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Editorial article
Rituximab in antiphospholipid syndrome: Always, never, sometimes?
Rituximab en el síndrome antifosfolípido: ¿siempre, nunca o a veces?
Amaia Ugarte, Guillermo Ruiz Irastorza
Corresponding author
r.irastorza@euskaltel.net

Corresponding author.
Unidad de Investigación de Enfermedades Autoinmunes, Servicio de Medicina Interna, BioCruces Health Research Institute, Hospital Universitario Cruces, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Antiphospholipid syndrome &#40;APS&#41; is an autoimmune disorder that has been classically characterised by the presence of thrombotic episodes and&#47;or obstetric morbidity along with the maintained existence of antiphospholipid antibodies &#40;APAs&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; Patients who experience this clinical-analytical spectrum fulfil Sydney&#39;s 2006 classification criteria for APS<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#46; However&#44; it should not be forgotten that there is a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations that&#44; without being included in the classification criteria &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">livedo reticularis</span>&#44; thrombocytopenia&#44; haemolytic anaemia&#44; valvulopathy&#44; nephropathy associated to APA&#44; skin ulcers or cognitive dysfunction&#41;&#44; can be symptomatic of APS<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#46; Finally&#44; there is an entity known as catastrophic APS&#44; defined by the presence of thrombosis in multiple locations in a short period of time&#44; with the subsequent development of multiple organ failure<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Based on its prothrombotic nature&#44; the standard treatment for APS is marked by the administration of anticoagulants &#40;vitamin K antagonists or low molecular weight heparin&#41; and&#47;or antiaggregation<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46; Other treatments that can contribute with an additional effect are hydroxychloroquine&#44; the use of which in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus &#40;SLE&#41; with APA has been associated with a decrease in the thrombosis rate<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#44; and statins&#44; based on their anti-inflammatory&#44; immunomodulatory and antithrombotic properties<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">However&#44; based on the key role of APAs&#44; and by extension&#44; B lymphocytes in this entity&#44; there is increasing interest in observing the effects that the treatments targeted against them can have on APS<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&#46; Animal models have been developed to study the effect of modulatory treatments on the antibodies producing cells&#44; specifically&#44; through an inhibition of co-stimulation with CTLA4-Ig and through BAFF antagonists&#44; with positive effects in both cases<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;9</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The available data on the use of this type of treatment in humans is basically restricted to rituximab &#40;RTX&#41;&#44; a chimeric monoclonal antibody used against the antigen CD20 of B cells&#44; the use of which is approved for B cell lymphoma&#44; rheumatoid arthritis&#44; granulomatosis with polyangiitis and micropolyangiitis&#46; Two clinical trials on the use of RTX in SLE &#40;EXPLORER and LUNAR&#41; did not show superiority over the baseline treatment&#44; but their results are questionable due to the high doses of glucocorticosteroids used to treat the patients in the &#8220;placebo&#8221; group<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;11</span></a>&#46; In fact&#44; it is still currently used in severe or refractory cases&#44; although the indication is not included on the technical data sheet&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In relation to APS&#44; its possible efficacy was initially shown in clinical cases&#44; case series and registries of patients with catastrophic APS&#44; such as the CAPS Registry<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#8211;15</span></a>&#46; In most cases&#44; it was administered as a treatment for clinical manifestations that are not included in Sydney&#39;s criteria&#44; such as thrombocytopenia or autoimmune haemolytic anaemia&#46; It is worth mentioning that in almost all the published cases&#44; RTX was not used in isolation but&#44; rather&#44; concomitantly with glucocorticosteroids and other immunosuppressants&#44; clearly limiting any assessment of its efficacy&#46; Concurrently&#44; some authors have demonstrated a maintained decrease in APA levels after treatment with RTX<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#8211;14</span></a>but this has not been confirmed in other cases<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">If we consider the data published in the CAPS Registry<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#44; in a total of 20 patients treated with RTX&#44; we observe that 40&#37; received this as first line treatment&#44; while it was used as a second therapeutic step in the remaining 60&#37;&#46; Mortality was 20&#37; &#40;4 patients&#44; including 2 initially treated with RTX&#41;&#46; Of the remaining 16 patients&#44; 12 achieved complete remission and 2 required further RTX administration due to skin necrosis and recurrent thrombocytopenia&#44; respectively&#46; The scarce number of patients makes it difficult to assess the findings obtained&#44; although they could guide us towards a potential role for RTX in patients with catastrophic APS&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In 2013&#44; Erkan et al&#46; published a prospective pilot study on the administration of RTX in 19 patients with primary APS with clinical manifestations outside Sydney&#39;s<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> criteria&#44; in particular valvulopathy&#44; thrombocytopenia&#44; cognitive dysfunction and skin ulcers&#46; This study confirmed an acceptable safety profile for the drug in this group of patients &#40;with 26&#37; of pro-infusional reactions&#44; none of which required hospitalisation&#44; and a severe infection