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Inicio Medicina Clínica Enfermedades por priones humanas. Una revisión general
Journal Information
Vol. 160. Issue 12.
Pages 554-560 (June 2023)
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Vol. 160. Issue 12.
Pages 554-560 (June 2023)
Revisión
Enfermedades por priones humanas. Una revisión general
Human prion diseases: An overview
Visits
4
Raquel Piñar-Moralesa,b, Francisco Barrero-Hernándeza,b, Luis Aliaga-Martíneza,
Corresponding author
laliaga@ugr.es

Autor para correspondencia.
a Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada, España
b Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, España
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Resumen

Las enfermedades por priones constituyen un grupo de enfermedades neurodegenerativas, cuyo agente causal es una proteína normal del cerebro (PrP) que se agrega en una conformación anómala. La proteína anormal, conocida como prion (PrPSc), tiene la propiedad de autopropagarse, induciendo la plegadura anómala de la proteína normal PrP. Estas enfermedades se presentan de manera esporádica, por transmisión genética, o de forma adquirida por ingesta de carne contaminada con priones o por exposición iatrógena. Su diagnóstico resulta difícil. La utilización de exploraciones complementarias de alta sensibilidad y especificidad, como la resonancia magnética o la RT-QuIC, facilitan su diagnóstico. El diagnóstico definitivo se establece por el estudio histopatológico de muestras de tejidos. Actualmente, no se dispone de ningún tratamiento que modifique el curso de la enfermedad, pero su diagnóstico precoz es fundamental para planificar los cuidados del enfermo, adoptar las medidas de prevención necesarias y el consejo genético.

Palabras clave:
Enfermedad de Creutzfeldt-Jakob
Enfermedad priónica
Insomnio familiar fatal
Prion
Real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC)
Síndrome de Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker
Abstract

Prion diseases are a group of neurodegenerative diseases. The disease-causing agent is a protein (PrP), that is normally produced in the nervous system, aggregated in an abnormal form. The abnormal protein, known as prion (PrPSc), is capable of self-propagation promoting the misfolding of the normal protein (PrP). These conditions can be acquired sporadically, genetically, or infectiously either by eating meat contaminated with prions or from iatrogenic exposure. The diagnosis of these diseases is often challenging. The use of highly sensitive and specific diagnostic tools, such as MRI and RT-QuIC, may aid in the diagnosis. Neuropathological examination of brain tissue ensures a definite diagnosis. At present, no treatment significantly improves the course of prion diseases; however, an early diagnosis is of paramount importance for patient care decision planning, infection control purposes, and genetic counseling.

Keywords:
Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
Prion diseases
Fatal familial insomnia
Prion
Real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC)
Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome

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