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Drug-induced QT interval prolongation: Do we know the risks?
Prolongación del intervalo QT inducido por fármacos: ¿conocemos sus riesgos?
Elena Villamañána,
Corresponding author
evillabueno@telefonica.net

Corresponding author.
, Eduardo Armadab, Margarita Ruanoa
a Servicio de Farmacia, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
b Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Currently&#44; sudden cardiac death &#40;SCD&#41; is an important public health issue in developed countries&#46; Approximately 12&#37; of natural deaths occur suddenly&#59; of these&#44; 88&#37; are due to cardiac problems&#44; which is the cause of death of more than 50&#37; of the patients with coronary heart disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> Most SCD cases are caused by acute ventricular arrhythmias &#40;80&#8211;85&#37;&#41; and are due to coronary disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> However&#44; they are sometimes caused by arrhythmias as a consequence of the prolongation of the QT interval&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A significant risk factor for these disorders is the use of QT-prolonging drugs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> In fact&#44; in recent years&#44; one of the most frequent reasons for withdrawing drugs from the market or restricting their use has been the prolongation of the QT interval&#46; This is because&#44; despite their low prevalence&#44; it is well known that severe episodes due to this cause may lead to deadly consequences&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7</span></a> Nowadays&#44; the prolongation of the QT interval with or without related proarrhythmic effect is&#44; together with the hepatotoxicity&#44; the most common cause for the withdrawal of commercialised drugs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;9</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is important for clinicians to know the risks involved in the use of these drugs in certain patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Generally&#44; this risk is considered when prescribing antiarrhythmic drugs&#44; although not only these agents have this effect&#46; There are several non-cardiovascular drugs that may potentially prolong the QT interval and worsen or provoke <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">torsade de pointes</span> &#40;TdP&#41;&#46; This possibility is even higher in patients with other associated factors&#44; such as comorbidity&#44; advanced age&#44; liver or kidney failure&#44; baseline cardiac disease or electrolytic alterations and&#44; in addition&#44; patients who frequently receive intravenous drugs&#46; At the same time&#44; some QT-prolonging drugs can modify heart rate &#40;HR&#41;&#44; which&#44; together with certain clinical situations that can also affect HR&#44; further complicate QT variations and their consequences&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Currently&#44; several regulatory agencies require identifying possible risk for QT interval prolongation before and after the authorisation of drugs&#46; In 2005&#44; the European Medicines Agency &#40;EMA&#41; published a document with recommendations for the assessment of QT interval prolongation and the proarrhythmic potential for non-antiarrhythmic drugs&#46; Since then&#44; these guidelines are an essential requirement in the authorisation process of new drugs in Europe&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> That year&#44; the U&#46;S&#46; Food and Drug Administration &#40;FDA&#41; published guidelines addressed to the industry&#44; with rules for the clinical evaluation of QT&#47;QTc &#40;corrected QT&#41; interval prolongation before the commercialisation of a drug in USA&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In light of the above&#44; it is important for clinicians to be aware of the risks involved with the use of these drugs in certain patients&#46; In this review&#44; we will analyse QT-prolonging drugs&#44; risk factors that may increase the possibilities of TdP and drug combinations that could exacerbate this situation&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Drugs that prolong the QT interval and may cause <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">torsades de pointes</span></span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The relationship between certain drug treatments and the prolongation of the QT interval has long been known&#46; The appearance of syncopes related to the beginning of the treatment with quinidine was observed for the first time in the 1920s&#46; In the 1960s&#44; a &#8220;pause-dependent&#8221; polymorphic ventricular tachycardia was identified as an underlying mechanism&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> In 1966&#44; the term <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">torsade de pointes</span> was conceived to describe a specific ventricular tachycardia detected in elderly women with heart block&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nevertheless&#44; despite the clinical importance of the lengthening of the QT interval and the correlation with certain drugs in its incidence&#44; contrary to expectations&#44; published studies are scarce&#46; Also&#44; this lack of data means that there is not enough information regarding the number of hospitalised patients with prolonged QT&#44; the frequency by which patients who are prescribed QT-prolonging drugs develop long QT syndrome or TdP&#44; or a clear consensus about the degree of prolongation required to suspend treatment QT-prolonging drugs&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As for drugs commercialised after 2005&#44; information about their impact on QT interval derives from clinical trials because&#44; as previously stated&#44; this is required by regulatory agencies before their commercialisation&#46; Meanwhile&#44; due to the lack of regulations&#44; information regarding old drugs derives from a series of non-controlled cases&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding already commercialised drugs&#44; the following is a description of the main drug groups that potentially affect the QT interval&#46;</p><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Antiarrhythmic drugs</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This is the only drug group for which there is information available about its association with QT interval and TdP&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> As per this data&#44; the incidence of TdP for antiarrhythmic sodium and potassium channel blockers&#44; such as quinidine&#44; disopyramide and procainamide&#44; as well as those that only block potassium channels&#44; such as sotalol&#44; is between 1 and 10&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is important to highlight that&#44; while class Ia antiarrhythmic drugs are clearly related with the appearance of TdP&#44; their association with class III is not that clear&#46; Thus&#44; according to what was deduced from the results of 17 studies that included 2878 patients between 1982 and 1993&#44; the incidence of TdP with amiodarone is only 0&#46;7&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> This