rate of 16&#46;9 per 100 patients&#47;year&#41; without confirming the diminishing effects on the levels of APA that have been observed by other authors in isolated cases&#46; In terms of efficacy&#44; except in the case of skin ulcers &#40;which showed greater uniformity in terms of good results&#41;&#44; the response was somewhat irregular regarding the remaining clinical manifestations but&#44; once again&#44; the scarce number of patients included limits this data<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study in question&#44; published in this edition of <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">Medicina Cl&#237;nica</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#44; includes a review of the articles published up to 2013 in which cases of patients with primary APS treated with RTX are analysed&#44; excluding those with catastrophic APS&#46; The main indications for RTX treatment were thrombocytopenia and skin involvement&#44; followed by neurological and valvular involvement&#44; autoimmune haemolytic anaemia and alveolar haemorrhage&#46; Thus&#44; the patients enrolled have manifestations that are mostly not included in Sydney&#39;s criteria&#46; However&#44; it is interesting that the treatment indications in 2 of the 24 patients were thrombotic manifestations&#58; one patient with cerebral venous thrombosis concomitantly with thrombocytopenia&#44; and another with recurrent transient ischaemic attack &#40;TIA&#41; despite the administration of anticoagulant and antiaggregant treatment&#46; It is worth mentioning that among those cases where RTX was used as the primary line of treatment &#40;a total of 7&#58; one cerebral venous thrombosis&#44; one with symptoms of recurrent TIA&#44; 2 cases of valvulopathy&#44; 2 cases of skin involvement and one case of cognitive dysfunction&#41;&#44; 5 achieved complete remission&#44; among them&#44; the 2 patients with thrombotic symptoms&#46; However&#44; except in the case of cerebral venous thrombosis&#44; in which RTX &#40;along with glucocorticosteroids iv and acetazolamide&#41; was the only treatment administered&#44; for the rest of the patients it was administered simultaneously with anticoagulation and&#47;or antiaggregation treatments&#44; and in some cases&#44; hydroxychloroquine&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Overall&#44; the response varied and slightly more than half of the patients achieved the complete clinical response as defined according to the specific criteria of the different authors&#46; There was a lack of response in 16&#46;6&#37; of patients and the rest showed partial improvement&#46; In terms of specific manifestations&#44; it is surprising that the 8 patients with skin manifestations&#44; ulcers and livedoid vasculopathy&#44; which are in general very difficult to manage&#44; responded to the treatment completely &#40;62&#46;5&#37;&#41; or partially &#40;27&#46;5&#37;&#41;&#46; A high frequency of complete response was also observed in patients with thrombosis &#40;100&#37;&#41; and valvulopathy &#40;66&#46;7&#37;&#41;&#44; even if in this instance the number of cases was lower &#40;2 and 3&#44; respectively&#41;&#46; The effects were more irregular in patients with other manifestations&#44; such as thrombocytopenia&#44; haemolytic anaemia and cognitive deterioration&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On the other hand&#44; this review confirms the good safety profile of the drug&#46; It should be noted that RTX efficacy is not invariably associated with a decrease in or elimination of APAs&#44; as in different situations the cases of complete or partial remission do not show significant modifications in their levels&#46; However&#44; only 9 patients had sufficient data to analyse the evolution of APA titres after treatment&#44; so the significance of this observation is also limited&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">What is the practical value of the review by Pons et al&#46;&#63; Overall&#44; we consider it highly premature to infer a potential use of RTX as the first therapeutic option for patients with APS&#46; Our caution is based on the scarce number and heterogeneity of patients&#44; the difficulty in accessing part of the clinical information for many of them&#44; the additional effect of the other drugs administered and&#44; particularly&#44; the difficulty in establishing objective response criteria&#44; in particular&#44; in the cases of cardiac valvular condition and thrombosis&#46; However&#44; the results of this study invite us to consider the early administration of RTX in patients with severe dermatological manifestations of APS&#44; in particular ulcers and skin necrosis&#44; which are generally chronic and very difficult to manage at a therapeutic level with the customary means&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At the opposite end of the scale we find thrombotic manifestations&#44; for which there is a generally efficient therapeutic option<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46; In cases when progress is deficient&#44; instead of the standard anticoagulant treatment&#44; it seems more reasonable to use more conventional drugs such as hydroxychloroquine or statins and&#44; particularly&#44; to insist on maintaining adequate control of vascular risk factors&#46; In other cases with APS manifestations not included in Sydney&#39;s classification criteria&#44; RTX can be considered an option when an added immunosuppressant treatment is required and the clinical manifestations are resistant to that treatment&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Finally&#44; we have yet to determine the attitude we should adopt in the case of patients who&#44; as a result of RTX treatment&#44; continue to neutralise APAs&#46; Even if the possibility of discontinuing the anticoagulant treatment is included in the cases in which antibodies spontaneously disappear<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#44; this decision should always be personalised&#44; taking into consideration together with the patient the risks and consequences of new thrombosis in the face of the possibility of haemorrhage and the discomfort of chronic anticoagulant treatment&#46;</p></span>"
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