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Inicio Medicina Clínica (English Edition) Drug-induced hyponatraemia and possible related signals: Analysis of 659 cases r...
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Vol. 163. Issue 12.
Pages 600-608 (December 2024)
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Vol. 163. Issue 12.
Pages 600-608 (December 2024)
Original article
Drug-induced hyponatraemia and possible related signals: Analysis of 659 cases reported to the Spanish Pharmacovigilance System and disproportionality analysis
Hiponatremia inducida por fármacos y posibles señales relacionadas: análisis de 659 casos notificados al Sistema Español de Farmacovigilancia y análisis de desproporcionalidad
Lucía Estévez Asensioa, Montserrat Garcíab, Zoraida Verde Relloc,g, Verónica Velasco-Gonzálezd,g, Ana M. Fernández-Araquee,g, María Sainz-Gilf,g,
Corresponding author
maria.sainz@uva.es

Corresponding author.
a Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Valladolid University Clinical Hospital (Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid), Valladolid, Spain
b Biobizkaia Health Research Institute, Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Galdakao-Usansolo Hospital, Basque Country Pharmacovigilance Unit (Biocruces Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Bizkaia, Osakidetza Servicio Vasco de Salud, Hospital Galdakao-Usansolo, Unidad de Farmacovigilancia del País Vasco), Galdakao, Spain
c Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Valladolid (Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Fisiología, Facultad Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Valladolid), Soria, Spain
d Department of Nursing, University of Valladolid (Departamento de Enfermería, Universidad de Valladolid), Valladolid, Spain
e Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Valladolid (Departamento de Enfermería, Facultad Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Valladolid), Soria, Spain
f Centre for Research on Drug Safety (CESME), Department of Cell Biology, Histology, Pharmacology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid (Centro de Estudios Sobre la Seguridad de los Medicamentos (CESME), Departamento de Biología Celular, Histología, Farmacología y Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valladolid), Valladolid, Spain
g Research Group Pharmacogenetics, Cancer Genetics, Genetic Polymorphisms and Pharmacoepidemiology, University of Valladolid (GIR Farmacogenética, Genética del Cáncer, Polimorfismos Genéticos y Farmacoepidemiología, Universidad de Valladolid), Spain
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Tables (4)
Table 1. Characteristics of drug-induced hyponatraemia case reports (SEFV-H, 2016–2020).
Table 2. Pharmacological groups most frequently involved (≥10% of the cases) in hyponatremia reported to the SEFV-H and their reporting odds ratios (2016–2020).
Table 3. Disproportionate analysis of drugs reported within three or more cases, for which hyponatremia/syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis (SIAD) is not included in its summary of product characteristics (SPC) (SEFV-H, 2016–2020).
Table 4. Characteristics of fatal cases.
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Abstract
Introduction

Hyponatraemia has negative effects on cognitive function and gait stability and is a risk factor for osteoporosis, falls, fractures and hospital mortality. Acute hyponatraemia can lead to neurological dysfunction due to cerebral oedema. Its rapid correction can also be fatal, leading to osmotic demyelination syndrome. For some antiepileptics, thiazides, benzodiazepines or antidepressants this reaction is widely described. Knowing which drugs are most likely to cause hyponatraemia will allow early detection and prevention of its complications, as well as individualising the prescription of these drugs according to the patient's characteristics.

Objective

The main objectives are to identify potential new safety signals related to hyponatraemia and to analyse the cases of hyponatraemia reported to the Spanish Pharmacovigilance System for Medicines for Human Use (SEFV-H).

Method

A disproportionality and a descriptive analysis of individual case safety reports (ICSR) was performed in the SEFV-H database (FEDRA).

Results

Six hundred and fifty-nine cases of suspected drug-induced hyponatraemia were found (0.6% of the total database). Over the 5 years period studied, there was a 57% increase in the number of hyponatraemia reports in Spain. Most of the reported cases were serious (93%). Patients were most often women (63.7%) and elderly (71.9%). The time to onset ranged from 1 to 7030 days (median, 79 days) and approximately 70% of the total occurred within the first year of treatment. Five hundred and forty-six patients (82.9%) showed complete recovery after the withdrawal of the suspected medicine. Diuretics (reported in 57.7% of the cases), antidepressants (in 25%), drugs acting on renin angiotensin system (in 24%) and antiepileptics (in 20.2%) were the most frequent involved drugs. Disproportionate reporting has been found for almost all the substances most frequently reported, higher for amiloride and oxcarbazepine. Regarding new safety signals, the Reporting Odds Ratio (ROR) (95% CI) was found to be statistically significant for valsartan [7.7 (5.1–11.5)], olmesartan [7.3 (4.7–11.1)], amlodipine [3.4 (2.1–5.4)], pregabalin [2.5 (1.4–4.5)], irbesartan [18.6 (9.6–35.9)], paliperidone [2.7 (1.3–5.7)], ritonavir [2.4 (1.1–5.5)], atosiban [29.7 (8.6–102.2)], melphalan [9.7 (3.5–26.8)] and clozapine [4.4 (1.6–11.8)]. These active ingredients do not include this reaction on their SPC and comply with the EMA criteria for a safety signals.

Conclusion

There are increasing reports of drug-induced hyponatraemia. It can be serious and seems to most often affect women over 65 years of age who take more than 1 medication. The time to onset varies and can be very long, so patient monitoring should be continuous throughout treatment. Hydrochlorothiazide is the drug with the highest number of reported cases in our setting. In terms of disproportionate reporting, diuretics leads the list, followed by antiepileptics as oxcarbazepine and eslicarbazepine. Safety signals were found for several drugs, more plausibly for pregabalin and paliperidone, thus a possible association between these drugs and hyponatraemia/SIAD is identified. This signal must be further studied. Meanwhile healthcare professionals should pay attention to this possibility. The reporting of suspected ADRs is essential to understand the risks associated with medicines once they are on the market.

Keywords:
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis (SIAD)
Hyponatraemia
Pharmacovigilance
Pregabaline
Paliperidone
Disproportionality analysis
Resumen
Introducción

Conocer qué fármacos pueden causar hiponatremia permitirá detectarla precozmente, prevenir complicaciones e individualizar la prescripción de estos fármacos.

Objetivos

Identificar posibles nuevas señales de seguridad relacionadas con la hiponatremia y analizar los casos de hiponatremia notificados al Sistema Español de Farmacovigilancia de Medicamentos de Uso Humano (SEFV-H).

Método

Análisis descriptivo y de desproporcionalidad en la base de datos del SEFV H.

Resultados

Se encontraron 659 casos de sospechas de hiponatremia de origen medicamentoso (0,6% del total de la base de datos). Durante el periodo de 5 años estudiado, se produjo un aumento del 57% en el número de notificaciones de hiponatremia en España. La mayoría de los casos eran graves (93%), producidos en mujeres (63,7%) y en ancianos (71,9%). El tiempo transcurrido hasta la aparición de la enfermedad osciló entre 1 y 7.030 días (mediana, 79 días) y aproximadamente el 70% del total se produjo durante el primer año de tratamiento. Quinientos cuarenta y seis pacientes (82,9%) mostraron una recuperación completa tras la retirada del medicamento sospechoso. Diuréticos (en el 57,7% de los casos), antidepresivos (25%), fármacos que actúan sobre el sistema renina angiotensina (24%) y antiepilépticos (20,2%) fueron los medicamentos más frecuentemente implicados. Se ha observado una desproporción en la notificación de casi todos los fármacos más frecuentes, mayor en el caso de amilorida y oxcarbazepina. En relación con las nuevas señales de seguridad, el Reporting Odds Ratio (ROR) (IC 95%) fue estadísticamente significativa para: valsartán [7,7 (5,1-11,5)], olmesartán [7,3 (4,7-11,1)], amlodipino [3,4 (2,1-5,4)], pregabalina [2,5 (1,4-4.5)], irbesartán [18,6 (9,6-35,9)], paliperidona [2,7 (1,3-5,7)], ritonavir [2,4 (1,1-5,5)], atosibán [29,7 (8,6-102,2)], melfalán [9,7 (3,5-26,8)] y clozapina [4,4 (1,6-11,8)]. Estos principios activos no incluyen esta reacción en su ficha técnica y cumplen los criterios de la EMA para las señales de seguridad.

Conclusiones

Cada vez se notifican más casos de hiponatremia al SEFV-H. Esta puede ser grave y parece afectar con mayor frecuencia a mujeres mayores de 65 años que toman más de 1 medicamento. El tiempo de aparición varía y puede ser muy largo, por lo que la monitorización del paciente debe ser continua durante todo el tratamiento. Hidroclorotiazida es el fármaco con mayor número de casos notificados en nuestro medio. En términos de desproporción, los diuréticos encabezan la lista, seguidos de antiepilépticos como oxcarbazepina y eslicarbazepina. Se encontraron señales de seguridad para varios fármacos, más plausibles para pregabalina y paliperidona, por lo que se identifica una posible asociación entre estos fármacos y la hiponatremia/SIAD. Estas señales deben seguir estudiándose. Mientras tanto, los profesionales sanitarios deben prestar atención a esta posibilidad. La notificación de sospechas de reacciones adversas es esencial para comprender los riesgos asociados a los medicamentos una vez comercializados.

Palabras clave:
Síndrome de antidiuresis inadecuada
Hiponatremia
Farmacovigilancia
Pregabalina
Paliperidona
Análisis de desproporcionalidad

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