incidence is higher in women and patients with renal failure or congestive heart failure&#44; among others&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Antihistamines</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Within this drug group&#44; the lengthening of the QT interval has been observed for some of the second generation antihistamines &#40;mainly terfenadine&#41;&#46; Some resulted in TdP&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> although these cases occurred because of doses that exceeded recommended amounts or regular doses that were administered together with cytochrome P450 inhibitors&#44; or in patients with liver failure&#46; Non-sedating or third generation antihistamines&#44; such as loratadine&#44; cetirizine or ebastine &#40;most recently commercialised&#41; have not been related to QT prolongation or TdP&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Antimicrobial drugs</span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Antibiotics</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The association of arrhythmias related to QT interval prolongation with antibiotics is not very frequent&#46; Moreover&#44; the known cases were due to macrolide and fluoroquinolone use&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#44;19</span></a> Among the macrolides&#44; erythromycin and clarithromycin have been related to ventricular arrhythmias<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#44;20&#8211;23</span></a> and SCD&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24&#44;25</span></a> The treatment with azithromycin has also been related to TdP cases&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> Moreover&#44; an important retrospective study published in 2012 with an extensive patient sample demonstrated that&#44; after 5 days of treatment with this drug&#44; there was an increase in deaths due to cardiovascular causes compared with people treated with amoxicillin&#44; ciprofloxacin or no treatment&#46; In addition&#44; the risk was even higher in some cases&#44; such as in patients with baseline cardiovascular disease or those who presented prolonged QT intervals&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> In light of these results&#44; both the FDA as well as the EMA sent security alerts about this risk associated with the use of azithromycin&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The second group of antibiotics that affect the QT interval is made up of fluoroquinolones&#46; This is a class effect&#44; even though there are differences between them&#46; In the previously mentioned study&#44; levofloxacin demonstrated a risk of cardiovascular death similar to azithromycin&#46; Thus&#44; it would not be an alternative to the use of macrolides in this type of patients&#46; Among them&#44; ciprofloxacin seems to be the safest&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> Furthermore&#44; the available information reveals that 24&#37; of TdP cases associated with fluoroquinolones took place when other drugs that prolong the QT interval were administrated&#44; 62&#37; in patients with baseline cardiac disease&#44; 7&#37; in patients with renal failure and 17&#37; in patients with hypokalaemia or hypomagnesaemia&#44; and 67&#37; in women&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#44;23</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Antifungal medicines</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ketoconazole&#44; itraconazole&#44; fluconazole and voriconazole have been associated with cases of long QT and appearance of TdP&#46; Ketoconazole and itraconazole prolong the QT interval by blocking potassium channels&#46; However&#44; most reported cases were due to a co-administration with other QT-prolonging drugs that metabolise the same way&#46; This is because they are inhibitors of cytochrome P450 isoform 3 A4&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17&#44;18</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Antimalarial drugs</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This group of drugs deserves special attention&#46; Quinine and quinidine have been shown to prolong QT at regular doses&#46; In addition&#44; their cardiotoxicity is higher in patients with renal disease and after 3 days of treatment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> It is recommended to monitor the patient when a quinidine infusion is administered&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mefloquine seems to be the safest treatment in terms of cardiotoxicity&#59; nevertheless&#44; it must not be associated with halofantrine due to the increased risk of SCD&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a></p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Antiviral drugs&#58; protease inhibitors</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Protease inhibitor antiviral drugs are potentially capable of predisposing patients for TdP due to QT prolongation since they are related to HERG channel block&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> It has been proved that this risk is higher in patients with a QT interval &#62;500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ms and in those patients in which it increases between 30 and 60 times when they are treated with these drugs versus levels before treatment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Antidepressants and antipsychotics</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Even though their incidence is uncertain&#44; the use of tricyclic antidepressants like amitriptyline&#44; doxepin&#44; desipramine&#44; imipramine and clomipramine has been associated with QT prolongation&#44; TdP and SCD&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> The new selective re-uptake of serotonin antidepressants&#44; such as citalopram&#44; are only associated with cases of TdP in patients with an overdose&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0345"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> Other non-tricyclic antidepressants&#44; such as trazodone&#44; have also been involved in TdP development in high doses&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a></p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As regards antipsychotic drugs related to QT interval prolongation&#44; sudden deaths have been recorded due to its use at normal doses as well as overdoses&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> A recent assessment that compared classic antipsychotics to new ones showed that&#44; in both groups&#44; there was a similar associated risk for SCD&#44; which&#44; furthermore&#44; was dose-dependent&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a></p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Arizona Centre for Education and Research on Therapeutics&#44; a worldwide reference centre in this matter&#44; offers on its website<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0360"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a> updated lists of commercialised drugs in the USA and the rest of the world that potentially prolong the interval and increase the risk of TdP&#46; In those lists&#44; the drugs are classified according to the degree of attribution of the causal