#44; and format &#40;Wand et al&#46;&#44; 1996&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0102">Wang &#38; Strong&#44; 1996</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0073">Nelson &#38; Todd&#44; 2005</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0058">Kyoon Yoo et al&#46;&#44; 2011</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="para0066" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We measured the first three dimensions through reviews&#46; From a total of 27&#44;223 reviews&#44; we selected 2503 comments and manually annotated each sentence in relation to the dimensions of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">accuracy&#44; completeness&#44;</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">currency</span>&#44; and applied a deep learning approach&#44; XGBoost&#44; to predict the labels for the remaining reviews &#40;see <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0031">Appendix A</a> for details&#41;&#46; To discriminate between the influence of the review counts&#44; the measurement items of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">accuracy&#44; completeness&#44;</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">currency</span> were as follows&#58; number of reviews about accuracy divided by the review count for the product &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Racc</span>&#41;&#59; number of comments about completeness divided by the review count for the product &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rcom</span>&#41;&#59; and number of comments about currency divided by the review count for the product &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rcur</span>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="para0067" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Since format is regarded as the extent to which knowledge is represented in a way that contributes to knowledge receivers&#8217; understanding and interpretation &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0073">Nelson &#38; Todd&#44; 2005</a>&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">format</span> is measured by the number of attachments uploaded in the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Live</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Qfor</span>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="para0068" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Interaction quality has three dimensions of responsiveness&#44; assurance&#44; and empathy&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Responsiveness</span> is measured by the number of replies to answers during the broadcast &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Qres</span>&#41;&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Assurance</span> is a binary variable <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;Qass&#41;</span> of 1&#44; which means that this knowledge service is guaranteed to be refunded within seven days with no need for explanation&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Empathy &#40;Qemp&#41;</span> is measured by the knowledge services&#8217; comments &#40;see <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0031">Appendix A</a> for details&#41;&#44; namely the number of comments about empathy divided by the review count for the product&#46;</p><p id="para0069" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For a normative determinant&#44; in this study we focused on <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">rating &#40;R&#41;&#44;</span> which is measured by the mean of the rating scores by customers&#46; For each live session&#44; customers can rate for them from 1 to 5 in integer scores&#46; In <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0003">Table 3</a> we summarize the descriptions and measurement sources of all variables&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0003"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0019" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0021">Descriptive statistics</span><p id="para0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Data from 777 live sessions&#44; covering 17 professional fields&#44; were selected as the study sample&#46; Education &#40;145&#44; 18&#46;66 &#37;&#41;&#44; Career &#40;102&#44; 13&#46;13 &#37;&#41; and Internet &#40;91&#44; 11&#46;71 &#37;&#41; were three of the most active themes on the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Zhihu Live</span> platform&#46; For each live record we collected 14 variables&#44; and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0004">Table 4</a> describes the statistics for all variables in this study&#44; including minimal&#44; maximal&#44; mean value&#44; and standard deviation&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0004"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0022">Empirical model and analysis</span><span id="sec0021" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0023">Empirical model</span><p id="para0071" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To investigate the influence in the online learning environment by the knowledge-sharing service&#39;s quality&#44; knowledge providers&#8217; characteristics&#44; and ratings on sales of services&#44; we used a hierarchical regression model to test the hypotheses in three steps&#46; In the first&#44; 12 independent variables were included in the regression equation to form model 1&#46; Based on model 1&#44; model 2 adds <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">price &#40;P&#41;</span>&#46; In model 3&#44; four interaction terms were added to the regression equation&#46; Equations &#40;1&#41;&#44; &#40;2&#41; and &#40;3&#41; for these three models are shown in the following&#44; where subscript i indicates i<span class="elsevierStyleSup">th</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Live</span> in our dataset&#46;</p><p id="para0072" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In these equations&#44; multipliers of two variables represent the interaction effect&#46; Since variables have differing scales in this study&#44; before regression analysis we standardized all variables&#46; We reported partial F tests on the significance of the added variables&#46; For the moderating effect&#44; if <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span>-square of model 3 was significantly greater than that of model 2 and coefficients for interaction items were significant&#44; we concluded that price moderates some main effects&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0022" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0024">Analysis method</span><p id="para0073" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this study&#44; multiple OLS regression analysis was applied to test the validity of our model &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0094">Trenz et al&#46;&#44; 2018</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115">Zhang et al&#46;&#44; 2019</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0114">2023</a>&#41;&#46; Regression analysis is often used to explore relationships within data&#44; especially causal relationships&#46; If the predictor variable was set be to a function of multiple independent variables&#44; multiple regressions were used &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0053">Keith&#44; 2019</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="para0074" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0109">Wen et al&#46; &#40;2005&#41;</a>&#44; when independent variables and moderating variables are continuous&#44; hierarchical regression can verify the moderating effect&#46;</p></span></span></span><span id="sec0023" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0025">Results</span><p id="para0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">STATA 15 was used to analyze the data&#46; To ensure that the variables are independent of each other&#44; we conducted Pearson correlation analysis&#46; The correlations between the independent&#44; the dependent&#44; and moderating variables are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 5</a>&#46; Since all correlation coefficients are less than 0&#46;8&#44; there is no strong linear correlation &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0042">Hinkle et al&#46;&#44; 2003</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="para0076" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results for the regression analysis are reported in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0006">Table 6</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0006"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="para0077" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Model 1 includes all 12 independent variables&#44; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">sale &#40;S&#41;</span> as the dependent variable for regression analysis&#46; The value of adjusted <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span>-square is 0&#46;237&#44; indicating that 24&#46;9 &#37; of sales can be explained by changes of the variables in Model 1&#46; The value of the F test is 21&#46;14 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#60; 0&#46;001&#41;&#44; indicating that the regression effect is significant&#46; For variables about knowledge quality&#44; coefficients of four dimensions are not significant&#44; so that H1a to H1d are not supported&#46; For interaction quality&#44; the coefficient of responsiveness is both positive and significant &#40;&#946;<span class="elsevierStyleInf">9&#44; model1</span>&#61; 0&#46;096&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#60; 0&#46;001&#41;&#44; so that only H2a is supported&#46;</p><p id="para0078" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For variables about characteristics of knowledge providers&#44; the