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Inicio Medicina Clínica Evolución clínica del alcoholismo tratado con naltrexona. Efectividad y seguri...
Journal Information
Vol. 116. Issue 14.
Pages 526-532 (January 2001)
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Vol. 116. Issue 14.
Pages 526-532 (January 2001)
Originales
Evolución clínica del alcoholismo tratado con naltrexona. Efectividad y seguridad en una muestra de 198 pacientes
Naltrexone in the treatment of alcoholism. Clinical evolution, safety and efficacy in a sample of 198 patients
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Antoni Gual Solé
Corresponding author
jrgerma@csub.scs.es

Correspondencia: Dr. J.R. Germá. Coordinación Grupo Germinal Español. Servicio de Oncología Médica. Institut Catalá d’Oncologia. Avda. Gran Via, s/n, km 2,7. Barcelona.
, en representación del Equipo Investigador sobre alcoholismo y naltrexona *
Coordinación Grupo Germinal Español. Servicio de Oncología Médica. Institut Catalá d’Oncologia. Avda. Gran Via, s/n, km 2,7. Barcelona.
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Fundamento

Verificar la seguridad de naltrexona administrada durante 6 meses a pacientes dependientes del alcohol en tratamiento de deshabituacion. Secundariamente, aportar nuevos datos sobre la evolucion del deseo compulsivo de beber (craving) y del consumo alcoholico en pacientes tratados con naltrexona, asi como el estudio de posibles factores pronosticos predictores de la respuesta al tratamiento.

Pacientes Y Metodo

Estudio multicentrico, prospectivo, con farmacovigilancia, con seguimiento de una cohorte de 198 pacientes mayores de 18 anos que reunieron criterios DSM-IV de dependencia del alcohol, repartidos en 10 centros de estudio, a quienes se les administro naltrexona durante 6 meses.

Resultados

Un total de 77 pacientes (39,1%) presentaron algun acontecimiento adverso (AA) durante el transcurso del estudio, siendo los AA mas referidos en frecuencia las nauseas/vomitos (13,7%), la somnolencia/sedacion (12,8%) y la astenia-laxitud-fatigabilidad (10,3%). Solo un 3,6% de los mismos fue considerado grave (6 AA). Respecto a los valores de laboratorio, no se observaron alteraciones hematologicas destacables mientras que descendieron significativamente respecto a los valores basales el colesterol, la bilirrubina total y directa, asi como las transaminasas (ASAT/ALAT) y la ƒÁ-GT. En conjunto, los pacientes experimentaron una clara mejoria, objetivable tanto en la disminucion del craving (de 22,5 a 5,3 en la escala OCDS; p < 0,01), como en la mejoria de la actividad global (de 68,7 a 85,4 en la EEAG; p < 0,01) y de la sintomatologia depresiva (de 12,0 a 4,1 en la escala MDRS; p < 0,01). El tiempo hasta el primer consumo fue de 33 dias y la duracion acumulada de la abstinencia de 126 dias. No se obtuvo ningun modelo predictivo de exito del tratamiento con suficiente potencia estadistica para su uso en la practica clinica.

Conclusiones

La naltrexona presenta un buen perfil de seguridad para el tratamiento de pacientes alcoholicos. Dado que no se han podido establecer factores predictivos de respuesta al tratamiento, la cuestion de que tipo de pacientes alcoholicos serian los mas beneficiados con el tratamiento permanece abierta.

Palabras clave:
Naltrexona
Alcohol
Farmacovigilancia
Craving
Factores pronostico predictivos
Background

Our aim was to verify the safety of naltrexone administered during 6 months to alcohol-dependent patients submitted to detoxification. In addition, we aimed at contributing new data on the course of craving and alcohol consumption in naltrexone treated patients and to study prognostic factors predictive of response to treatment.

Patients And Method

Multicenter, prospective, pharmacovigilance, follow-up study of a cohort of 198 patients older than 18 years of age meeting DSM-IV criteria for alcohol dependence, who were administered naltrexone over a 6 months period.

Results

77 patients (39.1%) had some adverse event (AA) during the study, including nausea/vomiting (13.7%), sleepiness/sedation (12.8%) and asthenia-laxity-fatigability (10.3%). Only 3.6% of AA were considered severe (6 cases). As to laboratory values, no relevant hematological abnormalities were observed, yet significant reductions from baseline were recorded for cholesterol, total and conjugated bilirubin, transaminases (AST/ALT), and ƒÁ-GT. Overall, patients had a notable improvement, as reflected by a decrease in craving (from 22.5 to 5.3 on the OCDS scale; p < 0.01), as well as an improved in both global activity (from 68.7 to 85.4 on the EEAG; p < 0.01) and depressive symptoms (from 12.0 to 4.1 on the MDRS scale; p < 0.01). Time passed until first relapse was 33 days, and the abstinence cumulative duration was 126 days. No predictive model of therapeutic success with sufficient statistical power was obtained to guarantee its use in clinical practice.

Conclusions

Naltrexona has a good safety profile to treat alcoholic patients. No predictive factors of response to treatment was found. Thus, the question about which alcoholic patients could mostly benefit from naltrexone treatment remains unanswered.

Key words:
Naltrexone
Alcohol
Safety
Craving
Predictive prognostic factors

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