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Inicio Medicina Clínica Evaluación del impacto en la calidad asistencial y análisis coste-efectividad ...
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Vol. 117. Issue 1.
Pages 7-11 (January 2001)
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Vol. 117. Issue 1.
Pages 7-11 (January 2001)
Evaluación del impacto en la calidad asistencial y análisis coste-efectividad de la reforma de un servicio de urgencias de medicina
Reform of an emergency department and its impact on health care quality and cost-effectiveness
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2924
Óscar Miró1
Corresponding author
omiro@clinic.ub.es

Correspondencia: Dr. O. MirÓ. Servei d’Urgències. Hospital Clínic.Villarroel, 170. 08036 Barcelona.
, Miquel Sánchez, Gabriel Mestre, Blanca Coll-Vinent, Ernest Bragulat, Gerard Espinosa, Néstor Soler, Rafael Gotsens, José Millá
Unidad de urgencias de medicina. Servicio de Urgencias. Hospital ClÍnic. Barcelona
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Fundamento

Determinar el efecto sobre la eficacia, calidad y eficiencia asistencial de una re-forma de una unidad de urgencias de medicina (UUM).

Material y método

Las reformas consistieron en la ampliación del 50% de los recursos estructurales y del 34% de los recursos humanos. Así mismo, se rediseñaron los roles de cada miembro de la guardia, se implantaron nuevos circuitos y se redefinió la relación entre la UUM y el resto de los servicios del hospital. Como indicadores de eficacia se utilizaron el número de pacientes que esperaban empezar a ser atendidos (Pesp), el tiempo de espera del paciente para ser atendido (Tesp) y el tiempo total de estancia en urgencias (Ttotal). Los indicadores de calidad fueron el índice de pacientes no visitados (IPNV), revisitados (IPR) y fallecidos (IPF). Todos estos parámetros, además del número de visitas, se determinaron a diario durante tres semanas antes (febrero de 1999) y después (febrero de 2000) de las reformas. Para estimar la efectividad se utilizaron los cocientes Ptotal/Tesp (e1) y Ptotal/Pesp (e2). El cálculo de costes se efectuó a partir del control presupuestario y se realizó un análisis coste-efectividad (C/E) para conocer la eficiencia.

Resultados

Durante el año 2000, las visitas se incrementaron un 12% (intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95%, 2 a 22%). A pesar de ello, se observó una mejoría significativa de casi todos los in-dicadores estudiados tras la implantación de la reforma: Pesp –57% (IC del 95%, –37 a –77%); Tesp –72% (IC del 95%, –51 a –93%); Ttotal –29% (IC del 95%, –13 a –45%); IPNV –2% (IC del 95%, +42 a –46%); IPR –75% (IC del 95%: –45% a –105%) y IPF –51% (IC 95%: +12% a –114%). La e1 mejoró un 996% (IC del 95%, 335 a 1.658%) y la e2 un 186% (IC del 95%, –23 a 395%). El análisis de C/E indica una mejora del 70% (IC del 95%, 33 a 107%) y del 56% (IC del 95%, 18 a 94%) en relación con e1 y e2 respectivamente tras la reforma.

Conclusión

La dotación de un servicio de urgencias con los recursos necesarios permite mejorar de forma sustancial su eficacia y calidad, y en última instancia el servicio prestado y la calidad percibida por el usuario. Además, a pesar del incremento del coste por la reforma, se con-sigue una mayor eficiencia.

Palabras clave:
Urgencias
Eficacia
Eficiencia
Calidad
Reformas
Background

To determine the effects that the reform of an emergency department (ED) have on efficacy, health care quality and efficiency.

Material and method

Reforms consisted of 50% and 34% increases in structural and human resources, respectively. Roles of each ED member were redetermined, new assistance pathways were implemented, and the relationship between ED and the remaining hospital departments was reassessed. As efficacy markers, we determined the number of patients waiting to be attended (Pesp), the waiting time of patients to receive medical assistance (Tesp), and the total waiting time of patients staying in the ED (Ttotal). As health-care quality markers, we determined the percentage of patients leaving ED without having been visited by a physician (IPNV), the percentage of patients who were visited again (IPR), and the percentage of mortality (IPF). We also quantified the number of visits to the ED. All these data were obtained daily over 3 weeks, before (February 1999) and after (February 2000) the reforms. Effectiveness was estimated from the ratio Ptotal/Tesp (e1) and Ptotal/Pesp (e2). Costs were recorded for both periods and a cost-effectiveness analysis was performed to study the efficiency.

Results

In 2000, the number of visits increased by +12% (CI 95%: 2% to 22%). Despite this increase, we observed an improvement of most efficacy and health-care quality markers after the ED reforms. e1 increased by 996% (CI 95%: 335% to 1,658%) and e2 increased by 186% (CI 95%: –23% to 395%). Cost-effectiveness analysis showed 70% (CI 95%: 33% to 107%) and 56% (CI 95%: 18% to 94%) increases regarding e1 and e2, respectively, after the reforms.

Conclusions

Providing ED with the necessary resources leads to an objective improvement of its efficacy and health-care quality and, consequently, the service and quality perceived by users improve. Despite the total cost increase after the ED reforms, efficiency also improves.

Key words:
Emergency Department
Cost-effectiveness
Efficiency
Quality
Overcrowding

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