relationship between the medicine and the event&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1&#46;</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Defined&#58; there is evidence that the use of these drugs may lead QT interval prolongation and TdP risk&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Possible&#58; there is evidence that these drugs may prolong the QT interval&#44; but there is not enough evidence of TdP risk&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3&#46;</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Conditioned&#58; the evidence suggests that these drugs could prolong the QT interval only under certain conditions &#40;excessive doses&#44; drug interactions&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#46;</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Following this approach and based on these lists&#44; we have made a table with drugs available in our country that are related with QT interval increase &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Risk factors that may affect the QT interval</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Among the patients treated with QT-prolonging drugs&#44; not all of them develop lengthening of the QT interval&#46; When this does occur&#44; some patients develop TdP&#44; while others do not&#46; This fact indicates that there are persons who are more prone than others to develop QT interval prolongation even when undergoing the same treatment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0365"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a> The data confirm that there must be a series of circumstances&#44; including genetic conditionings and other risk factors&#44; that trigger this ventricular arrhythmia&#46; It is important that clinicians are aware of these factors to prevent the appearance of this life-threatening episode &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;14</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In hospitalised patients&#44; the appearance of TdP increases significantly with the use of several drugs and concomitant diseases&#46; Therefore&#44; close follow-up is necessary&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> Several studies have reported evidence that the incidence of TdP is almost double in women and higher in patients over the age of 65&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> The presence of hypokalaemia is also a predisposing factor&#44; probably because of a change in the function of IKr potassium channels&#44; which results in dispersion of repolarisation&#44; as well as hypomagnesaemia&#46; In addition&#44; it is well-known that treatment with QT-prolonging drugs&#44; together with these risk factors&#44; is more likely to cause a QT prolongation in genetically susceptible patients than in unsusceptible patients&#46; Also&#44; TdP risk is variable even among people with the same degree of QT interval prolongation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Pharmacological interactions that favour the prolongation of the QT interval</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In clinical practice&#44; pharmacological interactions usually occur because of the prescribing physician&#39;s unawareness about them or because&#44; in spite of the potential risk&#44; the benefit is greater&#44; or there is no therapeutic alternative&#46; In a recent study&#44; Armahizer et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a> proved that up to 37&#37; of QT prolongation cases in a unit of critical patients were caused by pharmacological interactions&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The risk of QT prolongation is increased by synergy when several QT-prolonging drugs are used at the same time or due to pharmacological interactions&#46; These situations may significantly increase morbidity and mortality&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a> Such risk&#44; as we have already mentioned&#44; is even higher in hospitalised patients because of their clinical situation&#44; which is generally more complex and requires further new treatments&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a> These interactions may be pharmacokinetic&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a> illustrates the main interactions of this type involving QT-prolonging drugs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0365"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34&#44;35</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Another type of interaction that may cause QT prolongation is the pharmacodynamic type&#44; generally due to the concomitant use of a certain drug that exacerbates some risk factor for this interval prolongation&#46; An example would be the concomitant use of a QT-lengthening drug with another drug that modifies the potassium current or disturbs its plasma concentrations &#40;such as antiarrhythmic drug<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>diuretic&#41;&#46; This can also occur due to the use of quinidine<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>sotalol by obstruction of potassium currents&#46; It is better to avoid the association of QT-prolonging drugs with those that favour risk factors&#44; these mainly being drugs that cause bradycardia &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>&#41; or hypokalaemia &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">Table 5</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0025"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Recommendations</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to the latest recommendations collected from the clinical practice guidelines published in 2006 by the American College of Cardiology&#44; the American Heart Association and the European Society of Cardiology&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0375"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a> QT-prolonging drug treatment should be suspended when there is clear evidence &#40;class <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">i</span>&#44; level A&#41; of association with long QT syndrome&#46; However&#44; this guideline does not define the QTc value for which the treatment should be interrupted&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ongoing monitoring is recommended in patients treated with QT drugs and a history of TdP when&#44; after its administration&#44; a QTc<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ms or an increase of at least 60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ms compared to baseline rate is observed&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0030">Table 6</a> shows the main recommendations to improve the use of these medications and prevent TdP&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;37</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0030"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this respect&#44; the usage of new technologies can play a relevant role in the prevention of TdP caused by QT-prolonging drugs&#46; For instance&#44; through electronic drug prescription&#44; it is possible to alert the prescribing physician about possible interactions and risk factors of TdP caused by QT-prolonging