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PE behaves as typical exudates with high levels of protein (>3.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g/dl) and LDH (<span class="elsevierStyleMonospace"><</span>500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>U/l); leukocyte count ranges from 500 to 15,000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μ1 and the predominance of nucleated cells may be either lymphocytes or polymorphonuclear. The glucose concentration is usually low and the pH is usually greater than 7.30.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The findings of low complement levels and high levels of ANA titers (>1/160) are suggestive of, but do not diagnose, lupus exudate<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2–4</span></a> as some neoplastic effusions, particularly lymphomas, may occur with high titers.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Porcel et al. show that the determination of ANA in pleural fluid does not add information to that of its determination in serum, and its determination is only advised in patients with lupus and a PE of uncertain etiology, since the absence of ANA in the liquid would go against the diagnosis of lupus pleuritis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Conversely, the presence of lupus erythematosus (LE) cells is highly specific,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> although this test is rarely carried out due to the long preparation time it requires.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p></span>" "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: Ferreiro L, Toubes ME, Valdés L. Respuesta. Med Clin (Barc). 2016;146:e39.</p>" ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:8 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0045" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Enfermedades sistémicas y pleura" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "L. Ferreiro" 1 => "J.M. Álvarez-Dobaño" 2 => "L. 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