coefficients of reputation &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Qrep</span>&#41; and social capital &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Qsc</span>&#41; are both positive and significant &#40;&#946;<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1&#44; model1</span>&#61;0&#46;568&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#60; 0&#46;001&#59; &#946;<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2&#44; model1</span>&#61; 0&#46;270&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#60; 0&#46;001&#41;&#46; H3a and H3b are supported&#46; The coefficient of rating is significant but negative &#40;&#946;<span class="elsevierStyleInf">12&#44; model1</span>&#61; &#8722;0&#46;031&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#60; 0&#46;01&#41;&#44; so that H4 is contradicted supported&#46; As for the free knowledge contribution&#44; the coefficient of provider-driven knowledge contributions &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Qpdkc</span>&#41; is significantly negative &#40;&#946;<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4&#44; model1</span>&#61; &#8722;0&#46;108&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#60; 0&#46;01&#41;&#44; while the coefficient of the seeker-driven knowledge contribution &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Qsdkc</span>&#41; is not significant&#46; H5a is supported&#44; while H5b is not supported&#46;</p><p id="para0079" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Based on model 1&#44; price is added to form model 2&#46; The significance of the price variable &#40;P&#41; is shown both by its t-statistic &#40;&#946;<span class="elsevierStyleInf">13&#44; model2</span>&#61; &#8722;0&#46;097&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#60; 0&#46;01&#41; and by the significance of the partial F test &#40;&#916;F&#61;9&#46;006&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#60; 0&#46;01&#41;&#46; Also&#44; the adjusted <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span>-square increases to 0&#46;245&#46; In the third level regression&#44; model 3 introduces 12 interaction items about price &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#41; into the regression equation&#44; such as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Qrep &#42; P</span>&#44; as independent variables&#46; The results show that model 3 performs better than model 2&#44; with adjusted <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span>-square increases to 0&#46;272&#44; and the &#916;F value is 8&#46;04 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#60; 0&#46;01&#41;&#44; indicating an interaction effect&#46; In model 3&#44; the coefficient of interaction item &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P &#42; Qsc</span>&#41; is negative and significant &#40;&#946;<span class="elsevierStyleInf">15&#44; model3</span>&#61; &#8722;2&#46;43&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#60; 0&#46;01&#41;&#44; while the coefficient of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P &#42; Qpdkc</span> is positive and significant &#40;&#946;<span class="elsevierStyleInf">17&#44; model3</span>&#61; 0&#46;934&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#60; 0&#46;05&#41;&#46; Other coefficients of interaction terms are not significant&#44; so price moderates only the main effect on sales by social capital and provider-driven content-contribution&#46; H6a is supported&#44; while H6b and H7b are not supported&#46; Moreover&#44; H7a is contradicted&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0024" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0026">Discussion</span><p id="para0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Based on social influence theory&#44; this study investigates the impact of three groups of factors on the sale of paid knowledge-sharing services&#58; knowledge quality&#59; interaction quality&#59; and knowledge provider&#46; The empirical results show the following&#46;</p><p id="para0081" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">First&#44; knowledge providers&#8217; social capital&#44; reputation&#44; free provider-driven knowledge contributions&#44; and ratings directly influence sales of paid knowledge-sharing services&#44; consistent with the findings of <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0034">Ghahtarani et al&#46; &#40;2020&#41;</a>&#46; However&#44; unlike previous studies &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0082">Qiu &#38; Dong&#44; 2010</a>&#41;&#44; higher ratings are not necessarily good for knowledge service sales&#46; In online shopping&#44; potential buyers may prefer niche products that are less popular with customers &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">Brynjolfsson et al&#46;&#44; 2011</a>&#41;&#46; Specifically&#44; on paid knowledge-sharing platforms knowledge customers opt not to change their behaviors to fall into line with member congruence &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; ratings&#41;&#46;</p><p id="para0082" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Second&#44; free provider-driven knowledge contributions by the knowledge provider have a negative impact on the sales of a live session&#44; yet free seeker-driven knowledge contributions do not have the same effect&#46; One reason may be that both the keynote talk aspect of a live session and the free articles are provider-driven knowledge sharing&#46; Besides&#44; since both are well organized around a specific topic &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115">Zhang et al&#46;&#44; 2019</a>&#41;&#44; free articles can be regarded as a good substitute for a keynote talk at a live session&#46;</p><p id="para0083" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Third&#44; price weakens both the positive influence of providers&#8217; social capital and the negative influence of free provider-driven knowledge contributions on the sales of a live session&#46; It happens because&#44; besides the cost signal&#44; price can be regarded as an indicator of quality &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0031">Erdem et al&#46;&#44; 2008</a>&#41;&#46; Since low prices lead to less perception of the product&#39;s value &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0119">Zhu &#38; Zhang&#44; 2019</a>&#41;&#44; customers are more likely to turn to substitutes such as free knowledge&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0027">Theoretical and practical implications</span><span id="sec0026" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0028">Theoretical implications</span><p id="para0084" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">From the theoretical view&#44; this study focuses on a new knowledge-based services and contributes to the paid knowledge-sharing service in the three ways&#46; First&#44; we discriminate between the role of knowledge quality and interaction quality on sales of a paid knowledge-sharing service&#46; Unlike the other three knowledge-sharing services &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; paid subscriptions&#44; one-to-one consultations&#44; and paid Q&#38;As&#41;&#44; a live session is a combination of provider-driven and seeker-driven knowledge-sharing&#46; The interaction between the speaker and customer is an important feature of emerging knowledge-sharing services&#44; distinguishing them from other virtual goods &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0014">Cai et al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#41;&#46; Although some studies on paid knowledge-sharing have focused on customer satisfaction &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115">Zhang et al&#46;&#44; 2019</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0033">Fu et al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#41; to explain sales of knowledge-sharing services&#44; the frequency of a customer&#39;s payments &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0088">Shi et al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#41;&#44; the number of times that a knowledge provider is paid &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0113">Yang et al&#46;&#44; 2018</a>&#41;&#44; and other factors about the interaction are underexplored&#46;</p><p id="para0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our results show that a live session&#39;s sales are boosted by the quality of the interaction&#44; while its quality of knowledge has no significant influence&#46; Moreover&#44; by exploring the detailed sub-dimensions of the interaction&#39;s quality &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; responsiveness&#44; empathy&#44; and assurance&#44; we find that what leads to further sales of a live session is its responsiveness&#46;</p><p id="para0086" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Second&#44; we extended the application of social influence theory to paid knowledge-sharing service research&#46; In detail&#44; we implied a partial explainability of social influence in knowledge service research&#44; where informational influence is supportive and normative influence is not susceptible of explanation&#46; From the social influence perspective&#44; paying for knowledge can be seen as a social process&#59; that is&#44; customer purchases are influence by others&#46;</p><p id="para0087" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this study&#44; we focus on informational and normative social influences as potential predictors of sales of knowledge services&#46; While previous studies have focused on the informational influence of public information &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">Chou et al&#46;&#44; 2015</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">Ismagilova et al&#46;&#44; 2019</a>&#41;&#44; we considered the informational influence of private knowledge services&#46; We showed that customers&#8217; perception of both the reality of services and the knowledge provider&#39;s ability boost sales&#44; in line with informational social influence&#44; but that normative social influence is not suitable to explain purchasing in the context of knowledge-sharing&#46; In opposition to normative influence&#44; on a paid knowledge-sharing platform the ratings actually depress sales&#44; meaning that customers have no tendency to act in line with group members but&#44; instead&#44; pursue individualization&#46;</p><p id="para0088" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results also show that the use of social influence theory is applicable to test individuals&#39; knowledge adoption empirically in virtual communities&#46; Therefore&#44; the model proposed provides a theoretical basis for researchers to explore further knowledge adoption domains&#44; such as online knowledge adoption behaviors or theories of online knowledge adoption&#46;</p><p id="para0089" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Third&#44; this study extends our understanding of the free-to-paid phenomenon&#46; We examine both how knowledge providers&#8217; free knowledge contributions influence their services&#8217; sales on a live session platform and the moderating role of price&#46; We distinguish the influence of two types of knowledge contribution&#44; provider- and seeker-driven&#44; and have explored each&#46;</p><p id="para0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Previous research has investigated how the popularity and number of free knowledge products relate to the knowledge service&#39;s influence over customer purchases &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0119">Zhu &#38; Zhang&#44; 2019</a>&#41;&#46; However&#44; in studying the substitution effect between free and paid knowledge&#44; the role of the knowledge provider cannot be ignored&#46; If a knowledge provider does not consider the processes of knowledge creation &#40;such as learning and knowledge internalization&#41;&#44; their knowledge base is not extended &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0086">Rowley&#44; 2010</a>&#41; so they can provide only similar content &#40;such as experience&#44; skills&#44; views&#44; and suggestions&#41; on a specific topic&#44; whether free or paid&#46;</p><p id="para0091" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our results show that the more provider-driven knowledge that a knowledge provider makes available&#44; the fewer the sales of their live sessions&#46; However&#44; price can moderate the negative relationship between free provider-driven knowledge and sales of a live session&#39;s sales&#46; This is because price is a sign of quality&#44; and customers on paid knowledge-sharing platforms perceive expensive products to have greater value &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0119">Zhu &#38; Zhang&#44; 2019</a>&#41;&#46; For this reason&#44; the sales of an expensive live session are diminished less by its provider&#39;s free provider-driven content contributions&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0027" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0029">Practical implications</span><p id="para0092" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study provides suggestions for paid knowledge-sharing platform managers and knowledge providers to increase their knowledge sales&#46; According to the results of our research&#44; knowledge providers&#8217; social capital&#44; reputations&#44; and free provider-driven knowledge contributions boost their sales of paid knowledge-sharing services&#46;</p><p id="para0093" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To obtain more followers&#44; it can be seen that knowledge providers should improve their social capital by answering questions and interacting with others in the community free of charge&#46; To improve their reputation&#44; they should create high-quality content in the free community&#46; In addition&#44; our research shows that free provider-driven knowledge contributions by knowledge providers depress the sales of a live session&#46; Providers should be careful not to over-provide free knowledge&#44; as it is not good for their product sales&#46; While it may attract new consumers and retain existing ones&#44; consumers may not want to part with their money for knowledge while the free knowledge is readily available&#46; Therefore&#44; providers should be careful about their active content contributions and not post too many articles in the free community&#46;</p><p id="para0094" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our research also shows that it is important for providers to set suitable prices for their knowledge services&#44; as this can relieve the side effects of active free content contribution&#46; This means that when the same degree of free knowledge is obtained&#44; consumers are more likely to buy the dearer products than the cheaper ones&#46; It may be because consumers believe that expensive knowledge products represent better value&#59; that is&#44; the price of paid knowledge products should be appropriate&#44; as cheap is not necessarily good&#46;</p><p id="para0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Meanwhile&#44; the quality of the interaction between the knowledge provider and consumers is critical&#46; Knowledge providers should help consumers to internalize their content by actively responding to questions&#44; as this helps to stimulate consumers&#39; purchase intentions&#46;</p><p id="para0096" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Managers of paid knowledge-sharing platforms should also help to promote the social capital&#44; reputation&#44; of knowledge providers&#46; First&#44; build knowledge communities&#46; Communities can provide opportunities for knowledge providers to participate in social activities&#46; It is easy for knowledge providers to establish social capital and improve reputation in an active knowledge-sharing community so that their knowledge services&#8217; sales are also increased&#46;</p><p id="para0097" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Second&#44; emerging platforms should design features to promote interaction during the knowledge-sharing process&#46; Beyond the real-time Q&#38;As in a live broadcast&#44; there should be interaction chances afterwards&#46; For example&#44; each live session could have a discussion group comprised of all the speakers and paying customers&#46;</p><p id="para0098" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Third&#44; our research suggests that ratings may not be a significant factor in sales of paid knowledge products&#46; Customers prefer an individualized knowledge service to complying with the view of other members&#44; therefore it is critical for platforms to refine their recommendation system&#46; They should recommend knowledge services according to the individual&#39;s requirements and preferences&#44; focusing on differences between customers rather than their common interests&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0028" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0030">Limitations and future research</span><p id="para0099" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study has several limitations that future research may address&#46; First&#44; it did not categorize the market to explore separately knowledge-sharing services&#8217; sales mechanisms&#46; Sub-dimensions of knowledge quality and interaction quality of a knowledge-sharing service in the specific field might have dissimilar influence on sales&#46; For example&#44; customers who purchase knowledge-sharing services in one field &#40;such as stock&#41; may emphasize accuracy and currency more than those purchasing knowledge services in a field such as photography&#46;</p><p id="para0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Second&#44; this study builds only a static model to explain the sales of knowledge-sharing services&#46; Future studies could use machine learning methods&#44; such as a hidden Markov model&#44; to explore a process model to explain dynamically paid knowledge-sharing platforms&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0029" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0031">Conclusion</span><p id="para0101" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study mainly investigated&#44; from a social influence perspective&#44; the influence on sales of knowledge-sharing services by service quality&#44; knowledge providers&#8217; characteristics&#44; and ratings&#46; To explain the role of knowledge providers&#8217; free knowledge contributions we collected data from <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Zhihu Live</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Zhihu</span> to test our research model&#44; and this supported some important hypothesized relationships&#46;</p><p id="para0102" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our main findings reveal that there is indeed informational influence on sales of a live session&#44; where there is a negatively normative influence&#46; Overall&#44; from the perspective of social influence&#44; this study reveals the key factors of the sales of paid knowledge-sharing services&#46; The findings add new knowledge to the field of knowledge services and provide useful insights for researchers and practitioners&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "titulo" => "Introduction"
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        3 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0002"
          "titulo" => "Theoretical background"
          "secciones" => array:2 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0003"
              "titulo" => "Live session&#58; A paid knowledge-sharing service"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0004"
              "titulo" => "Social influence theory&#58; informational and normative influence"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        4 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0005"
          "titulo" => "Hypothesis development"
          "secciones" => array:4 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "sec0006"
              "titulo" => "Informational influence determinants of the quality of paid knowledge-sharing services"
              "secciones" => array:2 [
                0 => array:3 [
                  "identificador" => "sec0007"
                  "titulo" => "Quality of paid knowledge-sharing services"
                  "secciones" => array:2 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "identificador" => "sec0008"
                      "titulo" => "Knowledge quality"
                    ]
                    1 => array:2 [
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                      "titulo" => "Interaction quality"
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                  ]
                ]
                1 => array:3 [
                  "identificador" => "sec0010"
                  "titulo" => "Characteristics of knowledge providers"
                  "secciones" => array:2 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "identificador" => "sec0011"
                      "titulo" => "Social capital"
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                    1 => array:2 [
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                      "titulo" => "Reputation"
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            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0013"
              "titulo" => "Normative influencing factor&#58; ratings"
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            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0014"
              "titulo" => "Free knowledge contribution"
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            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0015"
              "titulo" => "The moderating role of price"
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          "identificador" => "sec0016"
          "titulo" => "Data and Method"
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              "identificador" => "sec0017"
              "titulo" => "Research context and data"
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            1 => array:2 [
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              "titulo" => "Measurements"
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            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0019"
              "titulo" => "Descriptive statistics"
            ]
            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "sec0020"
              "titulo" => "Empirical model and analysis"
              "secciones" => array:2 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "identificador" => "sec0021"
                  "titulo" => "Empirical model"
                ]
                1 => array:2 [
                  "identificador" => "sec0022"
                  "titulo" => "Analysis method"
                ]
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        6 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0023"
          "titulo" => "Results"
        ]
        7 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0024"
          "titulo" => "Discussion"
        ]
        8 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0025"
          "titulo" => "Theoretical and practical implications"
          "secciones" => array:2 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0026"
              "titulo" => "Theoretical implications"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0027"
              "titulo" => "Practical implications"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        9 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0028"
          "titulo" => "Limitations and future research"
        ]
        10 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0029"
          "titulo" => "Conclusion"
        ]
        11 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xack770911"
          "titulo" => "Acknowledgements"
        ]
        12 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "References"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2022-04-17"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2024-05-03"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1870958"
          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Paid knowledge-sharing service"
            1 => "Sales"
            2 => "Text mining"
            3 => "Digital AI"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:1 [
      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abss0001" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spara008" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">With the digital transformation of the global economy&#44; a new mode of knowledge service has emerged on open innovation platforms such as those for the sharing economy&#46; This mode is the paid knowledge-sharing service&#44; where knowledge providers share knowledge with only those who have paid for it&#46; Since an individual customer&#39;s purchases are influenced by others around them&#44; we adopted social influence theory to explain sales of such services on paid knowledge-sharing platforms&#46; A machine learning approach was applied to analyze 27&#44;223 text reviews from the Zhihu Live platform &#40;a well-known and large-scale open knowledge community in China&#41;&#46; Hierarchical regression models were built to verify twelve proposed hypotheses about the knowledge providers&#44; knowledge quality&#44; interaction quality&#44; and ratings&#46; The results confirm the positive effect on sales of responsiveness &#40;a dimension of interaction quality&#41;&#44; and the negative effect on sales of free provider-driven knowledge contributions&#46;</p><p id="spara009" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">In summary&#44; this study provides a comprehensive framework for antecedent factors of sales of knowledge-sharing services&#46; By introducing to knowledge management notions from the field of e-commerce &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; price&#44; quality&#41;&#44; this study broadens the understanding of the free-to-paid phenomenon on knowledge-sharing platforms&#46;</p></span>"
      ]
    ]
    "apendice" => array:1 [
      0 => array:1 [
        "seccion" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "apendice" => "<p id="para0104" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In order to retrieve semantic information from the text of user reviews&#44; these text was projected to a low-dimensional semantic space using Paragraph Vector &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0017">Chen et al&#46;&#44; 2015</a>&#41;&#44; which has proven to be powerful and efficient in multiple text-mining tasks including sentiment analysis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Le &#38; Mikolov&#44; 2014</a>&#41;&#46; After training our semantic model with 27&#44;223 reviews from <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Zhihu Live</span>&#44; each was represented by a K-dimensional&#44; real-valued vector&#46; After several trials with different K values for text features&#44; the optimal number of K was found to be 200&#46;<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0007"></elsevierMultimedia></p> <p id="para0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To simplify the training&#44; the variables&#44; including <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Accuracy&#44; Completeness&#44; Currency&#44;</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Empathy</span>&#44; were considered as dummy variables in our model&#46; Each variable was labeled as either 1 if the review conveys the corresponding meaning&#44; or 0 if it does not mention it&#46; To construct the training set&#44; a portion of the dataset containing 2503 reviews was labeled manually&#46; A deep learning approach&#44; known as XGBoost&#44; was applied to predict the variables of the rest of reviews&#46; To cross-validate the prediction accuracy&#44; all manually labeled data were randomly divided into a training set with 2003 reviews and a cross-validation set with 500 reviews&#46; After training the XGBoost classifier&#44; the prediction for the cross-validation set was compared to the ground truth to validate its reliability&#46; The test result &#40;see <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0007">Table A-1</a>&#41; indicates acceptable reliability for predictions of variables&#44; with an average accuracy of over 0&#46;7 for each variable&#46;</p> <p id="para0106" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although there are some errors in understanding information relating to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Completeness</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Empathy</span>&#44; this can be considered to be an acceptable level&#46; Therefore&#44; our method is reliable to retrieve text information and generate variables for further analysis&#46;</p>"
            "titulo" => "Appendix A"
            "identificador" => "sec0031"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "multimedia" => array:8 [
      0 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "fig0001"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
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          0 => array:4 [
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            "identificador" => "alt0002"
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          "en" => "<p id="spara001" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Theoretical model&#46;</p>"