drugs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0385"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a> Recently&#44; some centres in the USA have been implementing an electronic alert system associated with the electrocardiogram &#40;ECG&#41;&#44; which identifies patients with death risk related to QT interval&#46; When a patient has an ECG performed&#44; the system alerts the clinician when the sick person is at risk and provides recommendations about a course of action&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0390"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Conclusion</span><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Clinicians are facing a growing number of patients treated with QT-prolonging drugs or situations that increase the risk for QT interval prolongation and TdP&#44; whose management is unknown&#46; Many of these drugs are not cardiovascular and there is no awareness of this risk&#46;</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despite the severity of an incident caused by the prolongation of the QT interval&#44; there are very few studies conducted on this matter and they are mainly about case series reported to the regulatory agencies&#46; It would be desirable for more studies to be conducted in the future to provide information about this matter and help physicians make decisions based on corroborated data&#44; thus minimising the risks of this severe and life-threatening adverse effect&#46;</p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this article&#44; our aim was to update and introduce different situations that may exacerbate the risk of QT lengthening related to treatment with QT-prolonging drugs&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
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          "identificador" => "sec0005"
          "titulo" => "Introduction"
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        5 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0010"
          "titulo" => "Drugs that prolong the QT interval and may cause torsades de pointes"
          "secciones" => array:5 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0015"
              "titulo" => "Antiarrhythmic drugs"
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              "titulo" => "Antihistamines"
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            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "sec0025"
              "titulo" => "Antimicrobial drugs"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "identificador" => "sec0030"
                  "titulo" => "Antibiotics"
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                  "titulo" => "Antifungal medicines"
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                2 => array:2 [
                  "identificador" => "sec0040"
                  "titulo" => "Antimalarial drugs"
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            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0045"
              "titulo" => "Antiviral drugs&#58; protease inhibitors"
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            4 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0050"
              "titulo" => "Antidepressants and antipsychotics"
            ]
          ]
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        6 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0055"
          "titulo" => "Risk factors that may affect the QT interval"
        ]
        7 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0060"
          "titulo" => "Pharmacological interactions that favour the prolongation of the QT interval"
        ]
        8 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0065"
          "titulo" => "Recommendations"
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        9 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0070"
          "titulo" => "Conclusion"
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          "titulo" => "Conflict of interest"
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          "titulo" => "References"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2013-10-29"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2014-01-30"
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          "clase" => "keyword"
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          "palabras" => array:5 [
            0 => "QT interval prolongation"
            1 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Torsade de pointes</span>"
            2 => "Drugs"
            3 => "Risk factors"
            4 => "Drug interactions"
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          "palabras" => array:5 [
            0 => "Prolongaci&#243;n del intervalo QT"
            1 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Torsade de pointes</span>"
            2 => "F&#225;rmacos"
            3 => "Factores de riesgo"
            4 => "Interacciones farmacol&#243;gicas"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Sudden cardiac death is an important cause of mortality in developed countries&#44; most of them being consequence of acute ventricular arrhythmias&#46; These arrhythmias&#44; in some cases&#44; owe to QT interval prolongation&#46;</p><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A major risk factor for this condition is the use of drugs that prolong the QT interval&#46; In fact&#44; in recent years&#44; one of the most common reasons for drug withdrawal or usage restrictions has been drug induced QT interval prolongation that involves both cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular drugs&#46;</p><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Taking into account the severity that the occurrence of such an event may have&#44; it is important for clinicians to know the risks of these drugs in certain patients&#46; In this review we analyse the drugs that prolong the QT interval&#44; the risk factors that can enhance QT prolongation and the drug interactions that can increase these risks&#46;</p></span>"
      ]
      "es" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La muerte s&#250;bita cardiaca es una causa importante de mortalidad en los pa&#237;ses desarrollados&#46; La mayor&#237;a de ellas derivan de arritmias ventriculares agudas que&#44; en algunas ocasiones&#44; se producen como consecuencia de la prolongaci&#243;n del intervalo QT&#46;</p><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Un importante factor de riesgo para esta alteraci&#243;n es el uso de f&#225;rmacos que prolongan este intervalo&#46; De hecho&#44; en los &#250;ltimos a&#241;os&#44; uno de los motivos m&#225;s frecuentes de retirada del mercado de medicamentos o de restricciones de uso ha sido la prolongaci&#243;n del intervalo QT&#44; e implica tanto f&#225;rmacos cardiovasculares como no cardiovasculares&#46;</p><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Dada la gravedad que puede conllevar la aparici&#243;n de un suceso por esta causa&#44; es importante que los cl&#237;nicos conozcan los riegos del uso de estos f&#225;rmacos en determinados pacientes&#46; En esta revisi&#243;n analizamos los f&#225;rmacos que prolongan el intervalo QT&#44; los factores de riesgo que pueden influir y las combinaciones de f&#225;rmacos que pueden agravar esta situaci&#243;n&#46;</p></span>"
