metricas
covid
Buscar en
Journal of Innovation & Knowledge
Toda la web
Inicio Journal of Innovation & Knowledge Altruistic leadership and its role in reducing knowledge hiding: the mediating e...
Journal Information

Statistics

Follow this link to access the full text of the article

Altruistic leadership and its role in reducing knowledge hiding: the mediating effects of team learning and knowledge culture
Tereza Michalováa,
Corresponding author
tereza.michalova@tul.cz

Corresponding author.
, Kateřina Maršíkováa, Lukáš Falátb, Peter Madzíka
a Department of Business Administration and Management, Technical University of Liberec, Liberec, Czech Republic
b Department of Macro and Microeconomy, University of Žilina, Žilina, Slovakia
Read
68
Times
was read the article
23
Total PDF
45
Total HTML
Share statistics
 array:22 [
  "pii" => "S2444569X24001318"
  "issn" => "2444569X"
  "doi" => "10.1016/j.jik.2024.100592"
  "estado" => "S250"
  "fechaPublicacion" => "2024-10-01"
  "aid" => "100592"
  "copyright" => "The Authors"
  "copyrightAnyo" => "2024"
  "documento" => "article"
  "crossmark" => 1
  "subdocumento" => "fla"
  "abierto" => array:3 [
    "ES" => false
    "ES2" => false
    "LATM" => false
  ]
  "gratuito" => false
  "lecturas" => array:1 [
    "total" => 0
  ]
  "itemSiguiente" => array:17 [
    "pii" => "S2444569X24001379"
    "issn" => "2444569X"
    "doi" => "10.1016/j.jik.2024.100598"
    "estado" => "S250"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "2024-10-01"
    "aid" => "100598"
    "copyright" => "The Author(s)"
    "documento" => "article"
    "crossmark" => 1
    "subdocumento" => "fla"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => false
      "ES2" => false
      "LATM" => false
    ]
    "gratuito" => false
    "lecturas" => array:1 [
      "total" => 0
    ]
    "en" => array:10 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "titulo" => "Data governance & quality management—Innovation and breakthroughs across different fields"
      "tienePdf" => "en"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en"
      "tieneResumen" => "en"
      "contieneResumen" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [
        "original" => 0
        "multimedia" => array:8 [
          "identificador" => "fig0014"
          "etiqueta" => "Fig. 14"
          "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
          "mostrarFloat" => true
          "mostrarDisplay" => false
          "figura" => array:1 [
            0 => array:4 [
              "imagen" => "gr14.jpeg"
              "Alto" => 648
              "Ancho" => 1500
              "Tamanyo" => 15329
            ]
          ]
          "detalles" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "alt0021"
              "detalle" => "Fig 1"
              "rol" => "short"
            ]
          ]
          "descripcion" => array:1 [
            "en" => "<p id="spara014" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Business analytics taxonomy&#46; Adapted from <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0117">Riggins and Klamm &#40;2017&#41;</a>&#46;</p>"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "autores" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "Bruno Miguel Vital Bernardo, Henrique S&#227;o Mamede, Jo&#227;o Manuel Pereira Barroso, V&#237;tor Manuel Pereira Duarte dos Santos"
          "autores" => array:4 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Bruno Miguel Vital"
              "apellidos" => "Bernardo"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Henrique S&#227;o"
              "apellidos" => "Mamede"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Jo&#227;o Manuel Pereira"
              "apellidos" => "Barroso"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "V&#237;tor Manuel Pereira Duarte"
              "apellidos" => "dos Santos"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2444569X24001379?idApp=UINPBA00004N"
    "url" => "/2444569X/0000000900000004/v28_202411010447/S2444569X24001379/v28_202411010447/en/main.assets"
  ]
  "itemAnterior" => array:17 [
    "pii" => "S2444569X24001306"
    "issn" => "2444569X"
    "doi" => "10.1016/j.jik.2024.100591"
    "estado" => "S250"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "2024-10-01"
    "aid" => "100591"
    "copyright" => "The Authors"
    "documento" => "article"
    "crossmark" => 1
    "subdocumento" => "fla"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => false
      "ES2" => false
      "LATM" => false
    ]
    "gratuito" => false
    "lecturas" => array:1 [
      "total" => 0
    ]
    "en" => array:10 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "titulo" => "Metaverse applications and supply chain innovation&#58; insights from text mining"
      "tienePdf" => "en"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en"
      "tieneResumen" => "en"
      "contieneResumen" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [
        "original" => 0
        "multimedia" => array:8 [
          "identificador" => "fig0003"
          "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 3"
          "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
          "mostrarFloat" => true
          "mostrarDisplay" => false
          "figura" => array:1 [
            0 => array:4 [
              "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg"
              "Alto" => 1744
              "Ancho" => 2500
              "Tamanyo" => 403378
            ]
          ]
          "detalles" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "alt0007"
              "detalle" => "Fig "
              "rol" => "short"
            ]
          ]
          "descripcion" => array:1 [
            "en" => "<p id="spara003" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Cosine similarity matrix for LDA model and Bertopic model&#46;</p>"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "autores" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "Maryam Mahdikhani, Purushottam Meena"
          "autores" => array:2 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Maryam"
              "apellidos" => "Mahdikhani"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Purushottam"
              "apellidos" => "Meena"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2444569X24001306?idApp=UINPBA00004N"
    "url" => "/2444569X/0000000900000004/v28_202411010447/S2444569X24001306/v28_202411010447/en/main.assets"
  ]
  "en" => array:18 [
    "idiomaDefecto" => true
    "titulo" => "Altruistic leadership and its role in reducing knowledge hiding&#58; the mediating effects of team learning and knowledge culture"
    "tieneTextoCompleto" => true
    "autores" => array:1 [
      0 => array:4 [
        "autoresLista" => "Tereza Michalov&#225;, Kate&#345;ina Mar&#353;&#237;kov&#225;, Luk&#225;&#353; Fal&#225;t, Peter Madz&#237;k"
        "autores" => array:4 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "nombre" => "Tereza"
            "apellidos" => "Michalov&#225;"
            "email" => array:1 [
              0 => "tereza.michalova@tul.cz"
            ]
            "referencia" => array:2 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0001"
              ]
              1 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span>"
                "identificador" => "cor0001"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          1 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Kate&#345;ina"
            "apellidos" => "Mar&#353;&#237;kov&#225;"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0001"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          2 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Luk&#225;&#353;"
            "apellidos" => "Fal&#225;t"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0002"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          3 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Peter"
            "apellidos" => "Madz&#237;k"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0001"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "afiliaciones" => array:2 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Department of Business Administration and Management&#44; Technical University of Liberec&#44; Liberec&#44; Czech Republic"
            "etiqueta" => "a"
            "identificador" => "aff0001"
          ]
          1 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Department of Macro and Microeconomy&#44; University of &#381;ilina&#44; &#381;ilina&#44; Slovakia"
            "etiqueta" => "b"
            "identificador" => "aff0002"
          ]
        ]
        "correspondencia" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "cor0001"
            "etiqueta" => "&#8270;"
            "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author&#46;"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [
      "original" => 0
      "multimedia" => array:9 [
        "identificador" => "fig0001"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "fuente" => "Source&#58; Authors&#8217; elaboration&#46;"
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1377
            "Ancho" => 3167
            "Tamanyo" => 161786
          ]
        ]
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "alt0002"
            "detalle" => "Fig "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spara001" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Conceptual model of the study&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0001" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0004">Introduction</span><p id="para0001" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Due to the high competition levels that markets face today&#44; organizations must engage in a continuous learning process&#46; Knowledge is the core component of the learning process and encompasses knowledge acquisition&#44; integration&#44; and leverage&#46; Knowledge is a critical factor that contributes positively to obtaining a competitive advantage for an organization &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0094">Pradhan et al&#46;&#44; 2019</a>&#41;&#46; Knowledge management is a process through which organizations try to manage knowledge effectively&#46; An essential aspect of knowledge management and sharing is the team leader&#39;s role&#44; which influences the knowledge-sharing culture of an organization&#46; Leadership is a process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0039">Kotter&#44; 1999</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="para0002" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study explores the role of leaders&#44; specifically the altruistic approach to leadership&#44; in knowledge management&#46; Leaders must respond to changing business requirements in an agile&#44; fast&#44; and flexible manner&#46; The rapidly changing markets&#44; dynamic information flows&#44; and drive to replicate successful products&#44; services&#44; or processes push organizations to rely increasingly on leadership and knowledge to enhance performance&#46; Digital transformation is part of the overall challenge that organizations need to navigate &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0003">Andrej et al&#46;&#44; 2023</a>&#41;&#46; Leader-led knowledge management is an important part of this process&#59; thus&#44; in the digital era&#44; managers must adapt their knowledge&#44; skills&#44; and abilities to successfully drive digital transformation within the organization &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0053">Rakovic et al&#46;&#44; 2024</a>&#41;&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0084">Khalil et al&#46; &#40;2021&#41;</a> suggested that leadership is essential for promoting employee knowledge-sharing behavior&#46; This also corresponds with the findings of <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">Chiang and Chen &#40;2020&#41;</a>&#44; who note that a supportive leader intrinsically motivates employees to create a knowledge-sharing environment&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0016">Chen et al&#46; &#40;2024&#41;</a> claimed that knowledge management positively affects knowledge creation&#46; Furthermore&#44; as <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0003">Andrej et al&#46; &#40;2023&#41;</a> mention&#44; leaders who do not recognize the importance of managing knowledge limit the development of organizations and endanger their existence&#46;</p><p id="para0003" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">Czarnecka and Dar&#243;czi &#40;2017&#41;</a>&#44; companies should focus on employee development because employee knowledge and newly acquired competencies and skills are sources of organizational innovation&#44; especially in today&#39;s rapidly changing business environment&#46; Human capital is a key driver of innovation and competitiveness&#44; shaping a company&#39;s uniqueness and acquiring skills&#44; capabilities&#44; knowledge&#44; expertise &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0019">Costa et al&#46;&#44; 2023</a>&#41;&#44; and innovation&#44; especially in the global knowledge environment &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0046">Mehralian et al&#46;&#44; 2013</a>&#41;&#46; Organizations achieve their desired goals through the behaviors and skills of their employees&#46; Linking knowledge management and human resources is a highly integrated approach &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0004">Antunes &#38; Pinheiro&#44; 2020</a>&#41;&#46; Moreover&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0002">Abzari and Teimouri &#40;2008&#41;</a> state that a company&#39;s ability to integrate&#44; transfer&#44; and use new knowledge determines its level of organizational innovation&#44; such as its ability to respond more quickly to challenges or new information&#46; Several challenges and barriers affect knowledge creation&#44; sharing&#44; and management&#46; One of the challenges in managing knowledge is motivating employees to share knowledge with others and not engage in counterproductive knowledge behaviors&#46; When employees do not share knowledge&#44; it is called knowledge hiding&#46; According to <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0017">Connelly et al&#46; &#40;2012&#41;</a>&#44; knowledge hiding is &#8220;an intentional attempt by an individual to withhold or conceal knowledge that another person has requested&#46;&#8221; Knowledge hiding involves three behaviors &#40;dimensions&#41;&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">playing dumb &#40;PD&#41;&#44; rationalized hiding &#40;RH&#41;&#44; and evasive hiding &#40;EH&#41;</span>&#46; Furthermore&#44; knowledge hiding depends on leadership style&#44; cultural background&#44; and organizational structure&#46; These authors also mention that knowledge hiding does not necessarily harm an individual or an organization &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0017">Connelly et al&#46;&#44; 2012</a>&#41;&#46; The mechanisms that lead people to hide knowledge in work teams have not been sufficiently mapped&#44; and the factors that cause knowledge hiding and their interrelationships have not yet been fully explored&#46; According to <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0062">Wang and Wang&#39;s &#40;2023&#41;</a> bibliometric analysis&#44; topics such as knowledge hiding&#44; innovation&#44; and knowledge spillover appear to be popular&#44; with various research lines emerging from these core concepts&#46; Recently&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0058">&#352;kerlavaj et al&#46; &#40;2023&#41;</a> conducted a meta-analysis &#40;10 years after the first seminal paper on knowledge hiding&#41; in which they found that knowledge hiding acts as a mediator for most specified relationships in the literature on job design and individual and leadership phenomena&#44; leading to task performance&#44; organizational citizenship behavior&#44; creativity&#44; and deviance&#46; The authors also mentioned that it is likely that positive leadership styles&#44; such as transformational leadership&#44; can help decrease the occurrence of knowledge-hiding behaviors within teams and organizations &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0058">&#352;kerlavaj et al&#46;&#44; 2023</a>&#41;&#46; However&#44; to our knowledge&#44; only a few studies have examined knowledge hiding in this context with different mediator effects &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0001">Abdillah et al&#46;&#44; 2022</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">He &#38; Wei&#44; 2022</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0054">Salas-Vallina &#38; Alegre&#44; 2018</a>&#41;&#46; Knowledge hiding is a behavioral approach of employees in an organization concerning their work&#59; however&#44; there is very little literature specifically available on employees&#8217; knowledge-hiding behavior and how leadership&#44; in connection with team learning &#40;TL&#41; and knowledge culture &#40;KC&#41;&#44; can influence these tendencies&#46;</p><p id="para0004" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To fill this research gap and address the lack of empirical investigations&#44; this study aimed to empirically explain the impact of altruistic leadership &#40;AL&#41; on knowledge hiding using two mediators&#58; TL and KC&#46; This study empirically demonstrates the link between AL and knowledge-hiding behavior&#44; specifically regarding the dimensions of PD and RH&#46; Consequently&#44; to advance the literature on knowledge hiding&#44; this study proposes a theoretical model explaining the indirect effect of AL on knowledge hiding&#46; This study contributes to a better understanding of the impact of specific factors on team knowledge hiding&#46;</p><p id="para0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Considering the importance of eliminating knowledge hiding&#44; we examined three positive factors that could reduce employees&#8217; knowledge-hiding attempts&#58; AL&#44; TL&#44; and KC&#46; Thus&#44; the authors examined a positive approach to eliminating the negative consequences of knowledge-hiding behavior in their structural model&#46;</p><p id="para0006" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The following research question was formulated&#58;</p><p id="para0007" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">How does AL contribute to eliminating knowledge-hiding behavior among team members&#63;</p><p id="para0008" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To answer this research question&#44; fourteen hypotheses were developed and tested using primary data obtained from Slovakian companies&#46; This study had the following objectives&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="celist0001"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="celistitem0001"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1&#46;</span><p id="para0009" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Determine the impact of AL on employees&#8217; knowledge-hiding behavior&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="celistitem0002"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;</span><p id="para0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Analyze the relationship between AL and the mediating effects of TL and KC on knowledge hiding&#46;</p></li></ul></p><p id="para0011" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The structure of the paper is as follows&#46; First&#44; the literature review covers the theoretical framework of AL&#44; TL&#44; and knowledge hiding&#46; Based on this&#44; the hypotheses are proposed in the same section&#46; The analysis section describes the research methodology and collected data&#46; Next&#44; we present the results of our empirical investigation&#46; The paper concludes with a summary of the potential practical and theoretical implications&#44; as well as the limitations of the research&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0002" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0005">Literature review and hypothesis development</span><span id="sec0003" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0006">Knowledge&#44; knowledge management&#44; and learning</span><p id="para0012" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The concept of knowledge is complex and ambiguous &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">Davenport &#38; Prusak&#44; 1998</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0066">Zaim&#44; Keceli&#44; Jaradat &#38; Kastrati&#44; 2018</a>&#41;&#46; Its definitions focus on combining data and information to create valuable intangible assets&#44; which can aid decision-making and&#47;or be used productively in an organization&#46; According to <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">Davenport and Prusak 1998</a>&#44; &#40;p&#46; 5&#41;&#58; &#8220;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">knowledge is a human&#44; highly personal asset that represents the pooled expertise&#44; efforts of networks and alliances</span>&#8221;&#46; Knowledge is a key resource for firms with high strategic potential&#44; and the ability to manage knowledge has been identified as a prerequisite for innovation success &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0088">Martinez-Conesa et al&#46;&#44; 2017</a>&#41;&#46; Knowledge exists at different organizational levels&#44; such as individuals&#44; groups&#44; and organizations &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0082">Ipe&#44; 2003</a>&#41;&#46; In general&#44; knowledge is considered information stored in the human mind&#44; and based on this&#44; knowledge transformation from individuals to organizations takes place &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0051">Paudel&#44; 2020</a>&#41;&#46; The most well-known classification of knowledge is based on <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0089">Nonaka &#40;1991&#41;</a>&#44; which distinguishes knowledge into &#8220;tacit&#8221; and &#8220;explicit&#46;&#8221; The concept of tacit knowledge encompasses knowledge that is not articulated&#44; readily visible&#44; or is difficult to formalize and express &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0091">Nonaka &#38; Takeuchi&#44; 1995</a>&#41;&#46; Tacit knowledge is associated with the senses&#44; motor skills&#44; and intuition and is the basis of organizational knowledge creation theory&#46; It is also possible to encounter a situation in which the owner of tacit knowledge is unaware of his&#47;her acquired skills&#44; which can lead to challenges if the knowledge is captured and shared further&#46; Given the variety of uses of tacit knowledge&#44; this type can be described as knowledge that cannot be formally recorded &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0081">Cho et al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="para0013" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Explicit knowledge can be defined as objective or rational knowledge expressed in various forms&#44; verbally&#44; numerically&#44; or through formulas &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0081">Cho et al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#41;&#46; Explicit knowledge is formally and systematically expressed in words and numbers and documented through drawings&#44; written materials&#44; scientific formulas&#44; codified procedures&#44; or policies &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Nonaka&#44; 1994</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0092">Nonaka &#38; von Krogh&#44; 2009</a>&#41;&#46; The role of explicit knowledge is related to changing technological or management practices and processes that are clearly defined and formalized in the organization&#39;s environment&#46; If properly managed&#44; knowledge can provide organizations with a significant competitive advantage over their competitors &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0076">Davidavi&#269;ien&#279; et al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="para0014" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Knowledge management strategies promote knowledge sharing by connecting people to others and linking them to information so that they can learn from documented experiences &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0006">Armstrong &#38; Taylor&#44; 2023</a>&#41;&#46; The concept of encoding and transferring knowledge in organizations is not new&#59; employee training and development programs&#44; organizational policies&#44; routines&#44; procedures&#44; reports&#44; and manuals have performed this function for many years &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">Alavi &#38; Leidner&#44; 1999</a>&#41;&#46; Knowledge management&#44; like the concept of knowledge&#44; is difficult to define &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0073">Bego&#241;a Lloria&#44; 2008</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0078">Earl&#44; 2001</a>&#41;&#46; However&#44; defining knowledge management may be easier than defining knowledge per se&#46; In today&#39;s economy&#44; knowledge management is critical to building human capital capacity in almost any organization &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0087">Majeed&#44; 2009</a>&#41;&#46; Knowledge management aims to enhance organizational performance by explicitly designing and implementing tools&#44; processes&#44; systems&#44; structures&#44; and cultures to improve the creation&#44; sharing&#44; and use of all types of knowledge &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0042">Long &#38; Fahey&#44; 2000</a>&#41;&#46; An analysis of the current literature shows that many definitions of knowledge management differ in the interests&#44; perspectives&#44; and issues presented by different authors&#46; According to &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0083">Kaur&#44; 2019</a>&#44; p&#46; 37&#41;&#58; &#8220;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Knowledge management refers to a set of processes aimed at the effective management as well as use of organizational knowledge that can subsequently facilitate the firm to create value&#44; improve performance and gain strategic advantage over other market players</span>&#46;&#8221; The ability to manage knowledge is a mechanism that deliberately and continuously creates knowledge in an organization and ensures its use in creating knowledge synergies &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0024">Fal&#225;t et al&#46;&#44; 2023</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0083">Kaur&#44; 2019</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0061">von Krogh et al&#46;&#44; 2001</a>&#41;&#46; According to <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0096">Singh &#40;2008&#41;</a>&#44; knowledge management facilitates knowledge sharing and establishes learning as a continuous organizational process&#46; According to <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0072">Argote and Miron-Spektor 2011</a>&#44; &#40;p&#46; 5&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#8220;Organizational learning is a change in an organization that occurs when the organization acquires new experiences&#46;</span>&#8221; Depending on the type&#44; experience can also be called knowledge&#44; which can be embedded in individuals&#44; repositories&#44; routines&#44; or memory systems&#46; Many authors emphasize the importance of individuals&#8217; professional development in enhancing organizational learning and development&#44; as acquiring new skills can benefit organizations in creating&#44; capturing&#44; and sharing knowledge&#46; TL results from collaboration and communication&#44; which increase team members&#8217; shared understanding of their tasks&#44; resources&#44; teams&#44; and contexts &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0023">Edmondson et al&#46;&#44; 2007</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0069">Zhang &#38; Min&#44; 2019</a>&#41;&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0067">Zellmer-Bruhn and Gibson &#40;2006&#41;</a> defined it as the effort of individuals working in groups to achieve a common goal&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0093">Pandey et al&#46; &#40;2019&#41;</a> mentioned that TL plays a crucial role in learning organizations in which individuals strive to complete their assigned goals&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0004" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0007">New forms of leadership in the digital age</span><p id="para0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Leadership is essential for promoting knowledge sharing and subsequent learning within organizations&#46; Leadership styles vary across leaders and industries&#44; leading to diverse approaches and strategies&#46; Leadership is connected to employee behavior&#44; a psychological approach to improving efficiency&#46; In recent years&#44; with the rise of the digital era and Industry 4&#46;0&#44; the authors have begun to discuss transformational leadership styles that are considered crucial in digital leadership and involve digital technology&#46; The potential benefit of technology for any business is its ability to stimulate collaborative work&#44; thereby producing dramatic changes in the culture and practices of knowledge management &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0012">Bratianu &#38; Bejinaru&#44; 2019</a>&#41;&#46; Digital leadership is gaining increasing attention&#44; emphasizing the importance of leaders developing technological skills and implementing technology wisely &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0048">Musaigwa &#38; Kalitanyi&#44; 2024</a>&#41;&#46; A review of existing leadership concepts shows that transformational leadership follows a leader&#39;s vision for the future&#46; This seems particularly relevant in digitalization&#44; as it offers technological possibilities that many still find difficult to imagine &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0031">Hensellek&#44; 2020</a>&#41;&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0009">Bass &#40;1985&#41;</a> first proposed a framework for transformational and transactional leadership&#46;</p><p id="para0016" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Transactional leadership is considered the traditional form of leadership within organizations &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">Burns&#44; 1978</a>&#41;&#44; and it involves an exchange between leaders and followers to fulfill their self-interests&#46; By contrast&#44; transformational leadership seeks to operate beyond self-interest&#44; motivating visionary and enthusiastic leaders to embrace and promote adaptive learning&#46; This approach involves blending existing and new knowledge&#44; experimenting&#44; and encouraging others to do so &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0014">Bucic et al&#46;&#44; 2010</a>&#41;&#46; Despite the clear distinction between transformational and transactional leadership styles&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0009">Bass &#40;1985&#41;</a> suggests that transformational leadership is an extension of transactional leadership&#59; therefore&#44; a leader can simultaneously be both or neither&#46; However&#44; leader- or ego-centered leadership models do not work in today&#39;s digital age&#39;s knowledge and creative economies &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0036">Jakubik &#38; Berazhny&#44; 2017</a>&#41;&#46; Therefore&#44; a new leadership approach should be applied where the leader is not at the center&#46; According to <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">Bass and Riggio &#40;2005&#41;</a>&#44; transformational leaders focus on developing and empowering their followers&#44; which is a key aspect of altruistic behavior&#46;</p><p id="para0017" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Therefore&#44; AL&#44; also known as human-centered leadership&#44; emphasizes great attention to employees&#8217; needs and sacrifices self-interest to benefit them &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">He &#38; Wei&#44; 2022</a>&#41;&#46; This could be the perfect way to navigate leadership in the current economy&#46; Altruism influences positive employee attitudes&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0008">Altruistic leadership and knowledge hiding</span><p id="para0018" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0049">Obrenovic et al&#46; &#40;2020&#41;</a> state that altruism is an antecedent of knowledge-sharing intentions&#44; claiming that it is positively associated with the continuance of knowledge-sharing intentions&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0008">Barghouti et al&#46; &#40;2022&#41;</a> define altruism as an intentional&#44; voluntary behavior that does not anticipate anything in return&#46; Based on the results of <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">Oliver and Kandadi &#40;2006&#41;</a>&#44; the expression of positive leadership characteristics at various levels of management is a vital aspect in developing a KC in organizations&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0013">Brown and Trevi&#241;o &#40;2006&#41;</a> claim that authentic&#44; transformational&#44; servant and spiritual leaders are motivated by altruism &#40;rather than self-interest&#41; and demonstrate genuine care and concern for others &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0044">Mall&#233;n et al&#46;&#44; 2015</a>&#41;&#46; AL is defined as guiding others toward the ultimate goal of improving their well-being&#46; Altruistic leaders emphasize employees&#8217; needs and sacrifice self-interest to benefit them&#46; By drawing on subordinates&#8217; ideals and emotions&#44; altruistic leaders seek to motivate them to develop dedication and passion &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">He &#38; Wei&#44; 2022</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0054">Salas-Vallina et al&#46;&#44; 2018</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="para0019" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0037">Kanungo and Mendonca &#40;1996&#41;</a>&#44; altruistic leaders are much more effective than selfish leaders&#44; who are likely to create a cooperative and trustworthy atmosphere that encourages participation and experimentation and facilitates learning and risk-taking&#46; Research has shown that individual-focused empowering leadership can improve the relationship between supervisors and subordinates and inhibit knowledge hiding &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0041">Lin et al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#41;&#46; Altruistic leader behavior encourages the learning of individuals and teams &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0079">Fry et al&#46;&#44; 2005</a>&#41;&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0077">Dinh et al&#46; 2014</a>&#44; &#40;p&#46; 42&#41; posit that most existing theories&#44; including transformational leadership&#44; fail to investigate altruistic leader behaviors sufficiently&#46; This idea can be further examined in the context of the broaden-and-build theory&#44; which states that experiences of positive emotions broaden people&#39;s momentary thought-action repertoires and increase the likelihood that they will help those in need &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0001">Abdillah et al&#46;&#44; 2022</a>&#41;&#46; Social exchange theory is the second most well-known and fundamental concept&#44; positing that people interact with others based on a self-interested assessment of the costs and benefits of such interactions &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">Jahan &#38; Kim&#44; 2021</a>&#41;&#46; In this study&#44; both general approaches influenced the knowledge-hiding aspect&#46; Some empirical research links altruistic behavior with the performance of individuals and teams &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0044">Mall&#233;n et al&#46;&#44; 2015</a>&#41;&#46; Research on AL and knowledge-hiding behaviors is limited to the best of our knowledge&#46; According to <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0049">Obrenovic et al&#46; &#40;2020&#41;</a>&#44; altruistic individuals are receptive to the needs of others&#44; consider the expectations of relevant others&#44; and tend to seek insights&#46; Because of this outward orientation&#44; they conformed to existing social norms&#46; Altruistic individuals share knowledge with other members when team norms require such knowledge&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">Yao et al&#46; &#40;2023&#41;</a> state that as knowledge hiding rises&#44; other colleagues may feel that the &#8220;altruistic&#8221; individual&#8212;who usually proactively shares his&#47;her knowledge&#8212;is not as trustworthy as they thought&#44; generating negative thoughts about the knowledge sharer&#46; In addition&#44; altruism contributes significantly to members&#8217; willingness to continue sharing knowledge &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0068">Zhang et al&#46;&#44; 2010</a>&#41;&#46; Therefore&#44; altruistic leaders should foster a positive work environment in which employees will be open to sharing their knowledge and will not tend to hide their knowledge from coworkers&#46; According to <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0001">Abdillah et al&#46; &#40;2022&#41;</a>&#44; AL has two functions in preventing knowledge-hiding behaviors&#46; First&#44; it acts as a positive affective experience for subordinates&#44; which can induce positive emotions&#44; preventing them from engaging in knowledge-hiding behaviors&#46; Second&#44; subordinates may perceive AL as a unique socio-emotional resource&#44; establishing a high-quality relationship between the leader and subordinates and potentially preventing them from engaging in knowledge-hiding behaviors&#46; Based on the literature review&#44; this study developed the following hypotheses&#58;</p><p id="para9001" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleEnunciation" id="enun0001"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">H1</span><p id="para0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">AL positively affects KC within the organization&#46;</p></span></p><p id="para9002" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleEnunciation" id="enun0002"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">H2</span><p id="para0021" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">AL negatively affects RH in knowledge hiding within the organization&#46;</p></span></p><p id="para9003" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleEnunciation" id="enun0003"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">H3</span><p id="para0022" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">AL negatively affects FI in knowledge hiding within the organization&#46;</p></span></p><p id="para0023" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These hypotheses were formulated based on the expectation that AL fosters an environment of high trust and openness among employees&#44; reducing the likelihood of knowledge-hiding behaviors while promoting collaborative knowledge-sharing within teams&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0006" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0009">Team learning and knowledge hiding</span><p id="para0024" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Acquiring&#44; sharing&#44; and integrating new knowledge from outside and inside a company results in organizational learning &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0018">Crossan et al&#46;&#44; 1999</a>&#41;&#46; Some scholars have argued that an organization&#39;s only source of sustained competitive advantage is its individual members&#39; collective knowledge and experience &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">Argyris &#38; Sch&#246;n&#44; 1978</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0038">Kohli et al&#46;&#44; 1998</a>&#41;&#46; In this knowledge-intensive age&#44; knowledge sharing is a crucial learning tactic for maintaining one&#39;s knowledge and abilities&#46; It often goes beyond a one-way transfer of knowledge&#44; leading to reciprocal learning through feedback on the usefulness of the knowledge received &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0043">Lu et al&#46;&#44; 2012</a>&#41;&#46; Knowledge hiding can lead to communication errors and insufficient feedback-seeking&#44; resulting in a lower quality of TL&#44; as newly acquired knowledge is less effective &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0069">Zhang &#38; Min&#44; 2019</a>&#41;&#46; Studies have also revealed that knowledge hiding significantly impairs absorptive capacity and TL &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">Fong et al&#46;&#44; 2018</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0029">He et al&#46;&#44; 2021</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0069">Zhang &#38; Min&#44; 2019</a>&#41;&#46; Based on the literature review&#44; the following hypotheses are presented&#58;</p><p id="para9004" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleEnunciation" id="enun0004"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">H4</span><p id="para0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">TL negatively affects the dimension of RH in knowledge hiding&#46;</p></span></p><p id="para9005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleEnunciation" id="enun0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">H5</span><p id="para0026" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">TL negatively affects the dimension of PD in knowledge hiding&#46;</p></span></p><p id="para0027" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These hypotheses aim to explore how team learning affects knowledge-hiding behaviors among employees&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0007" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0010">Altruistic leadership and its relationship to team learning</span><p id="para0028" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Compared with other human-centered leadership styles &#40;such as spiritual&#44; authentic&#44; ethical&#44; and servant leadership&#41;&#44; AL places a strong emphasis on subordinates&#39; needs and demonstrates a willingness to sacrifice self-interest to support them &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0001">Abdillah et al&#46;&#44; 2022</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">Salas-Vallina et al&#46;&#44; 2018</a>&#41;&#46; The proponents of these principles argue that leaders whose actions embody AL can empathize with employees&#44; ultimately preventing them from hiding their knowledge&#46; Altruistic behavior is conceptually described as a person&#39;s propensity to engage in voluntary acts that benefit others by putting aside selfish interests without anticipating benefits &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0001">Abdillah et al&#46;&#44; 2022</a>&#41;&#46; Altruistic leaders prioritize subordinates&#39; well-being over their own&#44; demonstrating self-care for welfare &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0001">Abdillah et al&#46;&#44; 2022</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0007">Barbuto &#38; Wheeler&#44; 2006</a>&#41;&#46; Therefore&#44; altruism within organizations may enhance participatory decision-making&#44; a crucial component of the learning process&#46; Partner communication is promoted when someone willingly helps or cooperates in a task&#46; Altruistic actions increase the likelihood of contact and interaction with others because they are intended to help or collaborate &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0027">Guinot et al&#46;&#44; 2016</a>&#41;&#46; Thus&#44; organizations that foster an altruistic culture seem to support learning&#44; which is closely associated with resilience &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0008">Barghouti et al&#46;&#44; 2022</a>&#41;&#46; This suggests that a shared aspect of leadership&#44; such as altruism&#44; might be present in most leadership styles and could be a key factor in promoting learning &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0054">Salas-Vallina &#38; Alegre&#44; 2018</a>&#41;&#46; Leadership style is one of the aspects mentioned in the organizational learning literature that identifies it as essential for developing organizational learning or organizational learning capability &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0011">Berson et al&#46;&#44; 2006</a>&#41;&#46; Based on the literature review&#44; the following hypothesis is proposed&#58;</p><p id="para9006" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleEnunciation" id="enun0006"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">H6</span><p id="para0029" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">AL positively affects TL within the organization&#46;</p></span></p><p id="para0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Formulated hypotheses aim to explore how altruistic leadership affects team learning&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0008" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0011">Team learning&#44; its relationship with knowledge culture&#44; and their mediation effect on knowledge hiding</span><p id="para0031" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">TL is a process in which a group of team members reflects on feedback and adjusts for improvement &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0014">Bucic et al&#46;&#44; 2010</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0022">Edmondson&#44; 1999</a>&#41;&#46; In the literature&#44; organizational learning is presented in two main ways&#58; learning as a process and learning as an outcome &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0022">Edmondson&#44; 1999</a>&#41;&#46; From a process perspective at the group level&#44; learning is <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#8220;an ongoing process of reflection and action&#44; characterized by asking questions&#44; seeking feedback&#44; experimenting&#44; reflecting on results&#44; and discussing errors or unexpected outcomes of actions&#8221;</span> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0022">Edmondson&#44; 1999</a>&#44; p&#46; 353&#41;&#46; According to studies emphasizing learning as an outcome&#44; TL is defined as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#8220;the extent to which organizational learning processes can improve the understanding of market conditions&#44; project management&#44; and technology innovation&#8221;</span> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0069">Zhang &#38; Min&#44; 2019</a>&#44; p&#46; 228&#41;&#46; Research on task mastery suggests that TL is an outcome of collaboration and communication&#44; which increases team members&#39; shared understanding of tasks&#44; resources&#44; teams&#44; and contexts&#46; This field of study examines how teams use each other&#39;s skills and knowledge to increase the quantity and quality of knowledge available for task execution &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0023">Edmondson et al&#46;&#44; 2007</a>&#41;&#46; However&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0023">Edmondson et al&#46; &#40;2007&#41;</a> also state that TL is a useful abstraction that does not imply innovative products or product development&#46; According to <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0069">Zhang and Min &#40;2019&#41;</a>&#44; TL partially mediates the association between knowledge hiding and project team performance&#46;</p><p id="para0032" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">KC is a set of norms and practices that create conditions for knowledge flow within an organization&#44; thereby supporting knowledge processes &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0033">Islam et al&#46;&#44; 2015</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">McDermott &#38; O&#39;Dell&#44; 2001</a>&#41;&#46; Moreover&#44; according to the knowledge management literature&#44; several elements influence the creation and development of a KC&#46; These include organizational structure&#44; people&#44; reward systems&#44; leadership&#44; business processes&#44; and information systems &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0021">Drucker&#44; 1999</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0028">Gupta &#38; Govindarajan&#44; 2000</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0042">Long &#38; Fahey&#44; 2000</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0064">Wenger et al&#46;&#44; 2002</a>&#41;&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">Oliver and Kandadi &#40;2006&#41;</a> proposed a ten-factor framework to develop an organizational KC&#46; These factors are as follows&#58; leadership &#40;employee empowerment and leadership at all managerial levels&#41;&#44; evangelization &#40;communication of KM benefits&#41;&#44; infrastructure &#40;knowledge system&#41;&#44; physical environment &#40;shared spaces&#41;&#44; reward systems &#40;recognition of employees&#8217; KM initiatives by providing incentives&#41;&#44; process management &#40;optimization of KPIs for KM&#41;&#44; communities of practice &#40;collaborative infrastructure and support of physical events within the company&#41;&#44; recruitment &#40;hiring employees with a knowledge-sharing aptitude&#41;&#44; time allocation &#40;dedicating time for knowledge sharing and creation&#41;&#44; and organizational structure &#40;hybrid structures with functional roles&#41;&#46; The authors propose managing all these factors to foster an organization&#39;s KC&#46; The above shows how complex the KC is and how many factors must be controlled to ensure successful knowledge management practices&#46; The following hypothesis is based on the review of the literature&#58;</p><p id="para9007" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleEnunciation" id="enun0007"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">H7</span><p id="para0033" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">TL positively affects KC within the organization&#46;</p></span></p><p id="para0034" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Formulated hypotheses aim to explore how team learning affects knowledge culture in the organization&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0009" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0012">Mediators between altruistic leadership&#44; rationalized hiding&#44; and playing dumb</span><p id="para0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">Oliver and Kandadi &#40;2006</a>&#44; p&#46; 8&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">KC is &#8220;a way of organizational life that enables and motivates people to create&#44; share&#44; and utilize knowledge for the benefit and enduring success of the organization</span>&#46;&#8221; Other authors define KC as organizational beliefs and values that can facilitate or hinder knowledge processes &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0032">Intezari et al&#46;&#44; 2017</a>&#41;&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0057">Serenko and Bontis &#40;2016&#41;</a> state that a solid organizational KC supports desirable knowledge behaviors&#46; They further added that the availability of organizational knowledge management systems and policies alone does not reduce knowledge-hiding behaviors&#59; rather&#44; a KC may reduce such negative behaviors&#46; According to <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0032">Intezari et al&#46; &#40;2017&#41;</a>&#44; KC includes knowledge management processes such as sharing&#44; storage&#44; and implementation&#46; As <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0017">Connelly et al&#46; &#40;2012&#41;</a> state&#44; a knowledge-sharing culture has been closely linked to the extent to which organization members can accept and adopt knowledge-hiding behavior &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0029">He et al&#46;&#44; 2021</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="para0036" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0042">Long and Fahey &#40;2000&#41;</a> found that knowledge and culture are linked in organizations&#46; Managers should first understand how organizational culture influences knowledge-related behaviors to influence knowledge use&#44; sharing&#44; and creation effectively&#46; Moreover&#44; the authors identified four frameworks linking culture and knowledge&#44; which can be used as tools for analyzing how an organization&#39;s culture affects knowledge-related behaviors &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0001">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0001"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="para0038" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to the literature&#44; AL can significantly influence knowledge-hiding behaviors&#46; As noted in previous chapters&#44; AL might be present in most leadership styles and is a key factor in promoting a learning context within an organization &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0054">Salas-Vallina &#38; Alegre&#44; 2018</a>&#41;&#46; When AL is present within a team&#44; it contributes positively to developing a KC&#44; and this positive influence is facilitated or mediated by the team&#39;s capacity to learn together&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">Kucharska and Rebelo &#40;2022&#41;</a> noted that establishing a culture that prioritizes learning is crucial for facilitating the continuous flow of knowledge throughout an organization&#46; Other authors have argued that a learning culture supports knowledge creation&#46; Therefore&#44; when connected to AL&#44; TL can influence employees&#8217; knowledge-hiding behaviors&#46; Based on the literature&#44; the study proposes the following hypoteses&#58;</p><p id="para9008" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleEnunciation" id="enun0008"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">H8</span><p id="para0039" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">KC negatively affects RH in knowledge hiding&#46;</p></span></p><p id="para9009" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleEnunciation" id="enun0009"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">H9</span><p id="para0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">KC negatively affects PD in knowledge hiding&#46;</p></span></p><p id="para9010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleEnunciation" id="enun0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">H10</span><p id="para0041" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">TL mediates the relationship between AL and KC<span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#46;</span></p></span></p><p id="para9011" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleEnunciation" id="enun0011"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">H11</span><p id="para0042" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">TL mediates the relationship between AL and RH&#46;</p></span></p><p id="para9012" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleEnunciation" id="enun0012"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">H12</span><p id="para0043" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">TL mediates the relationship between AL and PD&#46;</p></span></p><p id="para9013" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleEnunciation" id="enun0013"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">H13</span><p id="para0044" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">TL mediates the relationship between AL and PD through KC&#46;</p></span></p><p id="para9014" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleEnunciation" id="enun0014"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">H14</span><p id="para0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">TL mediates the relationship between AL and RH through KC&#46;</p></span></p><p id="para0046" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Concerning the formulated hypotheses&#44; we construct a conceptual model showing the relationships between the constructs &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0001">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0001"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="para0047" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0001">Fig&#46; 1</a> includes all relationships and constructs used to test the 14 hypotheses above&#46; The mediators of TL and KC were the main elements of the proposed conceptual model based on a systematic literature review and were tested further in Chapter 4&#46; In order to support the conceptual model presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0001">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0002">Table 2</a> provides a summary of developed hypotheses&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0002"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="para0049" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This literature review highlights the importance of AL&#44; TL&#44; KC&#44; and knowledge-sharing behaviors in eliminating individuals&#8217; knowledge-hiding tendencies&#46; The next chapter presents the detailed methodology used to test the formulated hypotheses&#44; including data collection from Slovakian companies and the measurement tools applied to explore the hypotheses&#46; Following this&#44; the chapter presents the outcomes of structural equation modeling&#44; offering insights into the relationships between leadership&#44; TL&#44; and knowledge-hiding behavior and the mediating effects identified in the study&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0013">Methodology</span><span id="sec0011" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0014">Data collection and sample</span><p id="para0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study collected data from Slovakian companies to test its research hypotheses&#46; A back-translation procedure translated the questionnaire from English to Slovak and back to English&#46; Data were collected through a questionnaire survey of the employees and managers of the selected companies&#46; An internal company database was used to obtain contact information from respondents&#46; More than 70&#44;000 respondents from Slovakian companies across various industries were contacted&#46; Data were obtained from the electronic distribution of surveys&#46; The final sample comprised 368 participants who completed the questionnaires between May and October 2023&#46; A further description of the sample is provided in the Results section&#46; The response rate was 0&#46;6 percent&#46; The control variables used to structure our respondents were the size of the organization &#40;SIZE&#41;&#44; sector &#40;SECTOR&#41;&#44; region &#40;REGION&#41;&#44; level of job position &#40;POSI&#41;&#44; years of experience &#40;EXPER&#41;&#44; years of working in a given position &#40;SENI&#41;&#44; sex &#40;SEX&#41;&#44; age &#40;AGE&#41;&#44; type of employment &#40;EMPLOY&#41;&#44; and education &#40;EDU&#41;&#46; The control variables were adopted from <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0086">Ma et al&#46; &#40;2020&#41;</a> and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0071">Ali et al&#46; &#40;2021&#41;</a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0012" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0015">Indicators and measures</span><p id="para0051" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Data were collected as part of a more extensive study of knowledge-hiding behaviors&#46; The questionnaire measured 12 factors&#58; EH&#44; PD&#44; RH&#44; KC&#44; workplace friendships&#44; AL&#44; trust&#44; task conflict&#44; interpersonal conflict&#44; specific goal achievement&#44; TL&#44; and team performance&#46; These factors were measured using 51 items&#44; in addition to ten items related to the qualification characteristics of the respondents &#40;SIZE&#44; SECTOR&#44; REGION&#44; POSI&#44; EXPER&#44; SENI&#44; SEX&#44; AGE&#44; EMPLOY&#44; and EDU&#41;&#46; To ensure the content validity of the scales&#44; previously validated survey questions were used with some modifications to fit our context&#46;</p><p id="para0052" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As mentioned&#44; the survey included 12 factors&#59; all measured constructs are listed in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0003">Table 3</a>&#46; The authors measured knowledge hiding&#44; classified into three dimensions&#8212;EH&#44; PD&#44; and RH&#8212; using 12 measurement indicators &#40;four for each dimension&#41;&#46; All factors were evaluated on a 7-point Likert scale adapted from a literature review based on previous research&#46; The Likert scale ranged from 1 &#40;strongly disagree&#41; to 7 &#40;strongly agree&#41; and for the other measured factors&#44; from 1 &#40;never&#41; to 7 &#40;always&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0003"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="para0054" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In summary&#44; this chapter presents an overview of the data collection process&#46; It constructs measured in a study focused on knowledge-hiding behavior within organizations&#46; The tools were adapted from previously validated scales to ensure the validity of the study&#39;s content&#46; The next section presents the results of the structural equation modeling and descriptive statistics&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0013" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0016">Results</span><span id="sec0014" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0017">Descriptive analysis</span><p id="para0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Before the structural equation modeling&#44; a descriptive analysis was performed&#46; Of the 398 respondents&#44; 203 were male &#40;55&#46;16&#37;&#41; and 165 were female &#40;44&#46;84&#37;&#41;&#46; Half of the respondents were between 41 and 60 years old &#40;54&#46;34&#37;&#41;&#44; and 80 were older than 60 &#40;21&#46;74&#37;&#41;&#46; As shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0004">Table 4</a>&#44; most respondents &#40;292&#59; 79&#46;35&#37;&#41; stated they had more than 15 years of work experience&#46; Similarly&#44; most respondents were from micro-enterprises &#40;44&#46;57&#37;&#41;&#46; In our context&#44; microenterprises employ up to ten employees&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0004"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="para0057" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Most respondents&#44; 281 &#40;76&#46;4&#37;&#41;&#44; had a university degree&#44; whereas 79 &#40;21&#46;47&#37;&#41; had graduated from secondary school with a leaving exam&#46; In terms of the management level within the company&#44; 155 respondents &#40;42&#46;12&#37;&#41; occupied top management positions&#44; 80 &#40;21&#46;74&#37;&#41; were in middle management positions&#44; and 43 &#40;11&#46;68&#37;&#41; had lower management positions&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0018">Constructs</span><p id="para0058" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The constructs defined in our model were not collected directly from the respondents&#46; Instead&#44; factors &#40;constructs&#41; were defined as latent variables and their values were collected indirectly through individual questions &#40;items&#41;&#46; This procedure resulted in more reliable data&#46; The first step was to create a conceptual model that defined individual latent constructs and specific questions belonging to them defined latent constructs&#46; The proposed model includes five latent factors &#40;AL&#44; TL&#44; PD&#44; KC&#44; and RH&#41;&#46; The four constructs &#40;AL&#44; KC&#44; PD&#44; and RH&#41; were defined using four items each&#44; while the TL construct was defined using five items&#46; Questions defined for each latent factor were included in the questionnaire&#46;</p><p id="para0059" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To avoid problems related to the multicollinearity of indicators &#40;items&#41;&#44; dependency analysis was conducted using the variance inflation factor &#40;VIF&#41;&#46; VIF values for the indicators of the defined constructs were calculated for all items together because of the incorporation of the common latent factor&#44; with VIF values greater than five considered problematic &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0034">James et al&#46;&#44; 2013</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0047">Menard&#44; 2001</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">Quinn and Keough&#44; 2007</a>&#41;&#46; The VIF values&#44; calculated for all items together&#44; ranged from 1&#46;380 to 5&#46;824&#59; three items had a VIF score above 5&#58; AL3 &#40;5&#46;701&#41;&#44; TL2 &#40;5&#46;824&#41;&#44; and TL3 &#40;5&#46;292&#41;&#46; For this reason&#44; items AL3 and TL2 were removed from the individual factors&#46; After recalculating the VIF of the adjusted factors&#44; the VIF for all items ranged from 1&#46;377 to 3&#46;797&#44; indicating that the problem of collinearity between the independent variables was resolved&#46; Other procedures&#44; including bias tests&#44; were performed using this revised model&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0016" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0019">Bias tests</span><p id="para0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Before the CFA analysis and SEM modeling&#44; respondent bias was tested&#46; Because the individual data were stored in the file according to how they were obtained&#44; the authors conducted a non-response bias test by dividing the data into two equally large parts based on the order in which the data were collected&#46; Subsequently&#44; the Shapiro-Wilk test was performed for all items of the individual factors to determine whether the data showed a normal probability distribution&#46; As the hypothesis of normality was rejected&#44; the Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the answers to all items&#46; Statistical differences were tested for all the items&#46; Of the 19 tested items&#44; at an alpha level of 0&#46;05&#44; in 17 indicators&#44; no statistically significant differences were found between the tested observation groups in 19 items &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#62; 0&#46;05&#41;&#46; At alpha &#61; 0&#46;10 level&#44; in 16 indicators&#44; no statistically significant differences were found between the tested observation groups for the 19 items&#44; and statistical differences between answers were identified for items RH1 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#61; 0&#46;0141&#41;&#44; RH2 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#61; 0&#46;0090&#41;&#44; and TL4 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#61; 0&#46;0714&#41;&#46; These findings were not considered high attention in the context of the entire test&#46; Therefore&#44; the authors decided to keep the data in the same form for CFA and SEM modeling purposes&#46; A more detailed explanation can be found in the Limitations section&#46;</p><p id="para0061" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In addition to the test for nonresponse bias&#44; a test for the possible identification of common method bias &#40;CMB&#41; was conducted&#46; Harman&#39;s one-factor test was used to detect the common method bias&#46; One factor was modeled as part of the EFA&#44; which included all indicators&#46; According to <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0052">Podsakoff and Organ &#40;1986&#41;</a> and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0026">Fuller et al&#46; &#40;2016&#41;</a>&#44; common method bias arises when a single factor explains at least 50 percent of the variance&#46; Based on the results&#44; there was no common method bias because the explained variance of a single factor was 33&#46;97 percent&#44; which is less than the recommended value of 50 percent&#46; A single-factor test was also performed using CFA&#44; in which a CFA model with a single factor was created by assigning all indicators to it&#46; The model achieved unacceptable values of fit measures &#40;Comparative Fit Index - CFI &#61; 0&#46;428&#44; AGFI &#61; 0&#46;405&#41;&#44; indicating no common method bias&#46;</p><p id="para0062" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Due to the limitations of the Harman one-factor test&#44; the authors additionally conducted a test using the Common Latent Factor &#40;CLF&#41; within the CFA framework to confirm the absence of CMB further&#46; The principle was to add a new uncorrelated factor to the CFA model&#44; with this factor containing all the defined items of our model&#46; By comparing the factor loadings&#44; it was found that in three cases out of the 19 cases&#44; the differences were significantly different from those of the original model&#46; The fit measures also increased slightly with CLF &#40;delta CFI &#61; 0&#46;0276&#44; delta Root Mean Square Error of Approximation &#40;RMSEA&#41; &#61; &#8722;0&#46;0168&#44; delta Standardized Root Mean Square Residual &#40;SRMR&#41; &#61; - 0&#46;0104&#41;&#46; Additionally&#44; in the two cases&#44; the values of the factor loadings were significantly different &#40;diff &#62; 0&#46;200&#41; compared to the original model without CLF&#46; Moreover&#44; the chi-square difference test identified a significant difference between the tested models &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#60; 0&#46;001&#41;&#46; Therefore&#44; the conceptual model was modified in the next phase to include a common latent factor with direct relationships with all indicators to eliminate CMB&#46; The CLF factor was defined as uncorrelated with other constructs&#46; The factor loadings between the items and the CLF factor were not equal&#59; in our model&#44; it was assumed that the CLF could influence different indicators&#46; The authors subsequently subjected the CMB-corrected CFA model to further investigation and validation&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0017" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0020">Confirmatory factor analysis</span><p id="para0063" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To confirm the correctness of the composition of the individual factors in our conceptual model&#44; confirmatory factor analysis &#40;CFA&#41; was conducted&#46; This chapter aims to confirm whether the proposed items for each factor capture individual factors sufficiently well&#46; The results of the CFA did not include the CLF factor&#44; as this factor was incorporated into the model only because of common method bias&#46;</p><p id="para0064" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The CFA model was based on the conceptual model defined above but did not include individual linkages between latent factors at this stage&#46; A confirmatory factor analysis &#40;CFA&#41; was implemented in R using the Lavaan library&#46; CFA assessed several aspects of the model&#58; the statistical significance of model parameters&#44; internal consistency of scales&#44; convergent validity&#44; and discriminant validity&#46; The CFA fit measures were used to evaluate the accuracy of the defined CFA model&#46;</p><p id="para0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The CFA model was quantified using the variance standardization method&#59; all constructs&#8217; variances were fixed at one&#46; After model quantification&#44; statistical significance was assessed to verify whether the items were appropriate for defining the latent variables&#46; We verified the statistical significance of each item for its respective latent factors&#46; For all items related to the standard factors&#44; the statistical significance of each item for the respective factors was strong &#40;p-value &#60; 0&#46;001&#41;&#46; However&#44; when analyzing the statistical significance of items belonging to a common latent factor&#44; the findings showed that some items were not statistically significant&#46; Consequently&#44; we removed items KC1&#44; KC2&#44; RH1&#44; and RH2 from the definition of the CLF factor&#46; All other items were significant&#44; at least in alpha &#61; 0&#46;05&#46; Based on these findings&#44; the authors of this paper assumed that not all items were affected by common method bias&#46;</p><p id="para0066" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The internal consistency of the scales for the five factors &#40;excluding CLF&#41; was assessed to verify whether the individual items were consistent within the selected group&#44; that is&#44; how consistent the individual items were as a group defining the factor&#46; The internal consistency of the scales was measured using Cronbach&#39;s alpha with a threshold value of 0&#46;70&#44; which is widely considered desirable &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0059">Taber&#44; 2018</a>&#41; as a cut-off value for verifying consistency&#46; The mean of the five internal scales tested was 0&#46;8353&#44; with Cronbach&#39;s alpha values ranging from 0&#46;7417 &#40;RH&#41; to 0&#46;8911 &#40;TL&#41;&#46;</p><p id="para0067" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to some authors&#44; McDonald&#39;s omega is a better indicator of the internal consistency of scales than Cronbach&#39;s alpha &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Trizano-Hermosilla &#38; Alvarado&#44; 2016</a>&#41;&#46; The mean value of the McDonald&#39;s omega coefficient for the five defined factors was 0&#46;8493&#44; with a minimum value of 0&#46;7986 &#40;RH factor&#41; and a maximum value of 0&#46;9018 &#40;TL factor&#41;&#46; Moreover&#44; when evaluating the internal consistency of the scales using McDonald&#39;s omega coefficient&#44; the omega2 metric from the semTools package in R was used&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0097">Flora &#40;2020&#41;</a> states&#44; &#8220;omega2 is calculated using the model-implied variance of the total score in its denominator&#46;&#8221; The mean value of the McDonald&#39;s omega2 coefficient for the five defined factors was 0&#46;8009&#44; with a minimum value of 0&#46;7602 &#40;FI factor&#41; and a maximum value of 0&#46;8510 &#40;KC factor&#41;&#46; All omega values were compared using a threshold value of 0&#46;70&#46;</p><p id="para0069" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To test whether individual items correlated with other items within the same common construct &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; whether individual items within the same latent variable converged&#41;&#44; the convergent validity of the CFA model was assessed using the Average Variance Extracted &#40;AVE&#41; metric&#46; The AVE values were calculated as the sum of the squared factor loadings divided by the number of indicators&#46; A threshold of 0&#46;50 was considered for individual AVE values &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0098">Bentler&#44; 1990</a>&#41;&#44; indicating that the construct should explain at least 50&#37; of the variance of the indicators&#46; The AVE values were above this threshold for the KC&#44; FI&#44; TL&#44; and AL factors&#46; However&#44; the AVE value for the RH factor was 0&#46;4458&#44; below the threshold&#44; indicating a potential issue&#46;</p><p id="para0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to some authors &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0063">Wei &#38; Nguyen&#44; 2020</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0099">Hair et al&#46;&#44; 2009</a>&#41;&#44; the convergent validity of a model can also be assessed using standardized factor loadings&#46; The standardized factor loadings except CLF were above 0&#46;50&#44; except for FI4 and RH4&#46; Moreover&#44; the composite reliability index was calculated for each construct to check the convergent validity further&#46; The composite reliability indices ranged from 0&#46;7526 &#40;RH factor&#41; to 0&#46;8595 &#40;AL factor&#41;&#44; which were above the accepted threshold value of 0&#46;60 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">Hair et al&#46;&#44; 2014</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0101">Bagozzi &#38; Yi&#44; 1988</a>&#41;&#46; The model was retained despite the AVE value being below the threshold in one case and the standardized factor loadings being below 0&#46;50 for two items&#46; As <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0102">Fornell and Larcker &#40;1981&#41;</a> reported&#44; if the AVE value is less than 0&#46;50 but the composite reliability indices are greater than 0&#46;60&#44; the convergent validity of the construct may still be adequate&#46;</p><p id="para0071" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The next part of the CFA tested the extent to which the individual latent variables differed&#44; that is&#44; to validate discriminant validity&#46; Discriminant validity checks whether individual latent variables measure different aspects and whether they are dissimilar&#46; Discriminant validity was tested in several ways&#46; Although the chi-square test comparing our free model with constrained models&#44; where correlations between two selected latent factors were set to a cutoff value of 0&#46;80&#8212;could not be performed &#40;likely because of the identification of a common latent factor variable&#41;&#44; discriminant validity was tested using other methods&#46; The discriminant validity of the CLF construct was not evaluated&#46;</p><p id="para0072" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">First&#44; the correlation values between latent factors should not exceed a defined threshold to confirm discriminant validity&#46; The threshold was set at 0&#46;85 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0103">Garson&#44; 2002</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0104">Kenny&#44; 2016</a>&#41;&#46; From <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 5</a>&#44; it can be concluded that the maximum correlation value between the latent factors was 0&#46;590 &#40;KC-TL&#41;&#46; Based on this&#44; the model satisfied the discriminant validity criterion&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="para0073" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The accuracy of the discriminant validity of the model was also confirmed using the calculated Fornell-Larcker criterion &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0102">Fornell and Larcker&#44; 1981</a>&#41;&#46; Within this criterion&#44; the correlations between the constructs were compared with the square root of AVE&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0006">Table 6</a> presents a matrix of these values&#44; with the square root of the AVE values shown on the diagonal&#46; The values of the inter-factor correlations were lower than the square root of the AVE for all factors tested&#44; reaffirming the acceptance criterion for discriminant validity&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0006"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="para0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To confirm the discriminant analysis&#44; this aspect of the model was validated using the Heterotrait-Monotrait Ratio &#40;HTMT&#41; matrix proposed by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">Henseler et al&#46; &#40;2015&#41;</a>&#46; The HTMT matrix evaluates the number of subsumed individual factors&#46; It is assumed that the individual factors are not very similar&#46; A threshold value was used to evaluate this property&#46; When evaluating discriminant validity&#44; a threshold value of 0&#46;85 was used &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0106">Kline&#44; 2011</a>&#41; to distinguish between discriminant validity and factor invalidity&#46; In our case&#44; the values in the HTMT matrix among the five latent variables &#40;the common latent factor was excluded from these results&#41; ranged from 0&#46;171 to 0&#46;630 &#40;TL-KC&#41;&#46; These values were below the threshold&#44; confirming that all observed factors were discriminant-valid&#46; This test confirmed the discriminant validity of the CFA model&#46;</p><p id="para0076" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In addition to testing the validity of the various aspects of the CFA model&#44; accuracy measurements were performed using fit measures&#46; Regarding accuracy&#44; the model was verified using two types of fit measures&#58; absolute and relative&#46; The reported values of our model were compared with the defined threshold values listed in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0007">Table 7</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0007"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="para0078" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The only problematic metric was the chi-square test&#44; which confirmed a difference between the sample-implied covariance matrix and the observed covariance matrix &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#60; 0&#46;001&#41;&#46; However&#44; given the test&#39;s sensitivity&#44; this result was not unique&#46; The results of the other metrics confirmed the high accuracy of the model&#46; The ratio of the chi-square to the degrees of freedom was 1&#46;708&#44; which was below the cut-off value&#46; The goodness-of-fit index was 0&#46;939&#44; exceeding the defined threshold&#44; and was therefore deemed acceptable&#46; The excellent accuracy of the model was also confirmed by the Standardized Root Mean Residual &#40;SRMR&#41;&#44; which was 0&#46;055&#44; below the required value of 0&#46;08&#46; The point estimate of the root mean square error of approximation &#40;RMSEA&#41; was 0&#46;044&#44; with a 90 percent confidence interval ranging from 0&#46;034 to 0&#46;054 &#40;p-value RMSE &#8804; 0&#46;05 &#61; 0&#46;843&#41;&#46; Relative fit measures were performed satisfactorily&#46; The Comparative Fit Index &#40;CFI&#41; value was 0&#46;976&#44; above the acceptable level of 0&#46;90&#46; Similarly&#44; the other metrics were above the defined threshold values &#40;NFI &#61; 0&#46;946&#44; IFI &#61; 0&#46;977&#41;&#44; confirming a good fit for the quantified model&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0018" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0021">Structural equation modeling</span><p id="para0079" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Structural equation modeling &#40;SEM&#41; was used to test these hypotheses&#46; They are used for several reasons using SEM modeling&#46; First&#44; the SEM is a system of multiple relationships between several variables in which one variable can be simultaneously dependent and independent in a defined system&#46; Second&#44; the SEM model enables the verification of the statistical significance of individual relationships&#44; as it is a model whose purpose is not just prediction&#46; Third&#44; SEM is a white-box model that enables the interpretation of individual relationships&#46; SEM modeling&#44; thus&#44; SEM allows us to assess the effect of one variable on another and the strength of the relationship between variables&#46; Fourth&#44; SEM allows latent variables to be combined into regression modeling through CFA&#46; Finally&#44; because the SEM model forms a system of multiple relationships&#44; it also allows for investigating the indirect effects of one variable on another through mediators within the context of the entire system&#46; This study aimed to examine the impact of AL on employees&#39; knowledge-hiding behavior&#46; SEM modeling enabled us to investigate and analyze indirect relationships&#44; that is&#44; the mediating effects of other factors on the relationship between AL and knowledge-hiding behavior&#46;</p><p id="para0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In SEM modeling&#44; two basic approaches are used&#58; partial least squares SEM &#40;PLS-SEM&#41; and covariance-based SEM &#40;CB-SEM&#41;&#46; CB-SEM modeling was selected as the preferred method because our study focused more on verifying or confirming known theories rather than conducting exploratory research&#46;</p><p id="para0081" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A validated CFA model was used to develop a structural equation &#40;SEM&#41; that contained defined regression relationships based on the conceptual model and theory&#46; As previously mentioned&#44; our goal was to determine the statistically significant relationships&#46; If a given relationship was statistically significant&#44; we were interested in its strength&#46; Additionally&#44; we investigated the role of mediators in the model and examined whether our model had mediating effects&#46; Based on the constructed SEM model and the statistical evaluation of individual regression relationships&#44; we proceeded to confirm or reject the hypotheses defined in the conceptual model &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0107">Byrne&#44; 2013</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0056">Schumacker &#38; Lomax&#44; 2004</a>&#41;&#46; The SEM was quantified using the maximum likelihood estimator&#44; the default estimator in the Lavaan R package&#46;</p><p id="para0082" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nine hypotheses are defined in the conceptual model&#46; Based on the theoretical background mentioned in Section 1&#44; we hypothesized that there would be a direct relationship between AL and KC &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0037">Kanungo &#38; Mendonca&#44; 1996</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0041">Lin et al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0049">Obrenovic et al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#41;&#44; AL and RH &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0001">Abdillah et al&#46;&#44; 2022</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0049">Obrenovic et al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0068">Zhang et al&#46;&#44; 2010</a>&#41;&#44; AL and FI &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0001">Abdillah et al&#46;&#44; 2022</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0049">Obrenovic et al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0068">Zhang et al&#46;&#44; 2010</a>&#41;&#44; TL and RH &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">Fong et al&#46;&#44; 2018</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0029">He et al&#46;&#44; 2021</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0043">Lu et al&#46;&#44; 2012</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0069">Zhang &#38; Min&#44; 2019</a>&#41;&#44; and TL and FI &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">Fong et al&#46;&#44; 2018</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0029">He et al&#46;&#44; 2021</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0043">Lu et al&#46;&#44; 2012</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0069">Zhang &#38; Min&#44; 2019</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="para0083" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In addition&#44; we hypothesized several indirect relationships between variables&#46; We hypothesized that a mediation effect would increase &#40;decrease&#41; the strength of individual relationships between latent variables&#46; Based on this theory&#44; we hypothesized the mediating roles of TL and KC factors&#46; Specifically&#44; we hypothesized that in addition to the direct relationship between AL and KC&#44; a relationship through the mediator TL could amplify this relationship &#40;H10&#41;&#46; Simultaneously&#44; based on &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0021">Drucker&#44; 1999</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0028">Gupta &#38; Govindarajan&#44; 2000</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0042">DeLong &#38; Fahey&#44; 2000</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0064">Wenger et al&#46;&#44; 2002</a>&#41;&#44; we hypothesized that the mediator TL could have an indirect effect on the AL-KC &#40;H11&#41; and AL-FI &#40;H12&#41; relationships based on &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0014">Bucic et al&#46;&#44; 2010</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0022">Edmondson&#44; 1999</a>&#41;&#46; Moreover&#44; since the influence of TL and KC on PD and RH factors &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0023">Edmondson et al&#46;&#44; 2007</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">Kucharska&#44; 2021</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0069">Zhang &#38; Min&#44; 2019</a>&#41; is also known from theory&#44; we hypothesized a compound indirect effect via the two mediators&#44; TL and KC&#44; on both latent variables &#40;H13 and H14&#41;&#46;</p><p id="para0084" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The mediators&#44; TL and KC&#44; were the main elements of the proposed and tested conceptual model&#46; We predicted a mediating indirect effect of the TL factor on five hypotheses &#40;H10&#8211;H14&#41;&#46; We predicted the mediating effect of KC on the three hypotheses tested &#40;H10&#44; H13&#44; and H14&#41;&#46; We hypothesized that these two factors would indirectly affect the latent output variables PD and RH&#46; In other words&#44; we hypothesize that TL and KC would have statistically significant effects on the output factors of our model&#46; Thus&#44; these factors can contribute to understanding the importance of these elements in a firm&#39;s knowledge-sharing system&#46; Therefore&#44; based on the above indirect effects&#44; we hypothesized that the total effect for the relationships defined by H1 to H5 would be the sum of the direct and indirect effects&#44; where the indirect effects result from the mediators&#44; in our case&#44; mainly TL and KC&#46;</p><p id="para0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To eliminate the influence of common method bias&#44; we added a common latent factor &#40;CLF&#41; that was uncorrelated with other factors to the model&#46; The CLF factor contained links to all defined items in our CFA model&#46; Due to problems with model identification&#44; we did not limit these links to equal weights&#46; To identify the model&#44; we used the variance standardization method&#59; we standardized the variance of the five constructs and the variance of the common latent factor to one&#46;</p><p id="para0086" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We quantified the standard errors using a bootstrapping method based on 5000 bootstrap samples to obtain more robust results&#46; Of the 5000 bootstrap draws performed&#44; 4929 runs were successful&#44; while 71 bootstrap runs failed or did not converge&#46; Thirty-eight bootstrap runs resulted in nonadmissible solutions&#46; Based on the bootstrap results&#44; we calculated the bias-corrected and accelerated lower-level confidence intervals &#40;LLCIs&#41; and upper-level confidence intervals &#40;ULCIs&#41; for the unstandardized parameter estimates&#46; Moreover&#44; we calculated the standardized regression coefficient estimates with percentile confidence intervals&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0008">Table 8</a> presents the results for each conceptual model hypothesis&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0008"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0019" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0022">Discussion and conclusion</span><p id="para0094" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study analyzed the impact of AL on employees&#8217; knowledge-hiding behaviors&#46; Based on the literature review&#44; a conceptual model was created with TL and KC as the main mediators&#44; showing the assumed relationships between the constructs&#46; The model in this study demonstrates both direct and indirect effects and presents a valuable contribution to understanding knowledge-hiding behavior and AL&#46; Our findings contribute to the research on the connection between AL and knowledge hiding by investigating the mediation mechanisms and effects of TL and KC&#46; We test our hypotheses using primary data collected from Slovakian companies in 2023&#46; The direct effects hypothesized in H1&#44; H6&#44; H7&#44; and H9 were confirmed&#44; and the hypotheses were supported&#46; Regarding mediation effects&#44; hypotheses H10 and H13 were supported&#46; The findings of our study are valuable because they explain the relationship between AL and the mediation mechanism that can underpin the elimination of knowledge-hiding behavior&#44; specifically PD and rationalized hiding&#46; The implications of our study for research and practice are also discussed in the following subsection&#44; confirming its contribution to the existing literature through an innovative examination of the direct impact of AL on knowledge-hiding behavior and demonstrating how AL promotes TL and a knowledge-sharing culture&#44; thereby eliminating knowledge hiding&#46; Despite the originality of the study and its valuable findings&#44; the authors are also aware of the limitations of this study&#44; as presented in Subsection 5&#46;3&#46;</p><p id="para0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In summary&#44; TL is part of a broader KC within an organization&#46; Learning needs to occur and should be encouraged in larger groups and teams so that people can build new knowledge together&#46; Furthermore&#44; while a learning culture is crucial for organizations&#44; it is only effective when coupled with an implemented culture of knowledge &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">Kucharska&#44; 2021</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">Kucharska &#38; Rebelo&#44; 2022</a>&#41;&#46; The success of knowledge management practices&#44; including TL and knowledge sharing&#44; depends on fostering a positive KC by managing various factors and processes&#46;</p><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0023">Theoretical implications</span><p id="para0096" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our study extends the knowledge on the role of AL about knowledge hiding and offers several theoretical implications&#46; As mentioned in the literature review&#44; previous studies have confirmed that AL positively impacts organizational culture and performance&#46; Specifically&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0001">Abdillah et al&#46; &#40;2022&#41;</a> examined the functions of AL concerning counterproductive knowledge behaviors&#44; such as knowledge hiding&#46; While previous studies have focused on why subordinates hide knowledge&#44; leadership styles that can prevent this behavior have not received sufficient attention&#46; The main contribution of their study is that the direct relationship between AL and knowledge hiding is weak but is mediated by two other factors&#58; leader-triggered positive emotions and leader-member exchange &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0001">Abdillah et al&#46;&#44; 2022</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="para0097" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hypothesis H1 was confirmed &#40;&#946; &#61; 0&#46;218&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#60; 0&#46;01&#41;&#44; indicating that altruistic leaders significantly contribute to creating an environment that supports knowledge sharing&#46; This aligns with previous studies highlighting AL&#39;s role in fostering team trust and collaboration &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0001">Abdillah et al&#46;&#44; 2022</a>&#41;&#46; Hypothesis H2 was also supported &#40;&#946; &#61; &#8722;0&#46;088&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#61; 0&#46;053&#41;&#44; suggesting that altruistic leaders can reduce employees&#8217; tendency to withhold information under the pretext that they cannot share&#44; thereby promoting transparency within the organization &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0049">Obrenovic et al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#41;&#46; Hypothesis H6 was confirmed with a strong relationship &#40;&#946; &#61; 0&#46;238&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#60; 0&#46;001&#41;&#44; showing that AL significantly positively impacts the TL process&#46; This supports previous research &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0008">Barghouti et al&#46;&#44; 2022</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0027">Guinot et al&#46;&#44; 2016</a>&#41;&#44; emphasizing that altruistic leaders encourage communication and collaboration&#44; improving TL&#46; This is crucial in environments in which new skills and innovations are required&#46; Hypothesis H7 was strongly supported &#40;&#946; &#61; 0&#46;72&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#60; 0&#46;001&#41;&#44; suggesting that effective team-level learning promotes a broader culture of knowledge sharing within the organization&#44; consistent with <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0023">Edmondson et al&#46; &#40;2007&#41;</a>&#46; A strong KC helps organizations respond to new challenges and utilize internal knowledge more effectively&#46; Hypothesis H9 was confirmed &#40;&#946; &#61; &#8722;0&#46;109&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#61; 0&#46;021&#41;&#44; indicating that a strong knowledge-sharing culture can reduce behaviors where employees pretend not to know something to avoid sharing information&#46; This aligns with <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0057">Serenko and Bontis &#40;2016&#41;</a>&#44; who emphasized that a healthy knowledge-sharing culture minimizes willful ignorance and increases transparency&#46; Hypothesis H10 was confirmed &#40;&#946; &#61; 0&#46;171&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#60; 0&#46;001&#41;&#44; showing that TL is a significant mediator between AL and knowledge-sharing culture&#46; AL promotes TL&#44; which&#44; in turn&#44; strengthens knowledge sharing within an organization &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0054">Salas-Vallina &#38; Alegre&#44; 2018</a>&#41;&#46; Lastly&#44; Hypothesis H13 was confirmed with marginal significance &#40;&#946; &#61; &#8722;0&#46;019&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#61; 0&#46;082&#41;&#44; suggesting that AL may indirectly reduce the occurrence of &#8220;PD&#8221; through the mechanisms of TL and knowledge-sharing culture&#46; Although weak&#44; the effect highlights the importance of TL and culture in improving knowledge sharing and reducing passive-aggressive behaviors in teams&#46;</p><p id="para0098" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">However&#44; some of the hypotheses were not supported by these results&#46; Hypothesis H3 was not confirmed &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#61; 0&#46;773&#41;&#44; suggesting that AL does not significantly reduce &#8221;PD&#8221; behavior&#44; contrary to expectations and previous studies &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0049">Obrenovic et al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#41;&#46; This may be because factors such as personality traits or organizational norms influence this behavior more strongly than leadership alone&#46; H4 was also not supported &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#61; 0&#46;201&#41;&#44; indicating that TL does not significantly reduce rationalized knowledge hiding&#46; This contrasts with previous research &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">Fong et al&#46;&#44; 2018</a>&#41; and suggests that learning within teams might not be sufficient to overcome knowledge-hiding tendencies with additional interventions&#44; such as promoting open communication&#46; Similarly&#44; Hypothesis H5 was not confirmed &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#61; 0&#46;224&#41;&#44; meaning that TL does not play a major role in reducing &#8220;PD&#8221;&#46; Individuals may still resort to pretending ignorance due to other factors such as personal motivations or organizational dynamics&#46; Hypothesis H8 is not supported &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#61; 0&#46;217&#41;&#44; suggesting that a strong knowledge-sharing culture does not significantly reduce rationalized knowledge hiding&#46; Employees may use rationalized excuses to withhold information even in environments that encourage sharing&#46; Hypothesis H11 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#61; 0&#46;213&#41; proved that contrary to expectations&#44; TL does not mediate the relationship between AL and rationalized knowledge hiding&#46; This could indicate that AL alone cannot fully eliminate knowledge hiding&#44; which may have deeper individual or organizational roots&#46; Hypothesis H12 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#61; 0&#46;303&#41; was not supported&#44; indicating that TL does not mediate the relationship between AL and FPD Organizational norms or employee motivation could play a more significant role in reducing this behavior&#46; Finally&#44; Hypothesis H14 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#61; 0&#46;274&#41; was not confirmed&#44; suggesting that the combination of TL and a knowledge-sharing culture does not significantly mediate the relationship between AL and rationalized knowledge hiding&#46; Employees may still use rationalized excuses for hiding information&#44; even in environments promoting learning and knowledge sharing&#46;</p><p id="para0099" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This research provides important insights that contribute to expanding both the theory and practice of knowledge management&#44; while deepening our understanding of the relationship between AL and knowledge-hiding behaviors &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0017">Connelly et al&#46;&#44; 2012</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0074">&#268;erne et al&#46;&#44; 2014</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">Kucharska &#38; Rebelo&#44; 2022</a>&#41;&#46; The authors focused on the role of AL in reducing employees&#39; tendencies to hide information&#44; thus fostering transparency and collaboration within organizations&#46; They also explored the role of TL and KC as mediators in this relationship&#46; The hypotheses confirm that altruistic leaders create an environment that promotes knowledge sharing and TL&#44; indirectly reducing negative employee behaviors such as PD&#46; This leads to better organizational outcomes through effective knowledge-sharing and team collaboration&#46;</p><p id="para0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The originality of this research lies in examining the relatively unexplored relationship between AL and knowledge-hiding processes&#44; emphasizing mediators such as TL and a knowledge-sharing culture&#46; This approach provides a fresh perspective on how AL positively affects organizational outcomes&#46; Theoretically&#44; this research extends the existing leadership literature by demonstrating how AL fosters a culture of knowledge sharing and TL&#44; reducing negative behaviors such as knowledge hiding&#46; The findings also suggest that other factors such as organizational norms and individual motivations need to be considered to reduce such behaviors effectively&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0021" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0024">Practical implications</span><p id="para0101" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In addition to theoretical implications&#44; our results provide several insights for managers that could help eliminate the negative effects of subordinates&#8217; knowledge hiding&#46; The first is that AL has a direct impact on TL and&#44; consequently&#44; on KC&#46; To build a KC in which knowledge is shared across an organization at the right time&#44; quantity&#44; and quality&#44; focusing solely on teams and internal knowledge sharing is not enough&#46; Our results show that a leader with altruistic traits positively affects TL&#44; manifested by a higher level of KC and a lower level of knowledge hiding &#40;specifically in RH and PD&#41;&#46; Therefore&#44; selecting work team leaders should include an evaluation of the degree of altruism among potential leaders&#46;</p><p id="para0102" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Second&#44; our results indicate a strong relationship between TL and cultural knowledge&#46; Work teams are crucial for knowledge sharing&#44; and managers should consider the significant roles of team effectiveness and mutual communication&#46; Third&#44; our study revealed a mechanism affecting one component of knowledge hiding&#44; namely PD&#46; This form of knowledge hiding can be mitigated by systematically building a KC that includes TL and AL&#46;</p><p id="para0103" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Finally&#44; our study contributes to practice by providing several recommendations and guidelines for managers to eliminate the knowledge-hiding culture within organizations&#46; First&#44; it emphasizes the direct influence of AL on TL&#44; which fosters a positive KC&#46; Furthermore&#44; the findings highlight the importance of altruism when selecting team leaders to promote effective knowledge sharing&#46; Finally&#44; this study identifies a mechanism to reduce one aspect of knowledge hiding&#44; specifically&#44; the dimension of PD&#44; by systematically cultivating a KC that involves TL and AL&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0022" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0025">Limitations</span><p id="para0104" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All survey-based studies have certain limitations&#44; and this study is no exception&#46; The first was geography&#46; The data were collected in Slovakia&#44; a country characterized by relatively high societal mistrust&#46; This could have affected the identified relationships&#39; data quality and intensity&#46; Research conducted in culturally different countries with higher trust and willingness to share knowledge could help validate the proposed model&#46; The second limitation was the heterogeneity of the sample&#46; The sample represented a non-stratified set of organizations from different sectors&#44; which could have influenced the results&#46;</p><p id="para0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Additionally&#44; lower p-values &#40;&#60;0&#46;05&#41; were identified for the two items when testing for non-response bias&#44; indicating statistically significant differences between the groups&#46; Although this may suggest the presence of non-response bias&#44; it does not necessarily confirm the presence of non-response bias in our data&#46; It is unclear why there were statistically significant differences between older and newer respondents in their answers&#46; A closer analysis of the data revealed that among the older responses&#44; there were more answers from respondents from micro and small businesses &#40;147 vs&#46; 131&#41;&#46; Conversely&#44; more recent responses came from medium and large enterprises with fewer employees than 50 &#40;37 versus 53&#41;&#46; The low p-values in these cases indicate that the method of sharing knowledge related to RH may have been influenced by the size of the companies in which the respondents worked&#46;</p><p id="para0106" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Another limitation is the self-reported measurement used for data collection&#46; Respondents&#39; views may not accurately reflect the actual attributes of teamwork&#46; Expanding data collection to include more respondents from a single organization could be a suitable way to mitigate this risk&#46; Our study focuses on three factors that positively impact and can mitigate some form of knowledge hiding&#46; However&#44; several potential factors associated with leadership&#44; such as abusive supervision&#44; humble leadership&#44; and ethical leadership&#44; have not been explored in depth&#46;</p><p id="para0107" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; our study provides valuable insights into preventing knowledge hiding by considering TL and KC as mediators&#46; Overall&#44; it contributes a new direction for altruistic leaders and organizations to design suitable concepts and strategies for preventing knowledge-hiding behavior among employees and confirms the importance of AL in organizations&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0023" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0026">Future research</span><p id="para0108" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The relationship between leadership style and knowledge-hiding behavior should be further investigated&#44; and more detailed empirical research is required because there are many variables within both concepts&#46; Special focus should be placed on the influence of different leadership styles and cultural knowledge settings within different organizations&#46; The proposed conceptual model can be tested in more specific sectors where knowledge hiding represents a critical risk of dramatically changing process efficiency &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; the IT sector&#41;&#46; Future studies can collect data not only at the individual level but also at the team level&#44; for example&#44; from the manager&#39;s perspective&#46; The phenomenon of knowledge hiding still represents a strong potential for further research in specific types of knowledge &#40;tacit&#47;explicit&#41;&#44; as knowledge hiding probably occurs because of different causes and motives&#46; It is also important to understand and study individual&#47;team&#47;organizational antecedents that could decrease knowledge-hiding behaviors&#46; The authors of this study aim to address some of the identified limitations and explore the proposed research directions for future studies&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0024" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0027">Conclusion</span><p id="para0109" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study explored the relationship and influence between AL and employees&#8217; knowledge-hiding behavior mediated by TL and KC&#46; The results demonstrate a positive relationship between AL&#44; KC&#44; and TL&#46; Consequently&#44; AL influenced knowledge-hiding behaviors&#44; specifically playing the dumb&#44; by impacting TL and organizational KCs&#46; This indicates that a leadership style combining altruism with a strong learning and KC can effectively prevent or reduce the negative effects of knowledge hiding within organizations&#46;</p><p id="para0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study reveals that AL can be a powerful tool for mitigating knowledge hiding by recognizing the values and needs of individual team members and integrating learning through existing and new knowledge&#46; To counteract knowledge-hiding tendencies&#44; leaders must support both knowledge and learning cultures&#44; which&#44; in turn&#44; encourages knowledge sharing&#46; This is vital in developing human capital&#44; organizational growth&#44; and innovation&#46; The results of this study show that the topic opens the potential for further research and investigation&#46; The model created in this study provides a basis for further investigation&#44; including other mediators&#44; factors&#44; and leadership styles and the possibility of broadening the geographical scope of the data sample&#44; on which the assumptions can be further tested&#46;</p><p id="para0111" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The findings underscore the overall importance of organizations implementing AL and fostering a supportive culture as actionable approaches to promoting a culture of information sharing&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0028">Data availability statement</span><p id="para0112" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Data are available upon request&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025a" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0028a">CRediT authorship contribution statement</span><p id="para0112a" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Tereza Michalov&#225;&#58;</span> Investigation&#44; Writing &#8211; original draft&#44; Methodology&#44; Formal analysis&#44; Conceptualization&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Kate&#345;ina Mar&#353;&#237;kov&#225;&#58;</span> Resources&#44; Writing &#8211; original draft&#44; Conceptualization&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Luk&#225;&#353; Fal&#225;t&#58;</span> Investigation&#44; Writing &#8211; original draft&#44; Visualization&#44; Data curation&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Peter Madz&#237;k&#58;</span> Writing &#8211; original draft&#44; Methodology&#46;</p></span></span>"
    "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [
      "secciones" => array:13 [
        0 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "xres2290814"
          "titulo" => "Abstract"
          "secciones" => array:1 [
            0 => array:1 [
              "identificador" => "abss0001"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        1 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1903232"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
        ]
        2 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1903233"
          "titulo" => "JEL classification"
        ]
        3 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0001"
          "titulo" => "Introduction"
        ]
        4 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0002"
          "titulo" => "Literature review and hypothesis development"
          "secciones" => array:7 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0003"
              "titulo" => "Knowledge&#44; knowledge management&#44; and learning"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0004"
              "titulo" => "New forms of leadership in the digital age"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0005"
              "titulo" => "Altruistic leadership and knowledge hiding"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0006"
              "titulo" => "Team learning and knowledge hiding"
            ]
            4 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0007"
              "titulo" => "Altruistic leadership and its relationship to team learning"
            ]
            5 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0008"
              "titulo" => "Team learning&#44; its relationship with knowledge culture&#44; and their mediation effect on knowledge hiding"
            ]
            6 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0009"
              "titulo" => "Mediators between altruistic leadership&#44; rationalized hiding&#44; and playing dumb"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        5 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0010"
          "titulo" => "Methodology"
          "secciones" => array:2 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0011"
              "titulo" => "Data collection and sample"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0012"
              "titulo" => "Indicators and measures"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        6 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0013"
          "titulo" => "Results"
          "secciones" => array:5 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0014"
              "titulo" => "Descriptive analysis"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0015"
              "titulo" => "Constructs"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0016"
              "titulo" => "Bias tests"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0017"
              "titulo" => "Confirmatory factor analysis"
            ]
            4 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0018"
              "titulo" => "Structural equation modeling"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        7 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0019"
          "titulo" => "Discussion and conclusion"
          "secciones" => array:4 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0020"
              "titulo" => "Theoretical implications"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0021"
              "titulo" => "Practical implications"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0022"
              "titulo" => "Limitations"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0023"
              "titulo" => "Future research"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        8 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0024"
          "titulo" => "Conclusion"
        ]
        9 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0025"
          "titulo" => "Data availability statement"
        ]
        10 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0025a"
          "titulo" => "CRediT authorship contribution statement"
        ]
        11 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xack786204"
          "titulo" => "Acknowledgments"
        ]
        12 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "References"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2024-07-02"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2024-10-03"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [
      "en" => array:2 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1903232"
          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Altruistic leadership"
            1 => "Team learning"
            2 => "Knowledge culture"
            3 => "Knowledge hiding"
          ]
        ]
        1 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "jel"
          "titulo" => "JEL classification"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1903233"
          "palabras" => array:2 [
            0 => "D83"
            1 => "M12"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:1 [
      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abss0001" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spara017" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Leadership can play an important role in knowledge hiding&#46; This study investigated the unexplored impact of altruistic leadership &#40;AL&#41; on knowledge hiding by assessing the mediating role of team learning &#40;TL&#41; and knowledge culture &#40;KC&#41; in this relationship&#46; Structural equation modeling was used to test 14 hypotheses based on primary data from 368 surveyed Slovakian companies representing diverse enterprises&#46; Data were gathered from various companies spanning a range of industries&#44; including manufacturing&#44; education&#44; wholesale and retail&#44; construction&#44; and information technology&#46; Of these&#44; 164 were from micro-enterprises&#44; 114 were from small enterprises&#44; 67 were from medium-sized enterprises&#44; and 23 were from large enterprises&#46; This article reveals how AL can mitigate the negative effects of knowledge hiding by supporting TL and cultivating a KC&#46; These findings indicate that leaders who exhibit altruistic behavior positively influence TL&#44; enhancing KC and reducing instances of knowledge hiding&#46; The primary data tested in our model confirm that selfless leadership reduces knowledge hiding by encouraging TL and KC&#46; This suggests that&#44; when selecting team leaders&#44; their level of altruism should be considered&#46; The roles of TL and KC in promoting knowledge sharing within organizations and emphasizing the importance of team effectiveness and mutual communication are crucial&#46; This study contributes to the existing literature by examining the direct impact of AL on knowledge-hiding behavior&#44; demonstrating how AL promotes TL and a knowledge-sharing culture&#44; thereby eliminating knowledge hiding&#44; including the practical implications&#46; Future qualitative studies and research extending to other locations could help deepen our understanding of these relationships and incorporate additional concepts and factors&#46;</p></span>"
      ]
    ]
    "apendice" => array:1 [
      0 => array:1 [
        "seccion" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "apendice" => "<p id="para0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Questions related to knowledge hiding&#58; A Likert scale from 1 &#40;never&#41; to 7 &#40;always&#41;&#46;<elsevierMultimedia ident="utbl0001"></elsevierMultimedia></p> <p id="para0116" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Questions related to altruistic leadership&#44; team learning and knowledge culture&#58; A Likert scale ranging from 1 &#40;strongly disagree&#41; to 7 &#40;strongly agree&#41;&#46;<elsevierMultimedia ident="utbl0002"></elsevierMultimedia></p>"
            "etiqueta" => "Appendix A"
            "titulo" => "- Part of the questionnaire related to constructs used in the study"
            "identificador" => "sec0026"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "multimedia" => array:11 [
      0 => array:9 [
        "identificador" => "fig0001"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "fuente" => "Source&#58; Authors&#8217; elaboration&#46;"
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1377
            "Ancho" => 3167
            "Tamanyo" => 161786
          ]
        ]
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "alt0002"
            "detalle" => "Fig "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spara001" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Conceptual model of the study&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      1 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0001"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "alt0001"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spara003" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Source&#58; Authors&#8217; elaboration based on <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0042">Long and Fahey &#40;2000&#41;</a>&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0001"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Frameworks linking culture and knowledge&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0002"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Short description&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0003"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Managerial action&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0004"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">1&#47; Culture shapes assumptions about which knowledge is important&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0005"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Culture and subculture influence what knowledge is perceived as beneficial&#44; useful&#44; important or valid&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0006"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Managers should&#44; therefore&#44; explore how cultural priorities may or may not support the effective creation and sharing of knowledge&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0007"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">2&#47; Culture mediates the relationship between levels of knowledge&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0008"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Culture embodies the norms and rules about the distribution of knowledge among individuals and within the organization&#44; dictating which knowledge remains with individuals and which belongs to the organization&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0009"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Managers should evaluate knowledge management approaches and initiatives to identify whether the current situation supports the distribution and sharing of knowledge&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0010"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">3&#47; Culture creates a context for social interaction&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0011"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Culture shapes the context for social interactions and behaviors in which people communicate&#44; determining how knowledge will be used and shared in different situations&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0012"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Managers should therefore identify whether any barriers in organizational norms and practices shape the context for social interactions&#46; As for example&#44; tacit knowledge heavily relies on in-person social interactions&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0013"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">4&#47; Culture shapes creation and adoption of new knowledge&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0014"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Organizations not only create or adopt new knowledge in various forms&#44; but knowledge needs to be also distributed and legitimated in order to respond faster than rivals&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0015"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">In this case&#44; managers should motivate employees to seek essential new knowledge from external sources or to create new knowledge internally&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab3711386.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spara002" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Frameworks in which culture influences knowledge-related behaviors&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      2 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0002"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "alt0003"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spara005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Source&#58; Authors&#8217; elaboration&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Note</span>&#58; AL&#61;altruistic leadership&#44; PD&#61;playing dumb&#44; KC&#61;knowledge culture&#44; RH&#61;rationalized hiding&#44; TL&#61;team learning&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0016"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Hypotheses&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0017"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Statement&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0018"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Literature review outcomes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0019"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Expected outcome&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0020"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">H1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0021"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">AL positively affects KC within the organization&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0022"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="top">Supported by research conducted by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0001">Abdillah et al&#46; &#40;2022&#41;</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0041">Lin et al&#46; &#40;2020&#41;</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">Yao et al&#46; &#40;2023&#41;</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0068">Zhang et al&#46; &#40;2010&#41;</a></td><a name="en0023"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Positive&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0024"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">H2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0025"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">AL negatively affects the dimension of RH in knowledge within the organization&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0027"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Negative&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0028"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">H3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0029"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">AL negatively affects dimensions&#44; such as PD in knowledge hiding within the organization&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0031"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Negative&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0032"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">H4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0033"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">TL negatively affects the dimension of RH in knowledge hiding&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0034"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Based on literature linking knowledge hiding&#44; absorptive capacity&#44; and TL &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">Fong et al&#46;&#44; 2018</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0029">He et al&#46;&#44; 2021</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0069">Zhang &#38; Min&#44; 2019</a>&#41;</td><a name="en0035"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Negative&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0036"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">H5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0037"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">TL negatively affects the dimension of PD in knowledge hiding&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0039"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Negative&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0040"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">H6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0041"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">AL positively affects TL within the organization&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0042"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">Literature suggests a link between altruistic actions and interaction and&#44; therefore&#44; learning from others <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0008">Barghouti et al&#46; &#40;2022&#41;</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0027">Guinot et al&#46; &#40;2016&#41;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0043"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Positive&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0044"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">H7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0045"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">TL positively affects KC within the organization&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0046"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">Supported by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0023">Edmondson et al&#46; &#40;2007&#41;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0047"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Positive&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0048"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">H8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0049"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">KC negatively affects the dimension of RH in knowledge hiding&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0050"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Based on findings by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0029">He et al&#46; &#40;2021&#41;</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0032">Intezari et al&#46; &#40;2017&#41;</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0057">Serenko and Bontis &#40;2016&#41;</a></td><a name="en0051"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Negative&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0052"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">H9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0053"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">KC negatively affects the dimension of PD in knowledge hiding&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0055"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Negative&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0056"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">H10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0057"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">TL mediates the relationship between AL and KC&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0058"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="5" align="left" valign="top">Based on <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0054">Salas-Vallina and Alegre &#40;2018&#41;</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0032">Kucharska and Rebelo &#40;2022&#41;</a></td><a name="en0059"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Positive&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0060"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">H11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0061"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">TL mediated the relationship between AL and RH&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0063"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Negative&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0064"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">H12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0065"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">TL mediates the relationship between AL and PD&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0067"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Negative&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0068"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">H13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0069"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">TL mediates the relationship between AL and PD through KC&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0071"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Negative&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0072"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">H14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0073"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">TL mediates the relationship between AL and RH through KC&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0075"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Negative&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab3711390.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spara004" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Hypotheses of the conceptual model&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      3 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0003"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "alt0004"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spara007" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Source&#58; Authors&#8217; elaboration&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0076"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Constructs&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0077"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Adopted from&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0078"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sample item&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0079"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Evasive hiding&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0080"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0017">Connelly et al&#46; &#40;2012&#41;</a>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="interref0001" href="https://www.zotero.org/google-docs/?Wuk825">Ma et al&#46; &#40;2020&#41;</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="interref0002" href="https://www.zotero.org/google-docs/?M7GM8m">Albana and Ye&#351;ilta&#351; &#40;2022&#41;</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="interref0003" href="https://www.zotero.org/google-docs/?SlEdiF">Losada-Ot&#225;lora et al&#46; &#40;2020&#41;</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="interref0004" href="https://www.zotero.org/google-docs/?BexiKt">Koon &#40;2022</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0081"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">I agreed to help others but never really intended to&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0082"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Playing dumb&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0083"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0017">Connelly et al&#46; &#40;2012&#41;</a>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="interref0005" href="https://www.zotero.org/google-docs/?Wuk825">Ma et al&#46; &#40;2020&#41;</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="interref0006" href="https://www.zotero.org/google-docs/?M7GM8m">Albana and Ye&#351;ilta&#351; &#40;2022&#41;</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="interref0007" href="https://www.zotero.org/google-docs/?SlEdiF">Losada-Ot&#225;lora et al&#46; &#40;2020&#41;</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="interref0008" href="https://www.zotero.org/google-docs/?BexiKt">Koon &#40;2022</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0084"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">If my colleague asked me&#44; I pretended I did not know the updated information&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0085"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Rationalized hiding&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0086"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0017">Connelly et al&#46; &#40;2012&#41;</a>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="interref0009" href="https://www.zotero.org/google-docs/?Wuk825">Ma et al&#46; &#40;2020&#41;</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="interref0010" href="https://www.zotero.org/google-docs/?M7GM8m">Albana and Ye&#351;ilta&#351; &#40;2022&#41;</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="interref0011" href="https://www.zotero.org/google-docs/?SlEdiF">Losada-Ot&#225;lora et al&#46; &#40;2020&#41;</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="interref0012" href="https://www.zotero.org/google-docs/?BexiKt">Koon &#40;2022</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0087"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Explained that I would like to tell him&#47;her&#44; but was not supposed to&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0088"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Knowledge culture&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0089"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="interref0013" href="https://www.zotero.org/google-docs/?QyWUE0">Kucharska and Bedford &#40;2020&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0090"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">We are encouraged to share knowledge&#44; ideas&#44; and thoughts&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0091"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Altruistic leadership&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0092"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="interref0014" href="https://www.zotero.org/google-docs/?nBV9pw">Eisenberger et al&#46; &#40;2001&#41;</span>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0001">Abdillah et al&#46; &#40;2022&#41;</a> and <span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="interref0015" href="https://www.zotero.org/google-docs/?lxqFxl">Barbuto and Wheeler &#40;2006&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0093"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">My supervisor puts my best interests ahead of his&#47;her own&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0094"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Team learning&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0095"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="interref0016" href="https://www.zotero.org/google-docs/?HvSgOe">Zhang and Min &#40;2019&#41;</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="interref0017" href="https://www.zotero.org/google-docs/?VM0pjr">Lee et al&#46; &#40;2012&#41;</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="interref0018" href="https://www.zotero.org/google-docs/?XvaqQx">Bartsch et al&#46; &#40;2013&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0096"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">The knowledge acquired from this project provided new insights into executing business processes&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab3711385.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spara006" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Study constructs&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      4 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0004"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 4"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "alt0005"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spara009" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Source&#58; Authors&#8217; elaboration&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0097"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Control variable&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0098"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0099"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0100"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Sex&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0101"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0102"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0103"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Male</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0104"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">203&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0105"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">55&#46;16&#37;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0106"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Female</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0107"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">165&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0108"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">44&#46;84&#37;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0109"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Age&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0110"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0111"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0112"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">20&#8211;30 years</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0113"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0114"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">6&#46;52&#37;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0115"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">31&#8211;40 years</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0116"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">63&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0117"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">17&#46;12&#37;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0118"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">41&#8211;50 years</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0119"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">110&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0120"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">29&#46;89&#37;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0121"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">51&#8211;60 years</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0122"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">90&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0123"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">24&#46;46&#37;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0124"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Less than 20 years</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0125"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0126"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">0&#46;27&#37;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0127"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">More than 60 years</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0128"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">80&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0129"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">21&#46;74&#37;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0130"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Education&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0131"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0132"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0133"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bachelor&#39;s degree</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0134"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0135"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">3&#46;8&#37;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0136"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Master&#39;s degree or higher</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0137"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">267&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0138"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">72&#46;55&#37;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0139"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Secondary school with matriculation</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0140"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">79&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0141"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">21&#46;47&#37;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0142"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Secondary school with apprenticeship</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0143"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0144"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">1&#46;9&#37;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0145"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Primary</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0146"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0147"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">0&#46;27&#37;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0148"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Position&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0149"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0150"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0151"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">General staff</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0152"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">90&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0153"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">24&#46;46&#37;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0154"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Junior manager &#40;</span>i&#46;e&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">team leader&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0155"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">43&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0156"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">11&#46;68&#37;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0157"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Middle management</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0158"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">80&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0159"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">21&#46;74&#37;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0160"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">TOP management</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0161"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">155&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0162"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">42&#46;12&#37;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0163"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Experience&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0164"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0165"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0166"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">11&#8211;15 years</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0167"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">27&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0168"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">7&#46;34&#37;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0169"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">15 years and more</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0170"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">292&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0171"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">79&#46;35&#37;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0172"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2&#8211;5 years</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0173"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0174"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">4&#46;89&#37;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0175"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">6&#8211;10 years</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0176"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0177"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">7&#46;61&#37;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0178"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Less than 1 year</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0179"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0180"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">0&#46;82&#37;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0181"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Company size&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0182"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0183"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0184"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Small enterprise &#40;less than 50 employees&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0185"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">114&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0186"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">30&#46;98&#37;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0187"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Microenterprise &#40;0 - 10 employees&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0188"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">164&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0189"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">44&#46;57&#37;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0190"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Medium-sized enterprise &#40;50 to 249 employees&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0191"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">67&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0192"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">18&#46;21&#37;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0193"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Large enterprise &#40;more than 250 employees&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0194"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">23&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0195"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">6&#46;25&#37;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab3711389.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spara008" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Descriptive statistics of the sample&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      5 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 5"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "alt0006"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spara011" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Source&#58; Authors&#8217; elaboration&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Note</span>&#58; AL&#61;altruistic leadership&#44; PD&#61;playing dumb&#44; KC&#61;knowledge culture&#44; RH&#61;rationalized hiding&#44; TL&#61;team learning&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0196"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0197"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mcdonald&#39;s omega&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0198"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">AL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0199"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">TL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0200"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">KC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0201"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">PD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0202"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">RH&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0203"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">AL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0204"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;874&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0205"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#40;0&#46;875&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0206"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;374&#42;&#42;&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0207"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;425&#42;&#42;&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0208"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;132&#42;&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0209"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;167&#42;&#42;&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0210"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">TL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0211"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;902&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0212"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;374&#42;&#42;&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0213"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#40;0&#46;891&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0214"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;590&#42;&#42;&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0215"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;263&#42;&#42;&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0216"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;008&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0217"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">KC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0218"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;870&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0219"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;425&#42;&#42;&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0220"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;590&#42;&#42;&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0221"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#40;0&#46;859&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0222"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;315&#42;&#42;&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0223"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;112&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0224"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">PD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0225"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;803&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0226"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;132&#42;&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0227"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;263&#42;&#42;&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0228"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;315&#42;&#42;&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0229"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#40;0&#46;810&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0230"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;257&#42;&#42;&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0231"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">RH&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0232"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;799&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0233"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;167&#42;&#42;&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0234"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;008&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0235"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;112&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0236"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;257&#42;&#42;&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0237"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#40;0&#46;742&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab3711391.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spara010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Correlation matrix of latent variables and internal consistency measures &#40;Cronbach&#39;s alpha on diagonal&#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      6 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0006"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 6"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "alt0007"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spara013" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Source&#58; Authors&#8217; elaboration based on Fronell and Larcker &#40;1981&#41;&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Note</span>&#58; AL&#61;altruistic leadership&#44; PD&#61;playing dumb&#44; KC&#61;knowledge culture&#44; RH&#61;rationalized hiding&#44; TL&#61;team learning&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0238"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Constructs&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0239"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">AL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0240"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">TL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0241"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">KC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0242"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">PD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0243"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">RH&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0244"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">AL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0245"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;821</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0246"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0247"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0248"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0249"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0250"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">TL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0251"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;374&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0252"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;759</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0253"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0254"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0255"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0256"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">KC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0257"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;425&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0258"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;590&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0259"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;777</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0260"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0261"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0262"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">PD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0263"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;132&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0264"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;263&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0265"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;315&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0266"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;764</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0267"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0268"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">RH&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0269"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;167&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0270"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;008&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0271"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;112&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0272"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;257&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0273"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;668</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab3711388.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spara012" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Discriminant validity &#40;Fornell-Larcker criterion&#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      7 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0007"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 7"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "alt0008"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spara015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Source&#58; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0107">Byrne &#40;2013&#41;</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0108">Hair et al&#46; &#40;2019&#41;</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0109">Hoe &#40;2008&#41;</a></p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0274"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Statistics&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0275"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Value&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0276"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">The ratio of chi-square to degrees of freedom &#40;&#967;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#47;df&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0277"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8804; 3&#46;0 &#40;Hoe&#44; 2008&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0278"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Chi-square&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0279"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#62; 0&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0280"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Goodness of fit &#40;GFI&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0281"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">values close to 0&#46;90 or above&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0282"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Adjusted goodness of fit &#40;AGFI&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0283"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8805; 0&#46;80&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0284"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Comparative fit index &#40;CFI&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0285"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8805; 0&#46;90&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0286"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Tucker-Lewis index &#40;TLI&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0287"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8805; 0&#46;90&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0288"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Bollen&#39;s &#40;1989&#41; Incremental Fit Index&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0289"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8805; 0&#46;90&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0290"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Normed fitness index &#40;NFI&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0291"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8805; 0&#46;90&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0292"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Root mean square error of approximation &#40;RMSEA&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0293"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8804; 0&#46;08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0294"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Standardized root mean residual &#40;SRMR&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0295"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8804; 0&#46;09&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab3711393.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spara014" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Fit measures and their threshold values for the CFA model&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      8 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0008"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 8"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "alt0009"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0296"></a><th class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_colgroup " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"></th><a name="en0297"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0298"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0299"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#946;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0300"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-value&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0301"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Hypothesis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0302"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#40;LLCI&#59; ULCI&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0303"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">R<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0304"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">std&#46;&#946;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0305"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#40;sLLCI&#59; sULCI&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0306"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">H1&#58;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0307"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">AL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0308"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8594;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0309"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">KC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0310"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;218<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tb8fn2"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8270;&#8270;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0311"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0312"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Supported&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0313"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#40;0&#46;104&#59; 0&#46;357&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0314"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">40&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0315"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;238&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0316"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#40;0&#46;117&#59; 0&#46;354&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0317"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">H2&#58;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0318"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">AL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0319"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8594;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0320"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">RH&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0321"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;088<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tb8fn3">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0322"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;053&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0323"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Supported&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0324"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#40;&#8722;0&#46;194&#59; &#8722;0&#46;013&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0325"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">4&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0326"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;163&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0327"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#40;&#8722;0&#46;299&#59;&#8722;0&#46;015&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0328"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">H3&#58;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0329"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">AL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0330"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8594;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0331"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">PD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0332"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0333"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;773&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0334"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Not supported&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0335"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0336"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">11&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0337"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0338"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0339"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">H4&#58;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0340"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">TL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0341"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#8594;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0342"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">RH&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0343"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0344"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;201&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0345"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Not supported&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0346"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0347"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">4&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0348"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0349"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0350"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">H5&#58;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0351"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">TL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0352"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#8594;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0353"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">PD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0354"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0355"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;224&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0356"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Not supported&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0357"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0358"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">11&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0359"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0360"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0361"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">H6&#58;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0362"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">AL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0363"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8594;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0364"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">TL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0365"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;238<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tb8fn1"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8270;&#8270;&#8270;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0366"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#60; 0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0367"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Supported&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0368"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#40;0&#46;137&#59; 0&#46;358&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0369"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">14&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0370"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;374&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0371"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#40;0&#46;248&#59; 0&#46;493&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0372"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">H7&#58;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0373"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">TL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0374"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#8594;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0375"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">KC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0376"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;72<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tb8fn1"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8270;&#8270;&#8270;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0377"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#60; 0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0378"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Supported&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0379"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#40;0&#46;525&#59; 0&#46;955&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0380"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">40&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0381"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;501&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0382"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#40;0&#46;373&#59; 0&#46;618&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0383"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">H8&#58;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0384"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">KC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0385"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8594;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0386"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">RH&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0387"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0388"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;217&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0389"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Not supported&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0390"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0391"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">3&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0392"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0393"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0394"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">H9&#58;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0395"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">KC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0396"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#8594;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0397"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">PD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0398"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;109<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tb8fn3">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0399"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;021&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0400"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Supported&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0401"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#40;&#8722;0&#46;23&#59; &#8722;0&#46;038&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0402"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">11&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0403"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;252&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0404"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#40;&#8722;0&#46;421&#59; &#8722;0&#46;079&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0405"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">H10&#58;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0406"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">AL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0407"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8594;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0408"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">TL &#8594; KC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0409"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;171<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tb8fn1"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8270;&#8270;&#8270;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0410"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#60; 0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0411"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Supported&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0412"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#40;0&#46;097&#59; 0&#46;274&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0413"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">40&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0414"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;187&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0415"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#40;0&#46;109&#59; 0&#46;275&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0416"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">H11&#58;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0417"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">AL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0418"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8594;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0419"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">TL &#8594; RH&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0420"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0421"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;213&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0422"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Not supported&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0423"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0424"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">4&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0425"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0426"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0427"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">H12&#58;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0428"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">AL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0429"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8594;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0430"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">TL &#8594; PD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0431"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0432"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;303&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0433"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Not supported&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0434"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0435"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">11&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0436"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0437"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0438"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">H13&#58;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0439"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">AL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0440"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8594;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0441"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">TL &#8594; KC &#8594; PD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0442"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;019&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0443"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;082&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0444"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Supported&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0445"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#40;&#8722;0&#46;055&#59; &#8722;0&#46;006&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0446"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">11&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0447"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;047&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0448"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#40;&#8722;0&#46;094&#59; &#8722;0&#46;013&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0449"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">H14&#58;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0450"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">AL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0451"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8594;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0452"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">TL &#8594; KC &#8594; RH&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0453"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0454"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;274&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0455"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Not supported&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0456"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0457"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">4&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0458"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0459"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab3711387.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          "notaPie" => array:3 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tb8fn1"
              "etiqueta" => "&#8270;&#8270;&#8270;"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="notep0008"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-value &#60; 0&#46;001&#46;</p>"
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tb8fn2"
              "etiqueta" => "&#8270;&#8270;"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="notep0009">p-value &#60; 0&#46;01&#46;</p>"
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tb8fn3"
              "etiqueta" => "&#8270;"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="notep0010">p-value &#60; 0&#46;10</p> <p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="notep0011"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#946;</span>&#58; regression coefficients estimates&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">LLCI</span>&#58; lower level of confidence interval of estimate&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">ULCI</span>&#58; upper level of confidence interval of estimate&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">R<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></span>&#58;multiple R-squared &#40;percentage of explained variance&#41;</p> <p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="notep0012"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">std&#46;&#946;</span>&#58; standardized regression coefficients estimates&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">sLLCI</span>&#58; standardized lower level of confidence interval of estimate&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">sULCI</span>&#58; standardized upper level of confidence interval of estimate&#46;</p> <p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="notep0013"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Note</span>&#58; AL&#61;altruistic leadership&#44; PD&#61;playing dumb&#44; KC&#61;knowledge culture&#44; RH&#61;rationalized hiding&#44; TL&#61;team learning&#46;</p> <p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="notep0014">All the factor loadings &#40;excluding CLF&#41; were statistically significant in the model&#46; Regarding the statistical significance of the relationships between the latent variables&#44; four of the nine hypotheses that tested the direct links between constructs were confirmed&#46; Overall&#44; the table indicates that AL significantly impacts KC &#40;&#946; &#61; 0&#46;238&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#61; 0&#46;001&#41; and TL &#40;&#946; &#61; 0&#46;374&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#60; 0&#46;001&#41;&#44; with TL being a particularly strong mediator in these relationships&#46; KC also has a significant&#44; albeit weaker&#44; influence on certain knowledge-hiding behaviors&#46; According to hypothesis H7&#44; the strongest relationship observed in this study is between TL and KC&#44; with a &#946; &#61;0&#46;501&#44; indicating a strong positive effect &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#60; 0&#46;001&#41;&#46; The implications of these results are discussed in the following subsections&#46;</p>"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spara016" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Results of hypothesized SEM model based on bootstrapped standard errors&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      9 => array:5 [
        "identificador" => "utbl0001"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => false
        "mostrarDisplay" => true
        "tabla" => array:1 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0460"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead rowgroup " rowspan="4" align="left" valign="top">Evasive hiding</td><a name="en0461"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">I agreed to help others&#44; but I never intended to&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0463"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">When someone asks me for information&#44; I deliberately provide different information than what they wanted&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0465"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">I have told others that I will help them later&#44; but I have delayed this help as much as possible&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0467"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">I proactively offered others different information instead of what they really wanted&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0468"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead rowgroup " rowspan="4" align="left" valign="top">Playing dumb</td><a name="en0469"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">I pretended I didn&#39;t know the updated information and that I didn&#39;t read it&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0471"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">I said I didn&#39;t know&#44; even though I knew&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0473"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">I pretended not to know what he&#47;she was talking about&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0475"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">I said I did not know much about the topic my colleague talked about&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0476"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead rowgroup " rowspan="4" align="left" valign="top">Rationalized hiding</td><a name="en0477"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">I told a colleague that I would have liked to tell him&#47;her the information but I shouldn&#39;t have done so&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0479"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">I explained to my colleague that the information was confidential and only available to those involved in the specific project&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0481"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">I told a colleague that my supervisor forbids sharing certain knowledge&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0483"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">I told a colleague that I would not answer his&#47;her questions&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab3711392.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
      10 => array:5 [
        "identificador" => "utbl0002"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => false
        "mostrarDisplay" => true
        "tabla" => array:1 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0484"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead rowgroup " rowspan="4" align="left" valign="top">Knowledge culture</td><a name="en0485"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">All employees perceive knowledge as valuable&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0487"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">We have a common way to promote knowledge sharing&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0489"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">We are encouraged to share knowledge&#44; ideas and thoughts&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0491"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">We care about the quality of the knowledge shared&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0492"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead rowgroup " rowspan="4" align="left" valign="top">Altruistic leadership</td><a name="en0493"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">My supervisor puts my interests before his&#47;her&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0495"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">My supervisor does everything possible to serve me&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0497"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">My supervisor sacrifices his&#47;her own interests to meet my needs&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0499"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">My supervisor goes above and beyond the call of duty to meet my needs&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0500"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead rowgroup " rowspan="5" align="left" valign="top">Team learning</td><a name="en0501"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Lessons learned from new projects&#47;collaborations allow us to adjust our view of existing practices&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0503"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Knowledge gained from new projects&#47;collaborations allows us to develop our creativity&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0505"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Insights gained from new projects&#47;collaborations provide us with new perspectives on the implementation of business processes&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0507"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Thanks to staff training we have gained a huge amount of knowledge about the market and project management&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0509"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Knowledge gained from new projects&#47;collaborations has provided us with new insights for improving products &#40;services&#41; and technologies&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab3711394.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "cebibsec1"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:109 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0001"
              "etiqueta" => "Abdillah&#44; Wu and Anita&#44; 2022"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Can altruistic leadership prevent knowledge-hiding behaviour&#63; Testing dual mediation mechanisms"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1080/14778238.2020.1776171"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Knowledge Management Research and Practice"
                        "fecha" => "2022"
                        "volumen" => "20"
                        "numero" => "3"
                        "paginaInicial" => "352"
                        "paginaFinal" => "366"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0002"
              "etiqueta" => "Abzari and Teimouri&#44; 2008"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The effective factors on knowledge sharing in organizations"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.18848/1447-9524/CGP/v08i02/50530"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "The International Journal of Knowledge&#44; Culture&#44; and Change Management&#58; Annual Review"
                        "fecha" => "2008"
                        "volumen" => "8"
                        "numero" => "2"
                        "paginaInicial" => "105"
                        "paginaFinal" => "114"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0070"
              "etiqueta" => "Alavi and Leidner&#44; 1999"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Knowledge Management Systems&#58; Issues&#44; Challenges&#44; and Benefits"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.17705/1CAIS.00107"
                      "Revista" => array:3 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Communications of the Association for Information Systems"
                        "fecha" => "1999"
                        "volumen" => "1"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0071"
              "etiqueta" => "Ali et al&#46;&#44; 2021"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "How do job insecurity and perceived well-being affect expatriate employees&#8217; willingness to share or hide knowledge&#63;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/s11365-020-00638-1"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal"
                        "fecha" => "2021"
                        "volumen" => "17"
                        "numero" => "1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "185"
                        "paginaFinal" => "210"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            4 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0003"
              "etiqueta" => "Andrej&#44; Breznik and Natek&#44; 2023"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Managing knowledge to improve performance&#58; The impact of leadership style and knowledge management on organizational performance with moderation effects via PLS-SEM"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/s13132-022-00957-4"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Journal of the Knowledge Economy"
                        "fecha" => "2023"
                        "volumen" => "14"
                        "numero" => "2"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1672"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1701"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            5 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0004"
              "etiqueta" => "Antunes and Pinheiro&#44; 2020"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Linking knowledge management&#44; organizational learning and memory"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.jik.2019.04.002"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Journal of Innovation &#38; Knowledge"
                        "fecha" => "2020"
                        "volumen" => "5"
                        "numero" => "2"
                        "paginaInicial" => "140"
                        "paginaFinal" => "149"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            6 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0072"
              "etiqueta" => "Argote and Miron-Spektor&#44; 2011"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Organizational Learning&#58; From Experience to Knowledge"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1287/orsc.1100.0621"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Organization Science"
                        "fecha" => "2011"
                        "volumen" => "22"
                        "numero" => "5"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1123"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1137"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            7 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0005"
              "etiqueta" => "Argyris and Sch&#246;n&#44; 1978"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Organizational learning&#58; A theory of action perspective"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:2 [
                        "fecha" => "1978"
                        "editorial" => "Addison-Wesley Publishing Company"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            8 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0006"
              "etiqueta" => "Armstrong and Taylor&#44; 2023"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Armstrong&#39;s handbook of human resource management practice&#58; A guide to the theory and practice of people management"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:2 [
                        "fecha" => "2023"
                        "editorial" => "Kogan Page Publishers"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            9 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0101"
              "etiqueta" => "Bagozzi and Yi&#44; 1988"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "On the evaluation of structural equation models"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science"
                        "fecha" => "1988"
                        "volumen" => "16"
                        "numero" => "1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "74"
                        "paginaFinal" => "94"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            10 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0007"
              "etiqueta" => "Barbuto and Wheeler&#44; 2006"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Scale development and construct clarification of servant leadership"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1177/1059601106287091"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Group &#38; Organization Management"
                        "fecha" => "2006"
                        "volumen" => "31"
                        "numero" => "3"
                        "paginaInicial" => "300"
                        "paginaFinal" => "326"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            11 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0008"
              "etiqueta" => "Barghouti&#44; Guinot and Chiva&#44; 2022"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Compassion and altruism in organizations&#58; A path for firm survival"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1108/IJM-05-2021-0266"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "International Journal of Manpower"
                        "fecha" => "2022"
                        "volumen" => "44"
                        "numero" => "9"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1"
                        "paginaFinal" => "19"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            12 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0009"
              "etiqueta" => "Bass&#44; 1985"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Leadership and performance beyond expectations"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:2 [
                        "fecha" => "1985"
                        "editorial" => "Free Press"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            13 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0010"
              "etiqueta" => "Bass and Riggio&#44; 2005"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Transformational leadership"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.4324/9781410617095"
                      "Libro" => array:3 [
                        "edicion" => "2nd ed&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2005"
                        "editorial" => "Psychology Press"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            14 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0073"
              "etiqueta" => "Bego&#241;a Lloria&#44; 2008"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "A review of the main approaches to knowledge management"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1057/palgrave.kmrp.8500164"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Knowledge Management Research &#38; Practice"
                        "fecha" => "2008"
                        "volumen" => "6"
                        "numero" => "1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "77"
                        "paginaFinal" => "89"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            15 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0098"
              "etiqueta" => "Bentler&#44; 1990"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Comparative fit indexes in structural models"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Psychological Bulletin"
                        "fecha" => "1990"
                        "volumen" => "107"
                        "numero" => "2"
                        "paginaInicial" => "238"
                        "paginaFinal" => "246"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            16 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0011"
              "etiqueta" => "Berson et al&#46;&#44; 2006"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Leadership and organizational learning&#58; A multiple levels perspective"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "The Leadership Quarterly"
                        "fecha" => "2006"
                        "volumen" => "17"
                        "numero" => "4"
                        "paginaInicial" => "577"
                        "paginaFinal" => "594"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            17 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0012"
              "etiqueta" => "Bratianu and Bejinaru&#44; 2019"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The Theory of Knowledge Fields&#58; A Thermodynamics Approach"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.3390/systems7020020"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Systems"
                        "fecha" => "2019"
                        "volumen" => "7"
                        "numero" => "2"
                        "paginaInicial" => "20"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            18 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0013"
              "etiqueta" => "Brown and Trevi&#241;o&#44; 2006"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Ethical leadership&#58; A review and future directions"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "The Leadership Quarterly"
                        "fecha" => "2006"
                        "volumen" => "17"
                        "numero" => "6"
                        "paginaInicial" => "595"
                        "paginaFinal" => "616"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            19 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0014"
              "etiqueta" => "Bucic&#44; Robinson and Ramburuth&#44; 2010"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Effects of leadership style on team learning"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1108/13665621011040680"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Journal of Workplace Learning"
                        "fecha" => "2010"
                        "volumen" => "22"
                        "numero" => "4"
                        "paginaInicial" => "228"
                        "paginaFinal" => "248"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            20 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0015"
              "etiqueta" => "Burns&#44; 1978"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Leadership"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:3 [
                        "fecha" => "1978"
                        "editorial" => "Harper &#38; Row"
                        "editorialLocalizacion" => "New York"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            21 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0107"
              "etiqueta" => "Byrne&#44; 2013"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Structural Equation Modeling with AMOS&#58; Basic Concepts&#44; Applications&#44; and Programming"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.4324/9781410600219"
                      "Libro" => array:2 [
                        "fecha" => "2013"
                        "editorial" => "Routledge"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            22 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0074"
              "etiqueta" => "&#268;erne et al&#46;&#44; 2014"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "What Goes Around Comes Around&#58; Knowledge Hiding&#44; Perceived Motivational Climate&#44; and Creativity"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.5465/amj.2012.0122"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "The Academy of Management Journal"
                        "fecha" => "2014"
                        "volumen" => "57"
                        "paginaInicial" => "172"
                        "paginaFinal" => "192"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            23 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0080"
              "etiqueta" => "Chiang and Chen&#44; 2020"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "How Empowering Leadership and a Cooperative Climate Influence Employees&#8217; Voice Behavior and Knowledge Sharing in the Hotel Industry"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1080/1528008X.2020.1802391"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality &#38; Tourism"
                        "fecha" => "2020"
                        "volumen" => "22"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1"
                        "paginaFinal" => "20"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            24 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0016"
              "etiqueta" => "Chen&#44; Pan&#44; Liu and Vanhaverbeke&#44; 2024"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "How does digital transformation empower knowledge creation&#63; Evidence from Chinese manufacturing enterprises"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.jik.2024.100481"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Journal of Innovation &#38; Knowledge"
                        "fecha" => "2024"
                        "volumen" => "9"
                        "numero" => "2"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            25 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0081"
              "etiqueta" => "Cho et al&#46;&#44; 2020"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Capturing Tacit Knowledge in Security Operation Centres"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2976076"
                      "Revista" => array:3 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "IEEE Access"
                        "fecha" => "2020"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            26 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0017"
              "etiqueta" => "Connelly&#44; Zweig&#44; Webster and Trougakos&#44; 2012"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Knowledge hiding in organizations"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1002/job.737"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Journal of Organizational Behavior"
                        "fecha" => "2012"
                        "volumen" => "33"
                        "numero" => "1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "64"
                        "paginaFinal" => "88"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            27 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0018"
              "etiqueta" => "Crossan&#44; Lane and White&#44; 1999"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "An organizational learning framework&#58; From intuition to institution"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.2307/259140"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "The Academy of Management Review"
                        "fecha" => "1999"
                        "volumen" => "24"
                        "numero" => "3"
                        "paginaInicial" => "522"
                        "paginaFinal" => "537"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            28 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0019"
              "etiqueta" => "Costa&#44; P&#225;dua and Moreira&#44; 2023"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Leadership styles and innovation management&#58; What is the role of human capital&#63;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.3390/admsci13020047"
                      "Revista" => array:4 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Administrative Sciences"
                        "fecha" => "2023"
                        "volumen" => "13"
                        "numero" => "2"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            29 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0020"
              "etiqueta" => "Czarnecka and Dar&#243;czi&#44; 2017"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:1 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Czarnecka A&#46;&#44; &#38; Dar&#243;czi M&#46; &#40;2017&#41;&#46; E-learning as a method of employees&#8217; development and training&#46; In M&#46; Dar&#243;czi&#44; E&#46; Robak&#44; &#38; S&#46; Vinogradov &#40;Eds&#46;&#41;&#44; Management&#44; organizations and society&#46; 1&#8211;9&#46; <a target="_blank" href="http://10.18515/dBEM.M2017.n01.ch09">doi&#58;10&#46;18515&#47;dBEM&#46;M2017&#46;n01&#46;ch09</a>&#46;"
                ]
              ]
            ]
            30 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0075"
              "etiqueta" => "Davenport and Prusak&#44; 1998"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:1 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Davenport&#44; T&#46;&#44; &#38; Prusak&#44; L&#46; &#40;1998&#41;&#46; Working Knowledge&#58; How Organizations Manage What They Know&#46; In <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ubiquity</span> &#40;Ro&#269;&#46; 1&#41;&#46; <a target="_blank" href="http://doi.org/10.1145/348772.348775">https&#58;&#47;&#47;doi&#46;org&#47;10&#46;1145&#47;348772&#46;348775</a>"
                ]
              ]
            ]
            31 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0076"
              "etiqueta" => "Davidavi&#269;ien&#279; et al&#46;&#44; 2020"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:1 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Davidavi&#269;ien&#279;&#44; V&#46;&#44; Al Majzoub&#44; K&#46;&#44; &#38; Meidute-Kavaliauskiene&#44; I&#46; &#40;2020&#41;&#46; Factors Affecting Knowledge Sharing in Virtual Teams&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sustainability</span>&#44; 12&#40;17&#41;&#44; Article 17&#46; <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.3390/su12176917">doi&#58;10&#46;3390&#47;su12176917</a>&#46;"
                ]
              ]
            ]
            32 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0077"
              "etiqueta" => "Dinh et al&#46;&#44; 2014"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Leadership theory and research in the new millennium&#58; Current theoretical trends and changing perspectives"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.11.005"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "The Leadership Quarterly"
                        "fecha" => "2014"
                        "volumen" => "25"
                        "numero" => "1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "36"
                        "paginaFinal" => "62"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            33 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0021"
              "etiqueta" => "Drucker&#44; 1999"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Knowledge worker productivity&#58; The biggest challenge"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "California Management Review"
                        "fecha" => "1999"
                        "volumen" => "41"
                        "paginaInicial" => "79"
                        "paginaFinal" => "94"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            34 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0078"
              "etiqueta" => "Earl&#44; 2001"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Knowledge Management Strategies&#58; Toward a Taxonomy"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Journal of Management Information Systems"
                        "fecha" => "2001"
                        "volumen" => "18"
                        "numero" => "1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "215"
                        "paginaFinal" => "233"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            35 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0022"
              "etiqueta" => "Edmondson&#44; 1999"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.2307/2666999"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Administrative Science Quarterly"
                        "fecha" => "1999"
                        "volumen" => "44"
                        "numero" => "2"
                        "paginaInicial" => "350"
                        "paginaFinal" => "383"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            36 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0023"
              "etiqueta" => "Edmondson&#44; Dillon and Roloff&#44; 2007"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Three perspectives on team learning&#58; Outcome improvement&#44; task mastery&#44; and group process"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1080/078559811"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "The Academy of Management Annals"
                        "fecha" => "2007"
                        "volumen" => "1"
                        "numero" => "1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "269"
                        "paginaFinal" => "314"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            37 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0024"
              "etiqueta" => "Fal&#225;t&#44; Michalov&#225;&#44; Madz&#237;k and Mar&#353;&#237;kov&#225;&#44; 2023"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Discovering trends and journeys in knowledge-based human resource management&#58; big data smart literature review based on machine learning approach"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3296140"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "IEEE Access Practical Innovations&#44; Open Solutions"
                        "fecha" => "2023"
                        "volumen" => "11"
                        "paginaInicial" => "95567"
                        "paginaFinal" => "95583"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            38 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0097"
              "etiqueta" => "Flora&#44; 2020"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Your Coefficient Alpha Is Probably Wrong&#44; but Which Coefficient Omega Is Right&#63; A Tutorial on Using R to Obtain Better Reliability Estimates"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1177/2515245920951747"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science"
                        "fecha" => "2020"
                        "volumen" => "3"
                        "numero" => "4"
                        "paginaInicial" => "484"
                        "paginaFinal" => "501"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            39 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0025"
              "etiqueta" => "Fong&#44; Men&#44; Luo and Jia&#44; 2018"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Knowledge hiding and team creativity&#58; The contingent role of task interdependence"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1108/MD-11-2016-0778"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Management Decision"
                        "fecha" => "2018"
                        "volumen" => "56"
                        "numero" => "2"
                        "paginaInicial" => "329"
                        "paginaFinal" => "343"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            40 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0102"
              "etiqueta" => "Fornell and Larcker&#44; 1981"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Journal of Marketing Research"
                        "fecha" => "1981"
                        "volumen" => "18"
                        "numero" => "1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "39"
                        "paginaFinal" => "50"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            41 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0079"
              "etiqueta" => "Fry et al&#46;&#44; 2005"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Spiritual leadership and army transformation&#58; Theory&#44; measurement&#44; and establishing a baseline"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.07.012"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "The Leadership Quarterly"
                        "fecha" => "2005"
                        "volumen" => "16"
                        "numero" => "5"
                        "paginaInicial" => "835"
                        "paginaFinal" => "862"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            42 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0026"
              "etiqueta" => "Fuller et al&#46;&#44; 2016"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Common methods variance detection in business research"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Journal of Business Research"
                        "fecha" => "2016"
                        "volumen" => "69"
                        "numero" => "8"
                        "paginaInicial" => "3192"
                        "paginaFinal" => "3198"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            43 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0103"
              "etiqueta" => "Garson&#44; 2002"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Guide to writing empirical papers&#44; theses&#44; and dissertations"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:2 [
                        "fecha" => "2002"
                        "editorial" => "CRC Press"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            44 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0027"
              "etiqueta" => "Guinot&#44; Chiva and Mall&#233;n&#44; 2016"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Linking altruism and organizational learning capability&#58; A study from excellent human resources management organizations in Spain"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/s10551-015-2603-7"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Journal of Business Ethics"
                        "fecha" => "2016"
                        "volumen" => "138"
                        "numero" => "2"
                        "paginaInicial" => "349"
                        "paginaFinal" => "364"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            45 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0028"
              "etiqueta" => "Gupta and Govindarajan&#44; 2000"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Knowledge management&#39;s social dimension&#58; Lessons from Nucor Steel"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Sloan Management Review"
                        "fecha" => "2000"
                        "volumen" => "42"
                        "numero" => "1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "71"
                        "paginaFinal" => "81"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            46 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0099"
              "etiqueta" => "Hair et al&#46;&#44; 2009"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Multivariate data analysis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:3 [
                        "edicion" => "7th ed&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2009"
                        "editorial" => "Prentice-Hall"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            47 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0100"
              "etiqueta" => "Hair et al&#46;&#44; 2014"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "A Primer on Partial Least Squares&#46; Structural Equation Modelling &#40;PLS-SEM&#41;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:3 [
                        "fecha" => "2014"
                        "editorial" => "SAGE Publications"
                        "editorialLocalizacion" => "Los Angeles"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            48 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0108"
              "etiqueta" => "Hair et al&#46;&#44; 2019"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Multivariate Data Analysis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:3 [
                        "edicion" => "8th Edition"
                        "fecha" => "2019"
                        "editorial" => "Pearson&#44; Upper Saddle River"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            49 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0105"
              "etiqueta" => "Henseler et al&#46;&#44; 2015"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modelling"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science"
                        "fecha" => "2015"
                        "volumen" => "43"
                        "numero" => "1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1"
                        "paginaFinal" => "21"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            50 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0029"
              "etiqueta" => "He&#44; Jiang&#44; Xu and Shen&#44; 2021"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Knowledge hiding&#58; Current research status and future research directions"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.3389/fpsyg.2021.748237"
                      "Revista" => array:3 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Frontiers in Psychology"
                        "fecha" => "2021"
                        "volumen" => "12"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            51 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0030"
              "etiqueta" => "He and Wei&#44; 2022"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Preventing knowledge hiding behaviors through workplace friendship and altruistic leadership&#44; and mediating role of positive emotions"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.3389/fpsyg.2022.905890"
                      "Revista" => array:3 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Frontiers in Psychology"
                        "fecha" => "2022"
                        "volumen" => "13"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            52 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0031"
              "etiqueta" => "Hensellek&#44; 2020"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Digital leadership&#58; A framework for successful leadership in the digital age"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.4018/JMME.2020010104"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Journal of Media Management and Entrepreneurship"
                        "fecha" => "2020"
                        "volumen" => "2"
                        "numero" => "1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "55"
                        "paginaFinal" => "69"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            53 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0109"
              "etiqueta" => "Hoe&#44; 2008"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Issues and Procedures in Adopting Structural Equation Modeling Technique"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Journal of Applied Quantitative Methods"
                        "fecha" => "2008"
                        "volumen" => "3"
                        "paginaInicial" => "76"
                        "paginaFinal" => "83"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            54 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0082"
              "etiqueta" => "Ipe&#44; 2003"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Knowledge Sharing in Organizations&#58; A Conceptual Framework"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1177/1534484303257985"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Human Resource Development Review"
                        "fecha" => "2003"
                        "volumen" => "2"
                        "numero" => "4"
                        "paginaInicial" => "337"
                        "paginaFinal" => "359"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            55 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0032"
              "etiqueta" => "Intezari&#44; Taskin and Pauleen&#44; 2017"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Looking beyond knowledge sharing&#58; An integrative approach to knowledge management culture"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1108/JKM-06-2016-0216"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Journal of Knowledge Management"
                        "fecha" => "2017"
                        "volumen" => "21"
                        "numero" => "2"
                        "paginaInicial" => "492"
                        "paginaFinal" => "515"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            56 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0033"
              "etiqueta" => "Islam&#44; Jasimuddin and Hasan&#44; 2015"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Organizational culture&#44; structure&#44; technology infrastructure and knowledge sharing&#58; Empirical evidence from MNCs based in Malaysia"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1108/VINE-05-2014-0037"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "VINE"
                        "fecha" => "2015"
                        "volumen" => "45"
                        "numero" => "1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "67"
                        "paginaFinal" => "88"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            57 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0034"
              "etiqueta" => "James&#44; Witten&#44; Hastie and Tibshirani&#44; 2013"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "An introduction to statistical learning&#58; With applications in r"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:3 [
                        "edicion" => "1st ed&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2013"
                        "editorial" => "Corr&#46; 7th printing 2017 edition"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            58 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0035"
              "etiqueta" => "Jahan and Kim&#44; 2021"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Understanding online community participation behavior and perceived benefits&#58; A social exchange theory perspective"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1108/PRR-12-2019-0036"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "PSU Research Review"
                        "fecha" => "2021"
                        "volumen" => "5"
                        "numero" => "2"
                        "paginaInicial" => "85"
                        "paginaFinal" => "100"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            59 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0036"
              "etiqueta" => "Jakubik and Berazhny&#44; 2017"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Rethinking leadership and its practices in the digital era"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "LibroEditado" => array:3 [
                        "titulo" => "Proceedings of the managing the global economy&#46; proceedings of the management international conference"
                        "conferencia" => "Monastier di Treviso&#44; Italy"
                        "serieFecha" => "2017"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            60 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0037"
              "etiqueta" => "Kanungo and Mendonca&#44; 1996"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Ethical dimensions of leadership"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.4135/9781452220536"
                      "Libro" => array:2 [
                        "fecha" => "1996"
                        "editorial" => "SAGE Publications&#44; Inc&#46;"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            61 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0083"
              "etiqueta" => "Kaur&#44; 2019"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Knowledge-Based Dynamic Capabilities&#58; The Road Ahead in Gaining Organizational Competitiveness"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/978-3-030-21649-8"
                      "Libro" => array:2 [
                        "fecha" => "2019"
                        "editorial" => "Springer International Publishing"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            62 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0104"
              "etiqueta" => "Kenny&#44; 2016"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:1 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Kenny&#44; D&#46; A&#46; 2016&#46; Multiple latent variable models&#58; Confirmatory factor analysis&#46; Retrieved October 2017 from <a target="_blank" href="http://davidakenny.net/cm/mfactor.htm">davidakenny&#46;net&#47;cm&#47;mfactor&#46;htm</a>&#46;"
                ]
              ]
            ]
            63 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0084"
              "etiqueta" => "Khalil et al&#46;&#44; 2021"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Sustaining work outcomes through human capital sustainability leadership&#58; Knowledge sharing behaviour as an underlining mechanism"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1108/LODJ-02-2021-0051"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Leadership &#38; Organization Development Journal"
                        "fecha" => "2021"
                        "volumen" => "42"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1119"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1135"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            64 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0106"
              "etiqueta" => "Kline&#44; 2011"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling Third Edition"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:3 [
                        "fecha" => "2011"
                        "editorial" => "The Guilford Press"
                        "editorialLocalizacion" => "New York"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            65 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0038"
              "etiqueta" => "Kohli&#44; Shervani and Challagalla&#44; 1998"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Learning and performance orientation of salespeople&#58; The role of supervisors"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.2307/3151853"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Journal of Marketing Research"
                        "fecha" => "1998"
                        "volumen" => "35"
                        "numero" => "2"
                        "paginaInicial" => "263"
                        "paginaFinal" => "274"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            66 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0039"
              "etiqueta" => "Kotter&#44; 1999"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "What leaders really do"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:6 [
                        "titulo" => "Harvard business review on leadership"
                        "fecha" => "1999"
                        "paginaInicial" => "37"
                        "paginaFinal" => "60"
                        "editorial" => "Harvard Business School Press"
                        "editorialLocalizacion" => "Boston"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            67 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0040"
              "etiqueta" => "Kucharska&#44; 2021"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Leadership&#44; culture&#44; intellectual capital and knowledge processes for organizational innovativeness across industries&#58; The case of Poland"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1108/JIC-02-2021-0047"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Journal of Intellectual Capital"
                        "fecha" => "2021"
                        "volumen" => "22"
                        "numero" => "7"
                        "paginaInicial" => "121"
                        "paginaFinal" => "141"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            68 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0085"
              "etiqueta" => "Nonaka&#44; 1991"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:1 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Kucharska&#44; W&#46;&#44; &#38; Rebelo&#44; T&#46; &#40;2022&#41;&#46; Knowledge sharing and knowledge hiding in light of the mistakes acceptance component of learning culture- knowledge culture and human capital implications&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Learning Organization</span>&#46; Scopus&#46; <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1108/TLO-03-2022-0032">doi&#58;10&#46;1108&#47;TLO-03-2022-0032</a>&#46;"
                ]
              ]
            ]
            69 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0041"
              "etiqueta" => "Lin&#44; Zhang&#44; Ng and Zhong&#44; 2020"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "To empower or not to empower&#63;Multilevel effects of empowering leadership on knowledge hiding"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102540"
                      "Revista" => array:3 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "International Journal of Hospitality Management"
                        "fecha" => "2020"
                        "volumen" => "89"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            70 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0042"
              "etiqueta" => "Long and Fahey&#44; 2000"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Diagnosing cultural barriers to knowledge management"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.5465/AME.2000.3979820"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Academy of Management Executive"
                        "fecha" => "2000"
                        "volumen" => "14"
                        "paginaInicial" => "113"
                        "paginaFinal" => "127"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            71 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0043"
              "etiqueta" => "Lu&#44; Lin and Leung&#44; 2012"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Goal orientation and innovative performance&#58; The mediating roles of knowledge sharing and perceived autonomy"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1111/j.1559-1816.2012.01018.x"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Journal of Applied Social Psychology"
                        "fecha" => "2012"
                        "volumen" => "42"
                        "numero" => "1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "E180"
                        "paginaFinal" => "E197"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            72 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0086"
              "etiqueta" => "Ma et al&#46;&#44; 2020"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:1 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Ma&#44; L&#46;&#44; Zhang&#44; X&#46;&#44; &#38; Ding&#44; X&#46; &#40;2020&#41;&#46; Enterprise social media usage and knowledge hiding&#58; A motivation theory perspective&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Journal of Knowledge Management</span>&#44; 24&#40;9&#41;&#44; 2149&#8211;2169&#46; Scopus&#46; <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-03-2020-0234">doi&#58;10&#46;1108&#47;JKM-03-2020-0234</a>&#46;"
                ]
              ]
            ]
            73 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0087"
              "etiqueta" => "Majeed&#44; 2009"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "A review of HR practices in knowledge-intensive firms and MNEs&#58; 2000-2006"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1108/03090590910966580"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Journal of European Industrial Training"
                        "fecha" => "2009"
                        "volumen" => "33"
                        "numero" => "5"
                        "paginaInicial" => "439"
                        "paginaFinal" => "456"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            74 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0088"
              "etiqueta" => "Martinez-Conesa et al&#46;&#44; 2017"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "On the path towards open innovation&#58; Assessing the role of knowledge management capability and environmental dynamism in SMEs"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1108/JKM-09-2016-0403"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Journal of Knowledge Management"
                        "fecha" => "2017"
                        "volumen" => "21"
                        "numero" => "3"
                        "paginaInicial" => "553"
                        "paginaFinal" => "570"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            75 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0044"
              "etiqueta" => "Mall&#233;n&#44; Chiva&#44; Alegre and Guinot&#44; 2015"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Are altruistic leaders worthy&#63; The role of organizational learning capability"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1108/IJM-09-2013-0212"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "International Journal of Manpower"
                        "fecha" => "2015"
                        "volumen" => "36"
                        "numero" => "3"
                        "paginaInicial" => "271"
                        "paginaFinal" => "295"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            76 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0045"
              "etiqueta" => "McDermott and O&#39;Dell&#44; 2001"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Overcoming cultural barriers to sharing knowledge"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1108/13673270110384428"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Journal of Knowledge Management"
                        "fecha" => "2001"
                        "volumen" => "5"
                        "numero" => "1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "76"
                        "paginaFinal" => "85"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            77 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0046"
              "etiqueta" => "Mehralian&#44; Rasekh&#44; Akhavan and Ghatari&#44; 2013"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Prioritization of intellectual capital indicators in knowledge-based industries&#58; Evidence from pharmaceutical industry"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2012.10.002"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "International Journal of Information Management"
                        "fecha" => "2013"
                        "volumen" => "33"
                        "numero" => "1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "209"
                        "paginaFinal" => "216"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            78 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0047"
              "etiqueta" => "Menard&#44; 2001"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Applied logistic regression analysis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:3 [
                        "edicion" => "2nd ed&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2001"
                        "editorial" => "SAGE Publications&#44; Inc"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            79 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0048"
              "etiqueta" => "Musaigwa and Kalitanyi&#44; 2024"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Effective leadership in the digital era&#58; An exploration of change management"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.15587/2706-5448.2024.297374"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Technology audit and production reserves"
                        "fecha" => "2024"
                        "volumen" => "1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "6"
                        "paginaFinal" => "14"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            80 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0091"
              "etiqueta" => "Nonaka and Takeuchi&#44; 1995"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The Knowledge-creating Company&#58; How Japanese Companies Create the Dynamics of Innovation"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:2 [
                        "fecha" => "1995"
                        "editorial" => "Oxford University Press"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            81 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0092"
              "etiqueta" => "Nonaka and von Krogh&#44; 2009"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Perspective&#8212;Tacit Knowledge and Knowledge Conversion&#58; Controversy and Advancement in Organizational Knowledge Creation Theory"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1287/orsc.1080.0412"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Organization Science"
                        "fecha" => "2009"
                        "volumen" => "20"
                        "numero" => "3"
                        "paginaInicial" => "635"
                        "paginaFinal" => "652"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            82 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0089"
              "etiqueta" => "Nonaka&#44; 1991"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:1 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Nonaka&#44; I&#46; &#40;1991&#41;&#46; The Knowledge-Creating Company&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Harvard Business Review</span>&#44; 85&#44; 162-&#43;&#46; <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-7506-7009-8.50016-1">doi&#58;10&#46;1016&#47;B978-0-7506-7009-8&#46;50016-1</a>&#46;"
                ]
              ]
            ]
            83 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0090"
              "etiqueta" => "Nonaka&#44; 1994"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "A Dynamic Theory of Organizational Knowledge Creation"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Organization Science"
                        "fecha" => "1994"
                        "volumen" => "5"
                        "numero" => "1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "14"
                        "paginaFinal" => "37"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            84 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0049"
              "etiqueta" => "Obrenovic et al&#46;&#44; 2020"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The enjoyment of knowledge sharing&#58; impact of altruism on tacit knowledge-sharing behavior"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:2 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:3 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Frontiers in Psychology"
                        "fecha" => "2020"
                        "volumen" => "11"
                      ]
                    ]
                    1 => array:1 [
                      "WWW" => array:1 [
                        "link" => "https&#58;&#47;&#47;www&#46;frontiersin&#46;org&#47;articles&#47;10&#46;3389&#47;fpsyg&#46;2020&#46;01496"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            85 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0050"
              "etiqueta" => "Oliver and Reddy Kandadi&#44; 2006"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "How to develop knowledge culture in organizations&#63; A multiple case study of large distributed organizations"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1108/13673270610679336"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Journal of Knowledge Management"
                        "fecha" => "2006"
                        "volumen" => "10"
                        "numero" => "4"
                        "paginaInicial" => "6"
                        "paginaFinal" => "24"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            86 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0093"
              "etiqueta" => "Pandey et al&#46;&#44; 2019"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Spirituality and innovative behaviour in teams&#58; Examining the mediating role of team learning"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.iimb.2019.03.013"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "IIMB Management Review"
                        "fecha" => "2019"
                        "volumen" => "31"
                        "numero" => "2"
                        "paginaInicial" => "116"
                        "paginaFinal" => "126"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            87 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0051"
              "etiqueta" => "Paudel&#44; 2020"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Level of knowledge management among faculty members in the context of nepali higher educational institution"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.3126/dsaj.v14i0.27370"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology"
                        "fecha" => "2020"
                        "volumen" => "14"
                        "paginaInicial" => "124"
                        "paginaFinal" => "130"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            88 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0052"
              "etiqueta" => "Podsakoff and Organ&#44; 1986"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Self-reports in organizational research&#58; Problems and prospects"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Journal of management"
                        "fecha" => "1986"
                        "volumen" => "12"
                        "numero" => "4"
                        "paginaInicial" => "531"
                        "paginaFinal" => "544"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            89 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0094"
              "etiqueta" => "Pradhan et al&#46;&#44; 2019"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Abusive supervision and knowledge hiding&#58; The mediating role of psychological contract violation and supervisor directed aggression"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1108/JKM-05-2019-0248"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Journal of Knowledge Management"
                        "fecha" => "2019"
                        "volumen" => "24"
                        "numero" => "2"
                        "paginaInicial" => "216"
                        "paginaFinal" => "234"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            90 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0095"
              "etiqueta" => "Quinn and Keough&#44; 2007"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Experimental Design and Data Analysis for Biologists"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:3 [
                        "edicion" => "1st edition"
                        "fecha" => "2007"
                        "editorial" => "Cambridge University Press"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            91 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0053"
              "etiqueta" => "Rakovic et al&#46;&#44; 2024"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The role of leadership in managing digital transformation&#58; A systematic literature review"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.15240/tul/001/2024-2-006"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "E&#43;M Ekonomie a Management"
                        "fecha" => "2024"
                        "volumen" => "27"
                        "numero" => "2"
                        "paginaInicial" => "87"
                        "paginaFinal" => "107"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            92 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0054"
              "etiqueta" => "Salas-Vallina and Alegre&#44; 2018"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Unselfish leaders&#63; Understanding the role of altruistic leadership and organizational learning on happiness at work &#40;HAW&#41;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1108/LODJ-11-2017-0345"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Leadership and Organization Development Journal"
                        "fecha" => "2018"
                        "volumen" => "39"
                        "numero" => "5"
                        "paginaInicial" => "633"
                        "paginaFinal" => "649"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            93 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0055"
              "etiqueta" => "Salas-Vallina&#44; Ferrer-Franco and Fern&#225;ndez Guerrero&#44; 2018"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Altruistic leadership and affiliative humor&#39;s role on service innovation&#58; Lessons from Spanish public hospitals"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1002/hpm.2549"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "International Journal of Health Planning and Management"
                        "fecha" => "2018"
                        "volumen" => "33"
                        "paginaInicial" => "861"
                        "paginaFinal" => "872"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            94 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0056"
              "etiqueta" => "Schumacker and Lomax&#44; 2004"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "A beginner&#39;s guide to structural equation modeling"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:2 [
                        "fecha" => "2004"
                        "editorial" => "Psychology Press"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            95 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0057"
              "etiqueta" => "Serenko and Bontis&#44; 2016"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Understanding counterproductive knowledge behavior&#58; Antecedents and consequences of intra-organizational knowledge hiding"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1108/JKM-05-2016-0203"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Journal of Knowledge Management"
                        "fecha" => "2016"
                        "volumen" => "20"
                        "numero" => "6"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1199"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1224"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            96 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0096"
              "etiqueta" => "Singh&#44; 2008"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Role of leadership in knowledge management&#58; A study"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1108/13673270810884219"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J&#46; Knowledge Management"
                        "fecha" => "2008"
                        "volumen" => "12"
                        "paginaInicial" => "3"
                        "paginaFinal" => "15"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            97 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0058"
              "etiqueta" => "&#352;kerlavaj&#44; &#268;erne and Batisti&#269;&#44; 2023"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Knowledge hiding in organizations&#58; Meta-analysis 10 years later"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.15458/2335-4216.1319"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Economic and Business Review"
                        "fecha" => "2023"
                        "volumen" => "25"
                        "numero" => "2"
                        "paginaInicial" => "79"
                        "paginaFinal" => "102"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            98 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0059"
              "etiqueta" => "Taber&#44; 2018"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The use of Cronbach&#39;s Alpha when developing and reporting research instruments in science education"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Research in Science Education"
                        "fecha" => "2018"
                        "volumen" => "48"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1273"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1296"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            99 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0060"
              "etiqueta" => "Trizano-Hermosilla and Alvarado&#44; 2016"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Best alternatives to Cronbach&#39;s alpha reliability in realistic conditions&#58; Congeneric and asymmetrical measurements"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00769"
                      "Revista" => array:3 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Frontiers in Psychology"
                        "fecha" => "2016"
                        "volumen" => "7"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            100 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0061"
              "etiqueta" => "von Krogh&#44; Nonaka and Aben&#44; 2001"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Making the most of your company&#39;s knowledge&#58; A strategic framework"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/S0024-6301(01)00059-0"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Long Range Planning"
                        "fecha" => "2001"
                        "volumen" => "34"
                        "numero" => "4"
                        "paginaInicial" => "421"
                        "paginaFinal" => "439"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            101 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0062"
              "etiqueta" => "Wang and Wang&#44; 2023"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The dark side of knowledge transfer&#58; A visual analysis using VOSviewer"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.15240/tul/001/2023-2-008"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "E&#43;M Ekonomie A Management"
                        "fecha" => "2023"
                        "volumen" => "26"
                        "numero" => "2"
                        "paginaInicial" => "122"
                        "paginaFinal" => "139"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            102 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0063"
              "etiqueta" => "Wei and Nguyen&#44; 2020"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Local responsiveness strategy of foreign subsidiaries of Chinese multinationals&#58; The impacts of relational-assets&#44; market-seeking FDI&#44; and host country institutional environments"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/s10490-019-09655-3"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Asia Pacific Journal of Management"
                        "fecha" => "2020"
                        "volumen" => "37"
                        "paginaInicial" => "661"
                        "paginaFinal" => "692"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            103 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0064"
              "etiqueta" => "Wenger&#44; McDermott and Snyder&#44; 2002"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "A guide to managing knowledge&#58; Cultivating communities of practice"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:3 [
                        "fecha" => "2002"
                         …2
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            104 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0065"
              "etiqueta" => "Yao&#44; Zhao&#44; Hu and Zheng&#44; 2023"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Exploring knowledge sharing and hiding on employees&#8217; creative behaviors&#58; A coopetition perspective"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.jik.2023.100447"
                      "Revista" => array:4 [ …4]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            105 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0066"
              "etiqueta" => "Zaim&#44; Keceli&#44; Jaradat and Kastrati&#44; 2018"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The effects of knowledge management processes on human resource management&#58; Mediating role of knowledge utilization"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1108/JSTPM-02-2018-0011"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            106 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0067"
              "etiqueta" => "Zellmer-Bruhn and Gibson&#44; 2006"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Multinational organization context&#58; Implications for team learning and performance"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.5465/AMJ.2006.21794668"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [ …5]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            107 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0068"
              "etiqueta" => "Zhang&#44; Fang&#44; Wei and Chen&#44; 2010"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Exploring the role of psychological safety in promoting the intention to continue sharing knowledge in virtual communities"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2010.02.003"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            108 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0069"
              "etiqueta" => "Zhang and Min&#44; 2019"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The negative consequences of knowledge hiding in NPD project teams&#58; The roles of project work attributes"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.ijproman.2019.01.006"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "agradecimientos" => array:1 [
      0 => array:4 [
        "identificador" => "xack786204"
        "titulo" => "Acknowledgments"
        "texto" => "<p id="para0114" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This paper was supported by the Student Grant Competition of the Technical University of Liberec under project No&#46; SGS-2024&#8211;1436 &#34;Subjective risks associated with digitalisation of processes&#34; and by Internal Grant number 54&#95;PM&#44; Faculty of Economics Technical university of Liberec &#8220;Using machine learning methods to identify latent research directions in the digital transformation of organizations&#8221;</p>"
        "vista" => "all"
      ]
    ]
  ]
  "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
  "url" => "/2444569X/0000000900000004/v28_202411010447/S2444569X24001318/v28_202411010447/en/main.assets"
  "Apartado" => null
  "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/2444569X/0000000900000004/v28_202411010447/S2444569X24001318/v28_202411010447/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/"
  "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2444569X24001318?idApp=UINPBA00004N"
]
Article information
ISSN: 2444569X
Original language: English
The statistics are updated each day
Year/Month Html Pdf Total
2024 November 4 0 4
2024 October 41 23 64

Follow this link to access the full text of the article