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        "identificador" => "tbl0001"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
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        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "alt0003"
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        "tabla" => array:1 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0016"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Social influence type&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0017"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Social influence from providers in the paid knowledge-sharing platforms&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0018"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Observable factors in this research&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0019"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="top">Informational influence</td><a name="en0020"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Knowledge quality&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0021"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Accuracy&#44; completeness&#44; currency&#44; format&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0023"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Interaction quality&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0024"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Responsiveness&#44; assurance&#44; empathy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0026"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Knowledge provider characteristics&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0027"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Social capital&#44; reputation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0028"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Normative influence&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0029"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Ratings of knowledge product&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0030"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Ratings&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab3643586.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spara002" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Underlying framework in our research&#58; social influence theory&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      2 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0002"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "alt0004"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:1 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0031"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Item of behavior data&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0032"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Explanation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0033"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Upvote count&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0034"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">The number of positive votes the user has received&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0035"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Times favorited&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0036"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">The number of this user&#39;s replies&#44; threads&#44; and articles collected by other users&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0037"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Times thanked&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0038"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">The number of times this user&#39;s answers have been marked as appreciated by other users&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0039"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Answers posted&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0040"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">The number of answers that this user has posted&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0041"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Articles posted&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0042"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">The number of articles that this user has posted&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0043"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Columns posted&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0044"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">The number of column articles that this user has posted&#46; Zhihu has set several specific article topics&#44; if an article is related to one of these topics&#44; it is a column article&#44; while others belong to the article&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0045"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Follower count&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0046"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">The number of people following this user&#39;s contributions&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab3643589.png"
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            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spara003" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Description of the dataset&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      3 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0003"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "alt0005"
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        "tabla" => array:1 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0047"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Theoretical construct&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0048"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Dimension&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0049"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sub-dimension&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0050"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Definition&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0051"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Measurement&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0052"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variable&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0053"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Quality of Paid Knowledge-Sharing Services</span></span></td><a name="en0054"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Knowledge Quality</span></td><a name="en0055"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Accuracy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0056"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">The degree to which the knowledge is correct&#44; unambiguous&#44; objective&#44; meaningful and reliable &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0102">Wang &#38; Strong&#44; 1996</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0058">Kyoon Yoo et al&#46;&#44; 2011</a>&#41;&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0057"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Number of reviews about accuracy divided by the review count for the product&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0058"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Racc</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0061"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Completeness&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0062"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">The degree to which knowledge is sufficient and the extent to which all relevant contents are covered within the task &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0006">Becerrafernandez &#38; Sabherwal&#44; 2001</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0058">Kyoon Yoo et al&#46;&#44; 2011</a>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0063"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Number of comments about completeness divided by the review count for the product&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0064"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rcom</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0067"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Currency&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0068"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Currency refers to the degree to which knowledge is latest&#44; effective&#44; or to what extent knowledge can accurately reflect the current trends and states &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0073">Nelson &#38; Todd&#44; 2005</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0058">Kyoon Yoo et al&#46;&#44; 2011</a>&#41;&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0069"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Number of comments about currency divided by the review count for the product&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0070"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rcur</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0073"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Format&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0074"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">How knowledge is presented in a way that helps knowledge receivers&#8217; understanding and interpretation &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0073">Nelson &#38; Todd&#44; 2005</a>&#41;&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0075"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Number of attachments uploaded in the Live&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0076"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Qfor</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0078"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Interaction Quality</span></td><a name="en0079"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Responsiveness&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0080"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">The willingness of knowledge providers to assist knowledge customers and provide rapid and agile support &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0002">Akter et al&#46;&#44; 2010</a>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0081"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Number of replies to the answers during the broadcasting&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0082"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Qres</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0085"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Assurance&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0086"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">The providers&#8217; ability to keep their promise about products&#8217; quality&#44; which will help customers to build trust and confidence in the product &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0002">Akter et al&#46;&#44; 2010</a>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0087"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">A binary variable&#44; which values 1 means that this knowledge service is assured to be refunded within seven days without reasons&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0088"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Qass</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0091"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Empathy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0092"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">The ability to understand knowledge customers&#8217; demands and the ability to offer personalized service &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0002">Akter et al&#46;&#44; 2010</a>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0093"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Number of comments about empathy divided by the review count for the product&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0094"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Qemp</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0095"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Knowledge contribution</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0096"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">Provider-driven knowledge contribution&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0097"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0098"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">For provider-driven mode&#44; knowledge providers actively design content themselves for one-to-many promotion&#44; and only seekers who pay for it can get the shared knowledge &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115">Zhang et al&#46;&#44; 2019</a>&#41;&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0099"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Sum of articles posted and columns posted that this user has posted initially without responding to the questions&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0100"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Qpdkc</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0101"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0102"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">Seeker-driven knowledge contribution&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0103"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0104"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Initiated by knowledge seeker&#39;s need to solve the specific problem with paying&#44; and knowledge providers answer questions and get monetary returns &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115">Zhang et al&#46;&#44; 2019</a>&#41;&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0105"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Number of free answers that this user has posted to questions initiated by knowledge seekers&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0106"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Qsdkc</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0107"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Rating</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0108"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0109"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0110"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Member congruence in the virtual community &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">Chou et al&#46;&#44; 2015</a>&#41;&#46; Rating score of a product directly reflects the overall usage experience of customers &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0104">Wang &#38; Yu&#44; 2017</a>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0111"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Mean of rating scores given by customers&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0112"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0113"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Price</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0114"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0115"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0116"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">The actual amount of money the consumer has to pay for the product &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0043">Horton&#44; 1976</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0096">V&#246;lckner&#44; 2008</a>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0117"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">How much money potential customers should pay to get the access to the knowledge service&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0118"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0119"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variable type&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variable&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0121"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Min&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Max&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0123"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0124"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Std&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0125"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="13" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Independent variable</span></span></td><a name="en0126"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Qrep</span></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0127"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0128"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">6&#44;177&#44;643&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0129"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">150&#44;592&#46;41&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0130"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">315&#44;876&#46;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0132"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Qsc</span></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0133"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">35&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0134"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">1&#44;489&#44;540&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0135"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">51&#44;406&#46;61&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0136"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">108&#44;002&#46;57&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0138"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Qsdkc</span></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0139"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0140"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">4531&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0141"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">223&#46;51&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0142"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">393&#46;90&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0144"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Qpdkc</span></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0145"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0146"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">1526&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0147"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">52&#46;56&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0148"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">150&#46;91&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0150"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Racc</span></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0151"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0152"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0153"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;74&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0154"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;69&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0156"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rcom</span></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0157"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0158"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;67&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0159"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0160"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;88&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0162"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rcur</span></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0163"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0164"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;43&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0165"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0166"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0168"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Qfor</span></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0169"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0170"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">181&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0171"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">19&#46;53&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0172"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">22&#46;29&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0174"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Qres</span></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0175"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0176"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">258&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0177"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">29&#46;36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0178"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">33&#46;76&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0180"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Qass</span></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0181"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0182"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">1&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0183"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;38&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0184"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;49&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0186"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Remp</span></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0187"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0188"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;57&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0189"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0190"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0192"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0193"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">4&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0194"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">5&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0195"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">4&#46;54&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0196"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;26&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0198"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0199"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">RMB 5&#46;99&#40;US&#36;0&#46;92&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0200"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">RMB 199&#46;00&#40;US&#36;30&#46;59&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0201"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">RMB 22&#46;69&#40;US&#36;3&#46;52&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0202"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">RMB 18&#46;69&#40;US&#36;2&#46;87&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0203"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Dependent variable</span></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0204"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S</span></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0205"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">50&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0206"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">31&#44;445&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0207"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">1554&#46;54&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0208"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">2966&#46;82&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0209"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0210"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Number of effective cases</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0211"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">777&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0212"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0213"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0214"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab3643590.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spara005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Descriptive statistics&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      5 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 5"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "alt0007"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0215"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0216"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Qrep&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0217"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Qsc&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0218"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Qsdkc&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0219"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Qpdkc&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0220"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Racc&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0221"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Rcom&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0222"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Rcur&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0223"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Qfor&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0224"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Qres&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0225"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Qass&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0226"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Remp&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0227"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">R&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0228"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">P&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0229"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">S&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0230"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Qrep</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0231"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0232"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#46;795<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tb5fn2"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8270;&#8270;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0233"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#46;421<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tb5fn2"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8270;&#8270;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0234"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#46;340<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tb5fn2"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8270;&#8270;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0235"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;111<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tb5fn2"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8270;&#8270;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0236"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;106<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tb5fn2"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8270;&#8270;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0237"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;084<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tb5fn1">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0238"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;013&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0239"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#46;139<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tb5fn2"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8270;&#8270;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0240"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;191<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tb5fn2"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8270;&#8270;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0241"></a><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0453"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;666<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tb6fn3"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8270;&#8270;&#8270;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0454"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">Seeker-driven knowledge contribution &#40;Qsdkc&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0455"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;042&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0456"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;050&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0457"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;024&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0458"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">Provider-driven knowledge contribution &#40;Qpdkc&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0459"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;108<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tb6fn2"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8270;&#8270;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0460"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;092<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tb6fn1">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0461"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;245<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tb6fn1">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0462"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">Accuracy &#40;Racc&#41;&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0463"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;026&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0464"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;023&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0465"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;028&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0466"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">Completeness &#40;Rcom&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0467"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;002&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0468"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0469"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;004&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0470"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">Currency &#40;Rcur&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0471"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;022&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0472"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;017&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0473"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;020&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0474"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">Format &#40;Qfor&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0475"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;013&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0476"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;012&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0477"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;018&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0478"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">Responsiveness &#40;Qres&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0479"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;096<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tb6fn3"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8270;&#8270;&#8270;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0480"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;090<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tb6fn3"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8270;&#8270;&#8270;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0481"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;087<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tb6fn3"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8270;&#8270;&#8270;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0482"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">Assurance &#40;Qass&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0483"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;003&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0484"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;007&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0485"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;007&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0486"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">Empathy &#40;Remp&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0487"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;027&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0488"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;029&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0489"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;033&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0490"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">Rating &#40;R&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0491"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;031<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tb6fn1">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0492"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;025<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tb6fn1">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0493"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;027<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tb6fn1">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0494"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">Price &#40;P&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0495"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0496"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;097<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tb6fn2"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8270;&#8270;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0497"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;002&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0498"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">P <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tb6fn1">&#42;</a> Qrep&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0499"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0500"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0501"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8722;1&#46;19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0502"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">P <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tb6fn1">&#42;</a> Qsc&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0503"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0504"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0505"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8722;2&#46;43<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tb6fn2"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8270;&#8270;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0506"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">P <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tb6fn1">&#42;</a> Qsdkc&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0507"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0508"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0509"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;356&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0510"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">P <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tb6fn1">&#42;</a> Qpdkc&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0511"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0512"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0513"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;934<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tb6fn1">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0514"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">R<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0515"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;249&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0516"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;258&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0517"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;288&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0518"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">Adjusted R<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0519"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;237&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0520"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;245&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0521"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;272&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0522"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">F&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0523"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">21&#46;140&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0524"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">20&#46;411&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0525"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">18&#46;077&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0526"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">&#916;F&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0527"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0528"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">Model 1 vs&#46; 29&#46;006<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tb6fn2"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8270;&#8270;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0529"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">Model 2 vs&#46; 38&#46;040<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tb6fn3"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8270;&#8270;&#8270;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0530"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">&#916;R<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0531"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0532"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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