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    "NotaPie" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">Please cite this article as&#58; Villama&#241;&#225;n E&#44; Armada E&#44; Ruano M&#46; Prolongaci&#243;n del intervalo QT inducido por f&#225;rmacos&#58; &#191;conocemos sus riesgos&#63; Med Clin &#40;Barc&#41;&#46; 2015&#59;144&#58;269&#8211;274&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Category&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Antipsychotics&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Antidepressants&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Anti-infective drugs&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Antiarrhythmic drugs&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Others&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Defined&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Amisulpride&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Citalopram&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Azithromycin&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Amiodarone&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Alfuzonsin&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Clozapine&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Escitalopram&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Clarithromycin&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Disopyramide&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Arsenic&#44; trioxide&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Droperidol&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Erythromycin&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Dronedarone&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Chloroquine&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Haloperidol&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Moxifloxacin&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Flecainide&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Domperidone&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Pimozide&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Procainamide&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Methadone&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Quinidine&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Ondansetron&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Pentamidine&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Vemurafenib&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Possible&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Chlorpromazine&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Mirtazapine&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Atazanavir&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Famotidine&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Lithium&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Venlafaxine&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Foscarnet&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Felbamate&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Olanzapine&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Levofloxacin&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Fingolimod&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Paliperidone&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Norfloxacin&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Granisetron&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Quetiapine&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Ofloxacin&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Indapamide&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Risperidone&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Roxithromycin&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Lapatinib&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sertindole&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Saquinavir&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Nicardipine&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Telithromycin&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Nilotinib&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Voriconazole&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Oxytocin&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Promethazine&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Ranolazine&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Tacrolimus&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Tamoxifen&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Tizanidine&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Tolterodine&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Vardenafil&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Conditioned&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Amitriptyline&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Amantadine&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sotalol&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Diphenhydramine&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Clomipramine&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Ciprofloxacin&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Galantamine&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Doxepin&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cotrimoxazole&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Solifenacin&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Fluoxetine&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Fluconazole&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Imipramine&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Itraconazole&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Nortriptyline&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Ketoconazole&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Paroxetine&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Ritonavir&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sertraline&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Trazodone&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Trimipramine&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Others<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Ziprasidone&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Maprotiline&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Atomoxetine&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Ebastine&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Mequitazine&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Methylphenidate&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0005"
              "etiqueta" => "a"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Drugs available in Spain that prolong the QT interval and do not appear in the AZERT list&#46;</p>"
            ]
          ]
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Drugs that may prolong the QT interval&#46;</p>"
        ]
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      1 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">DPQT&#58; drugs that prolong the QT interval&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
