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(B) Evolution of the patient at 4 months, where the resolution of the lesion can be seen.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Actinomycosis is an infrequent, slowly progressive disease caused by gram-positive bacteria of the family <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Actinomycetaceae</span>. It is frequently underdiagnosed because it can be confused with tumoural processes, cutaneous tuberculosis or fungal infections.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We present the case of a 55-year-old male patient with multiple cardiovascular risk factors, including a poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus, who visited the emergency room because of a painful back injury which had increased over the last 2 weeks, and an associated fever despite broad-spectrum oral antibiotic therapy with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid for the last three days. The physical examination revealed, in the right scapular region, a large erythematous-violaceous plaque of more than 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm in diameter, hot, filled and abscessed with thick purulent secretion drainage through several orifices (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>A). The patient was hospitalised and given intravenous antibiotics with ceftriaxone and clindamycin. The following from his blood and urine tests was worth noting: leukocytosis, elevation of acute phase reactants, very high glycaemia and notable glucosuria. MRI contrast of soft tissue was carried out which showed inflammatory changes in the subcutaneous tissue by a collection of irregular borders of 70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>54<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm, with myositis changes in right trapezius muscle. Two punch biopsies were performed, and the purulent collection began to drain. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Actinomyces europaeus</span>, sensitive to betalactams, vancomycin and quinolones, and resistant to clindamycin and metronidazole, was isolated in the culture of this material and in the skin biopsy culture. We maintained systemic antibiotic therapy for 30 days (without removing clindamycin due to the possibility of polymicrobial infection, although it was not seen in the culture) and performed daily washes of the lesion. After 4 weeks’ admission, and an improvement of the lesion, the patient was discharged with oral antibiotics and we were able to confirm the patient was completely cured after 4 months (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>B).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Actinomycosis is an infrequent entity that is underdiagnosed because it can simulate other clinical conditions. The bacteria of the genus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Actinomyces</span> spp. are found as regular commensals in various body locations. Infections produced by this class of germs present an irregular incubation period, giving rise to firmly indurated lesions with pus, abscesses, suppurating fistulas towards contiguous and exterior tissues and fibrosis. Typical clinical presentations include the cervicofacial, thoracic/pulmonary, musculoskeletal, pelvic, central nervous and abdominal areas.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> The risk factors for developing this type of infection are male sex, diabetes, immunosuppression, alcoholism and local tissue damage caused by trauma, recent surgery or radiation. Bacteriological cultures are definitive diagnosis, and it is much more frequent to isolate bacteria from the family actinomycetales associated to others and not in pure culture.</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Actinomyces europaeus</span> was typed for the first time in 1997 in Switzerland.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> It is a gram-positive bacillus filamentous, small, anaerobic facultative and sensitive to most beta-lactam antibiotics. It has been implicated not only in skin and soft tissue infections, but also in urinary tract infections, most often isolated in polymicrobial culture, sometimes interpreted as nonpathogenic commensal flora.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">So far there are less than five cases in the literature of skin and soft tissue infections produced by this germ as the only pathogen,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4,5</span></a> with good evolution after active surgical drainage and antibiotic therapy for a long period of time (from 3 to 12 months), which is the treatment of choice. Our patient did not require extensive surgical drainage, since the only procedure performed was two punch skin biopsies, which were not sutured so that the lesion could drain through those orifices.</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion, we present the case of a patient with typical risk factors for skin and soft tissue infection by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A. europaeus</span> as the only isolated agent in the microbiological culture. We would like to note its excellent evolution with systemic antibiotic therapy without the need to perform aggressive surgical procedures, which would have undoubtedly conditioned greater morbidity.</p></span>" "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: Esteban-Garrido E, Hinojosa Mena-Bernal J, Martínez-Morán C. Actinomicosis musculoesquelética por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Actinomyces europaeus</span>. Med Clin (Barc). 2019;153:e19–e20.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 508 "Ancho" => 1255 "Tamanyo" => 85907 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">(A) Hot, filled and abscessed erythematous-violaceous plaque with thick purulent secretion drainage through several orifice (arrows). (B) Evolution of the patient at 4 months, where the resolution of the lesion can be seen.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:5 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0030" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Actinomycosis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "V.K. Wong" 1 => "T.D. Turmezei" 2 => "V.C. 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Vol. 153. Issue 4.
Pages e19-e20 (August 2019)
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Vol. 153. Issue 4.
Pages e19-e20 (August 2019)
Letter to the Editor
Musculoskeletal actinomycosis caused by Actinomyces europaeus
Actinomicosis musculoesquelética por Actinomyces europaeus
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