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Available online 30 October 2024
Trends in mortality in Spain, with a special focus on respiratory-related conditions in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic
Tendencias de mortalidad en España, con un enfoque especial en las condiciones respiratorias en medio de la pandemia de COVID-19
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Adrián Peláeza,b,
Corresponding author
apelaez@fundacionhm.com

Corresponding author.
, Joan B. Sorianob,c,d,i, María Rodrigo-Garcíac, José L. Peñalvoe, Julio Ancocheab,c,d,, Esteve Fernándezb,f,g,h,
a Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud-HM Hospitales, Universidad Camilo José Cela, Madrid, Spain
b Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
c Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
d Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
e Centro Nacional de Epidemiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (IISCIII), Madrid, Spain
f Unidad de Control del Tabaco, Centro Colaborador de la OMS para el Control del Tabaco, Institut Català d’Oncologia (ICO), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
g Grupo de Investigación en Control del Tabaco, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
h Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Campus de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, L’Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
i Facultad de Medicina, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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Table 1. Frequency of deaths according to ICD-10-CM categories, proportional mortality (%) and percent change by causes of death in Spain in 2019–2022.
Table 2. Frequency of deaths, proportional mortality (%) and percent change by specific diseases of the respiratory system in Spain in 2019–2022.
Table 3. Frequency of deaths and percentage of mortality by diseases of the respiratory system in 2019–2022 in Spain, by sex.
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Abstract
Background and objective

The COVID-19 pandemic significantly increased the global burden of respiratory morbidity and mortality. In Spain, 2020 saw a 68.5% surge in deaths from respiratory diseases compared to 2019, largely due to COVID-19. This study aims to describe respiratory disease mortality in Spain from 2019 to 2022, focusing on the intersection of COVID-19, pre-existing respiratory conditions, and specific health determinants.

Materials and methods

We analyzed mortality data from the Spanish National Institute of Statistics (INE), covering 102 causes of death, including tuberculosis, COVID-19, and lung cancer as respiratory-related conditions. The analysis considered absolute death counts and proportions by sex, age, and region, along with percentage changes in proportional mortality. Logistic regression models were used to identify factors potentially associated with COVID-19 and respiratory-specific mortality.

Results

In 2022, Spain reported 98,128 deaths from respiratory diseases, accounting for 21.1% of all deaths and ranking as the second leading cause of death after cardiovascular diseases. Although deaths due to COVID-19 decreased in 2021 and 2022, there was a notable rise in other respiratory causes, indicating a lasting post-pandemic impact. Factors linked to higher mortality included male gender, older age, being divorced, and residing in urban areas, with significant regional variability.

Conclusions

Despite overall mortality returning to pre-pandemic levels, this study highlights a significant increase in respiratory disease deaths in Spain in 2022 compared to 2019.

Keywords:
Death certificate
Diseases of the respiratory system
Coronavirus
Mortality
Resumen
Antecedentes y objetivo

La pandemia de COVID-19 resaltó la gran carga de morbilidad y mortalidad respiratoria a nivel global. En 2020, España experimentó un aumento del 68,5% en las muertes por enfermedades respiratorias, principalmente asociadas a COVID-19, en comparación con 2019. Este estudio describe la mortalidad relacionada con enfermedades respiratorias en España desde 2019 hasta 2022, con un enfoque en la superposición entre COVID-19, condiciones respiratorias preexistentes y determinantes de salud.

Materiales y métodos

Se utilizaron datos de mortalidad del Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE) de España que cubren 102 causas de muerte, incluyendo tuberculosis, COVID-19 y cáncer de pulmón. El análisis abarcó conteos absolutos de muertes, proporciones por sexo, edad y regiones, así como el cambio porcentual en la mortalidad proporcional. Se emplearon modelos de regresión logística para identificar variables asociadas con la mortalidad por COVID-19 y enfermedades respiratorias.

Resultados

En 2022, España registró 98,128 muertes atribuidas a enfermedades respiratorias, representando el 21,1% de todas las muertes, siendo la segunda causa principal de muerte después de las enfermedades cardiovasculares. Aunque las muertes por COVID-19 disminuyeron en 2021 y 2022, hubo un aumento en otras causas respiratorias, indicando un impacto persistente pospandemia. Se identificaron varios factores asociados con la mortalidad por enfermedades respiratorias, como el sexo masculino, la edad avanzada, el estado civil de divorciado y vivir en áreas urbanas, aunque con variabilidad regional.

Conclusiones

Aunque la mortalidad general volvió a los niveles previos a la pandemia, el estudio muestra un aumento significativo en las muertes por enfermedades respiratorias en España en 2022 en comparación con 2019.

Palabras clave:
Certificado de defunción
Enfermedades del sistema respiratorio
COVID-19
Mortalidad

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