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              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Female gender&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Electrolyte disorders &#40;hypokalaemia&#44; hypomagnesaemia and hypocalcaemia&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Bradycardia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Recent conversion from atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cardiac failure and heart attack&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Treatment with digitalis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Liver failure&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">High concentrations of DPQT or treatment with more than one DPQT&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Quick infusion of DPQT&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Base prolonged QT interval&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Subclinical long QT syndrome&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Advanced age&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">QTc &#62;500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ms or an increase of at least 60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ms compared to baseline value&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Risk factors of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">torsade de pointes</span> induced by drugs&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
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        "identificador" => "tbl0015"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">DPQT&#58; drugs that prolong the QT interval&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Drugs group&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">DPQT&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Interacting drugs&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Antiarrhythmic drugs&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Disopyramide&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Erythromycin&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Procainamide&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Amiodarone&#44; cimetidine&#44; trimethoprim&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Quinidine&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Amiodarone&#44; cimetidine&#44; erythromycin&#44; verapamil&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Antipsychotics&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Haloperidol&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Fluoxetine&#44; venlafaxine&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Ziprasidone&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Fluconazole&#44; itraconazole&#44; ketoconazole&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Antidepressants&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Amitriptyline&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cimetidine&#44; fluconazole&#44; fluoxetine&#44; ritonavir&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Desipramine&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Venlafaxine&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Anti-infective drugs&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Erythromycin&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Ritonavir&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Pharmacokinetic interactions of drugs that prolong the QT interval&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      3 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0020"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 4"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
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        "tabla" => array:1 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
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              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Therapeutic group&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Drugs&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Anti-angina drugs&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Ivabradine&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Ranolazine&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Antiarrhythmic drugs&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Class I</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Disopyramide&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Flecainide&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Hydroquinidine&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Lidocaine&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Mexiletine&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Propafenone&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Quinidine&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Class III</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Amiodarone&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sotalol&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Anticholinergic drugs&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Donepezil&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Galantamine&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Rivastigmine&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Antiepileptic drugs&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Fosphenytoin&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Antihypertensive drugs&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Clonidine&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Moxonidine&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Antimalarial drugs&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Mefloquine&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Beta-adrenergic blockers</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Calcium antagonists&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Verapamil&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Diltiazem&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cholinergic drugs&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Acetylcholine&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Pilocarpine&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Ergotic&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Dihydroergotamine&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cholinesterase inhibitors&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Neostigmine&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Pyridostigmine&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Opiates&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Methadone&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Fentanyl&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Antiplatelet agents&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Ticagrelor&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
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                0 => "xTab959083.png"
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Drugs that cause bradycardia&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      4 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0025"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 5"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:1 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Type of drug&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Active substance&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Beta-adrenergic agonists bronchodilators&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Albuterol&#44; terbutaline&#44; isoproterenol&#44; formoterol&#44; salbutamol&#44; salmeterol&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Tocolytic agents&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Ritodrine&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Decongestants&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Pseudoephedrine&#44; phenylpropanolamine&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Xanthine&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Theophylline&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Catecholamine&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Adrenaline&#44; noradrenaline&#44; dopamine&#44; dobutamine&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Calcium antagonists&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Nifedipine&#44; nitrendipine&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Insulin</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Anaesthetics&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Thiopental&#44; lidocaine&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cell proliferation inductors&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Hydroxocobalamin&#44; granulocyte&#8211;monocyte colony-stimulating factor&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Diuretics&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Acetazolamide&#44; chlorthalidone&#44; hydrochlorothiazide&#44; indapamide&#44; furosemide&#44; torsemide&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Mineralocorticosteroid drugs&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Fludrocortisone&#44; hydrocortisone &#40;high doses&#41;&#44; carbenoxolone&#44; mifepristone&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">High doses of antibiotics&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Penicillin&#44; oxacillin&#44; piperacillin&#44; meropenem&#44; tetracycline&#44; neomycin&#44; polymyxin B&#44; colistin&#44; bacitracin&#44; aminoglycosides&#44; capreomycin&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Antifungal medicines&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Amphotericin B&#44; itraconazole&#44; fluconazole&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Chemotherapy and other neurotoxic drugs&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cisplatin&#44; tenofovir&#44; foscarnet&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Immunosuppressants&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Methotrexate&#44; sirolimus&#44; tensirolimus&#44; leflunomide&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Others&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Infliximab&#44; ondansetron&#44; bicarbonate&#44; laxatives&#44; phosphate enemas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Hypokalaemia-causing drugs&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      5 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0030"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 6"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">DPQT&#58; drugs that prolong the QT interval&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Know the drugs that may prolong the interval&#46; Most of them are detailed in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46; For further updated information&#44; visit <span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0005" href="http://www.qtdrugs.org/">www&#46;qtdrugs&#46;org</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Know the risk factors for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">torsade de pointes</span> caused by drugs &#40;advanced age&#44; female gender&#44; heart disease&#44; electrolytic disorders&#44; renal or liver failure&#44; bradycardia&#44; familiar history or genetic predisposition&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Concomitant treatment with other DPQT or possibilities of pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic interactions&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Before undergoing a treatment with DPQT&#44; individually assess the risk&#47;benefit and possible available therapeutic alternatives&#44; and avoid high risk DPQT as much as possible&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Determine the QT interval value before initiating a DPQT treatment&#46; Then&#44; monitor said value during the process by always using the same method and same measuring equipment&#46; Furthermore&#44; apply a formula that corrects the value according to the heart frequency&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Inform the patient about the risks and interactions of the use of some drugs&#46; Also&#44; provide the patient adequate written documentation&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Recommendations for the prevention of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">torsade de pointes</span> caused by drugs&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0005"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:39 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0200"
              "etiqueta" => "1"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Epidemiolog&#237;a de la muerte s&#250;bita cardiaca"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "C&#46; Asmundis"
                            1 => "P&#46; Brugada"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Rev Esp Cardiol"
                        "fecha" => "2013"
                        "volumen" => "13"
                        "paginaInicial" => "2"
                        "paginaFinal" => "6"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0205"
              "etiqueta" => "2"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Muerte s&#250;bita &#40;I&#41;&#46; Epidemiolog&#237;a de la muerte s&#250;bita cardiaca en Espa&#241;a"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "J&#46; Marrugat"
                            1 => "R&#46; Elosua"
                            2 => "M&#46; Gil"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Rev Esp Cardiol"
                        "fecha" => "1999"
                        "volumen" => "52"
                        "paginaInicial" => "717"
                        "paginaFinal" => "725"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10523884"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0210"
              "etiqueta" => "3"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Exploration of the precision of classifying sudden cardiac death&#58; implications for the interpretation of clinical trials"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "C&#46;M&#46; Pratt"
                            1 => "P&#46;S&#46; Greenway"
                            2 => "M&#46;H&#46; Schoenfeld"
                            3 => "M&#46;L&#46; Hibben"
                            4 => "J&#46;A&#46; Reiffel"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
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es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos