Determinants factors of Spanish researchers mobility in Health Sciences

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However, in each case the loss of knowledge arises for different reasons. From a neoclassical point of view of the brain drain, the loss is caused by researchers not returning home; from the brain circulation point of view, the loss is due to the elimination or weakening of bonds with the country of origin.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140">1</a>The bonds to which we refer are important because when the number of bonds created abroad is much greater than the number remaining with scientists in the country of origin, the formerly temporary brain drain becomes permanent.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145">2</a> A good way of avoiding this is precisely the maintenance of close collaboration with researchers at home<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150">3</a> as cases demonstrate that all scientists who have returned had maintained bonds with their home institution,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155">4</a> and in other cases, returning scientists have even come back to that same institution.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160">5</a> Furthermore, there are cases that show that for scientists who maintain their bonds with their country of origin, both scientific productivity in the country of destination and the probability of their returning home are much higher.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165">6</a>In the process of retaining and attracting scientific knowledge, one important aspect to stress is the accumulated advantages to be gained by young researchers, which allow them to move ahead of those who do not have this advantage. These differential advantages are known as the “Mathew Effect” in science, and were described by Merton,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170">7</a> inspired by the following passage from the Bible: “For unto every one that hath shall be given, and he shall have abundance: but from him who hath not shall be taken even that which he hath.”.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175">8,9</a> According to Merton,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185">10</a> these differential advantages are related to trained capacity, structural position and available resources.In the same line as this important contribution, subsequent research has explained how a research career widens the gap between scientists in terms of scientific productivity as well as its impact. In this context, a career in science is interpreted as a succession of events progressively enhancing a researcher's reputation and giving him or her advantages over other researchers.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190">11</a> Accordingly, in science careers, it is also essential to point out the importance of salary with regard to mobility.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195">12</a>One basic item of data on issues related to science mobility is the number of scientists working abroad. In Spain this is as yet unknown, although attempts have been made to conduct a census. Among these, we would point to the efforts of the then Ministry of Education and Science, which conducted a census in which more than 1000 scientists enrolled.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200">13</a> Later, in 2010,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205">14</a> the System of Communication with Researchers Abroad (Sistema de Comunicación con Investigadores en el Exterior) took a census of approximately 1300 researchers, which showed that most of them (44%) worked in the field of health care and their main reason for leaving Spain was the search for differential advantages, such as those mentioned earlier, which centre on higher expectations of a career in science and, in this context, the possibility of better remuneration.In addition, other considerations highlighted in the field of health care are the lack of structure and of recognition of a science career,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0210">15–18</a> the researchers’ high level of training,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230">19,20</a> and cuts in funding due to the economic crisis of 2008.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235">20</a> Also, in this field, recent studies<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240">21</a> have shown a strong research drive in Spanish National Health Service (Servicio Nacional de Salud, SNS) hospitals and research centres with the incorporation of post-doctoral scientists through the “Miguel Servet” Programme.Furthermore, the most recent Spanish research, development and innovation plans (I+D+i) have referred to the need for improvement in the achievement of differential advantages for health care scientists. The plan for 2004–2007<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0245">22,23</a> states that despite a high level of training, young scientists find it difficult to enter the labour market. Likewise, among the objectives of the Strategic Action for Health Research (Acción Estratégica de Salud, AES) in the 2008–2011 plan,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255">24</a> we find the increase in the number and quality of human resources in I+D+i, as well as public and private investment. In the 2013–2016 AES of the State Plan for Scientific, Technical and Innovation Research (Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica, Técnica y de Innovación),<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260">25</a> the goals proposed are to finance and encourage the training and specialisation of human resources in I+D+i and stimulate the process of gaining access to the labour market.Therefore, the objective of the present study is to analyse the decisive factors in Spanish science mobility in different fields of health care and to draw up a series of guidelines reflecting the importance of these factors in the process of retaining and attracting our researchers.Material and methodsA study was conducted among Spanish researchers abroad using a survey conducted from January to March 2014. Since the most recent national I+D+I plans have established equal support for national and international mobility in all fields, we intend to analyse the factors that determine science mobility in Spain and study the general and specific patterns.As previously stated, the number of Spanish scientists working abroad is unknown. However, based on figures provided by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265">26</a> on highly-qualified Spanish individuals working abroad, we can put this at less than 5% and, since the number of Spanish researchers at the last count was 215544,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270">27</a> this works out at roughly 10777 Spanish scientists currently working abroad.Given this approximate population, to conduct our analysis a sample of 284 scientists has been collected (95% confidence interval and 5.72% margin of error, assuming simple randomised sampling) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>). The electronic survey, which was voluntary and anonymous, was sent worldwide through messages across the networks of the following Spanish scientific associations abroad: United Kingdom (SRKU/CERU), Federal Republic of Germany (CERFA), Sweden (ACES) and the U.S.A. (ECUSA). The survey contained the following sections:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005">-Reasons for going abroad. The first section of the survey refers to these reasons, which allows us to find out, due to the high percentage of positive answers, the decisive factors in retaining scientific knowledge. Within the nine reasons, in addition to differential advantages (science careers, training and funding), other reasons have been taken into consideration to define those most important for retaining researchers.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010">-Reasons for selecting the country of destination. To find out the value of the decisive factors of attraction at an international level that surpass retention by their country of origin, Spanish researchers abroad were asked about the factors that they took into consideration when selecting their country of destination. As in the previous section, together with differential advantages, other factors were also stated to establish which were definitive in reaching the highest percentage of affirmative answers.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015">-Measures for facilitating a return from abroad. From the position of a researcher at an international level, our goal was to learn which options attract the highest percentage of positive answers to facilitate a return to the Spanish System of Science, Technology and Innovation (Sistema Español de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación, SECTI), taking into consideration, for this purpose, options related both to differential advantages as well as to other important advantages in attracting scientific knowledge.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020">-Reasons hindering a return from abroad. In addition to learning which measures may facilitate the return of Spanish scientists, we aimed to discover reasons that hinder their return because they are not always the same issues and, in some cases (such as personal reasons, for instance) they do not depend on policies adopted by scientific institutions.</li></ul><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia>ResultsGenerally, and based on the total percentage shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>, the decisive factors in retaining scientific knowledge focus on differential advantages, the most relevant being “continuity/progress in a research career” (71.48%) and “lack of job opportunities” (50%), far ahead of training (35.21%) and funding (34.86%). Within the research career, “professional recognition” (37.68%) and salary (32.75%) are also far less important than the first two factors. Aside from these, there are many other reasons including “knowledge of other cultures” (23.24%), “improper level of social responsibility within the organisation” (15.14%), and “personal reasons” (10.56%).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia>In the health sciences, the most decisive factors are those related to the research career, except salary (36.2%), which, despite being placed above funding (29.8%), is below “doctoral studies” (37.2%). Lastly, we have the other remaining reasons and, therefore, as at the general level, the decisive factors focus on differential advantages. Likewise, the other specific areas follow the same pattern, although with variations in some cases in the position of the kind of differential advantage. One item to highlight is that “lack of economic funding” (42.3%) is in second place for Social, Law Sciences and Humanities researchers.In selecting the country of destination and for a percentage of all fields, the decisive factors again focus on differential advantages (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>). The most decisive cause is related to a scientific career: “employment/economic expectations” (60.91%), followed by training: “working with prestigious researchers” (54.23%). Other causes related to a science career, such as productivity (43.66%) and international projection (39.44%), come next, and funding (36.62%) is in last place within this leading group. After this, the other reasons, with “language fluency” (33.80%) in first place, are the remaining causes.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia>In the case of scientists in health care, exactly the same scenario is repeated, with the exception of funding (28.7%), which appears below other reasons such as “language fluency” (39.4%). In the other areas particularly, differential advantages are the factors most highly valued if we exclude the case of “language fluency” (51.4%) for Engineering and Architecture, where it comes second. Likewise, it is worth noting that in Social, Legal Sciences and Humanities, funding (42.9%) again occupies second position.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a> shows figures on measures to facilitate a return from abroad. Here, differential advantages regarding funding and a science career (salary, appreciation of a research career and maintaining productivity) are the most highly valued factors, with results above 85% of the total, followed by those related to training (66.20%), which are outside of the main group of factors. Financing for all areas becomes, in this case, the most highly valued factor (92.25% overall), marking differences with the higher percentage of the other reasons: “technical, material and personal support,” being 84.51%. As <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a> shows, except for training, in general terms the other reasons fall below the differential advantages of funding and a research career.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia>Likewise, all these patterns are maintained for researchers in health sciences, although it is worth noting that factors other than differential advantages have important positions, such as salary, productivity and a “proper level of social responsibility within the organisation”, in second place with 88.3% and, thirdly, “recognition of a scientific career” and “technical, material and personal support” with 87.2%, which is why these new measures may be a good supplement for differential advantages. In the other fields, the decisive factors focus again on differential advantages, except in the case of “technical, material and personal support” (78.6%) for Social, Legal Sciences and Humanities, occupying second position jointly with “acknowledgement of the scientific career” and “maintaining the level of scientific productivity.”In general, the factors which stand out as obstacles to returning are again funding (89.08%), followed by factors related to a research career, such as “lack of employment opportunities” (86.97%), “salary not in keeping with training and expectations” (79.93%) and the “impossibility of continuing a science career” (73.94%) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">Table 5</a>). Following these, we find a group of other reasons headed by “little technical, material and personal support” (64.44%).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0025"></elsevierMultimedia>For health science researchers, the main factors that hinder return are also differential advantages, hence the same pattern is followed in all fields, excluding the other reasons; the “improper level of social responsibility within the organisation” issue (73.9%) appears above “little technical, material and personal support” (71.3%). For other fields, differential advantages are focused on as one of the principle obstacles to returning and, notably, only in the case of Social, Legal Sciences and Humanities is funding not in first place.DiscussionThe results show that the science mobility of health science researchers is determined by factors regarding differential advantages within a research career and funding and training and, therefore, this coincides with Merton's work.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170">7,10</a>Regarding retention, providing a proper professional career is the most decisive factor, which also coincides with the views mentioned above<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0210">15–18</a> and the objectives of the most recent Spanish I+D+i plans,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0245">22–25</a> which refer to the difficulty of giving young scientists access to the labour market. This situation was established by the question on motives for leaving Spain; training and funding were considered the next most important motives. The same pattern appears in response to the question about reasons for choosing the country of destination and, therefore, to improve the retention of scientist, health service agents should consider taking measures that would favour differential advantages, particularly those related to the establishment of a proper scientific career.The most highly valued factor related to attracting scientists established by the two questions is funding, which clearly fits the new breed of scientists who, once they have advanced in their careers and trained alongside prestigious researchers, are interested in leading and initiating their own lines of research, which requires stable funding.Despite the prevalence of differential advantages as decisive factors in science mobility, there were also other elements, such as the existence of “technical, material and personal support” and the establishment of a “proper level of social responsibility within the organisation,” with measures in this last case such as family settlement and professional lifestyle, which have also occupied important places, particularly in the case of attracting scientists. Therefore, they too can be considered relevant supplementary measures, which may support the differential advantages.To implement measures favouring the retention and attraction of health care scientists, collaboration between the public and private sector should be considered so that in the former, potential studies conducted for companies are taken into consideration in advancing a research career and, in the latter, stable funding is achieved with company contributions to start new lines of research for returning scientists.As we observed in the results, the general patterns of science mobility of health care researchers have followed those established in other fields, both in general and in particular, except in the case of Social, Legal Sciences and Humanities researchers, for whom lack of funding takes second place as a reason for leaving and for choosing the country of destination, and “technical, material and personal support” comes third among measures to facilitate a return, and the lack of funding comes first as a reason preventing a return.Therefore, since the decisive factors are similar in all fields, strategic action by the principle SECTI agents is necessary in addition to specific action by agents in each field. In this context, a substantial margin exists to establish these kinds of measures in all fields, since motives over which these policies may have less influence, such as personal reasons, occupy the last positions in responses on the subject.The conclusions reached are based on statistically solid results, although the study is limited as it was conducted using an unknown population and with a small sample of Spanish health care scientists, which we would hope to broaden in future studies to prove the validity of these results.Therefore, the conclusions drawn from this work confirm that the decisive factors for the science mobility of Spanish health care researchers are the differential advantages of a career in science, along with training and funding. Support for researchers’ careers should be improved to favour their retention and give them proper funding in order to attract them to return to Spain.FundingThis study was funded by the General Direction of Migration of the Spanish Ministry of Employment and Social Security (Projects and Research Programme ESS/1613/2012, dated July 19).Conflicts of interestThe authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:8 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Material and methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack202918" "titulo" => "Acknowledgements" ] 7 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2014-09-09" "fechaAceptado" => "2014-10-30" "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "Please cite this article as: Aceituno-Aceituno P, Romero-Martínez SJ, Victor-Ponce P, García-Nuñez J. Factores determinantes de la movilidad de investigadores españoles en Ciencias de la Salud. Med Clin (Barc). 2015;144:520–524." ] ] "multimedia" => array:5 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Field \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Number of researchers \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Percentage \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Social, Legal Sciences and Humanities \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4.93 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Sciences \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">141 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">49.65 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Health Sciences \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">94 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">33.10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Engineering and Architecture \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">35 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">12.32 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Total \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">284 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">100 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab987291.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Distribution according by field." ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "Data expressed as a percentage." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Reasons \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Social, Legal Sciences and Humanities \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sciences \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Health sciences \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Engineering and architecture \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Continuation/advance in research career \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">50 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">75.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">72.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">65.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">71.48 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Lack of employment opportunities \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">35.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">54.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">45.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">48.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">50 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Professional appreciation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">35.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">40.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">54.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">37.68 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Doctoral studies \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">34 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">37.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">45.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">35.21 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Lack of economic funding \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">42.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">39.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">29.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">25.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">34.86 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Salary not in accordance with training and expectations \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">28.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">29.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">36.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">37.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">32.75 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Knowledge of other cultures \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">20.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">24.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">37.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">23.24 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Improper level of social responsibility within the organisation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">12.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">19.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">15.14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Personal reasons \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">21.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">13.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">8.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">10.56 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab987294.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Reasons why Spanish scientists move abroad." ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "Data expressed as a percentage." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Causes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Social, Legal Sciences and Humanities \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sciences \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Health sciences \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Engineering and architecture \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Employment/economic expectations \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">42.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">63.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">56.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">68.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">60.91 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Establishment of networks/contacts and working with prestigious researchers \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">35.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">61 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">54.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">34.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">54.23 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">More productivity as researcher \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">14.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">45.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">46.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">40 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">43.66 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Projection at an international level \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">35.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">39 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">39.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">42.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">39.44 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Policies for grants/aids and research funding \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">42.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">38.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">28.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">48.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">36.62 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Language fluency \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">14.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">27.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">39.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">51.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">33.80 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Proper level of social responsibility within the organisation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">22 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">22.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">28.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">22.18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Personal \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">21.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">12.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">19.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">11.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">15.14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Technical/theoretical support in their discipline \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">14.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">17 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">13.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">14.43 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Saving time \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">8.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab987293.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Spanish scientists-motives for choosing their country of destination." ] ] 3 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0020" "etiqueta" => "Table 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "Data expressed as a percentage." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Measures \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Social, Legal Sciences and Humanities \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sciences \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Health sciences \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Engineering and architecture \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Stable funding \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">85.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">91.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">91.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">94.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">92.25 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Salary in accordance with experience and knowledge \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">85.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">88.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">88.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">91.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">88.73 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Appreciation of scientific career \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">78.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">89.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">87.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">88.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">88.03 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Keeping the level of scientific productivity \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">78.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">85.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">88.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">82.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">85.91 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Technical, material and personal support \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">78.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">84.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">87.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">80 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">84.51 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Proper level of social responsibility within the organisation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">57.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">80.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">88.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">82.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">82.39 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Less bureaucracy \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">57.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">70.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">73.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">65.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">70.07 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Ongoing training \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">50 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">67.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">69.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">60 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">66.20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Support for the transfer of knowledge \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">42.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">66.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">65.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">65.49 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab987292.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Measures to facilitate the return of Spanish scientists from abroad." ] ] 4 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0025" "etiqueta" => "Table 5" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "Data expressed as a percentage." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Reasons \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Social, Legal Sciences and Humanities \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sciences \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Health sciences \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Engineering and architecture \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Lack of economic funding of the project \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">78.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">89.94 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">90.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">88.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">89.08 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Lack of employment opportunities \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">71.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">86.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">89.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">88.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">86.97 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Salary not in accordance with the training and expectations \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">85.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">76.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">81.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">85.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">79.93 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Impossibility of continuing with a career in science \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">50 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">71.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">76.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">85.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">73.94 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Little technical, material and personal support \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">57.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">61.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">71.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">60 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">64.44 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Improper level of social responsibility within the organisation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">35.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">58.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">73.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">65.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">61.98 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Great satisfaction with current employment conditions \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">35.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">51.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">59.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">60 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">54.23 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Personal \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">21.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">14.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">22.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">18.31 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; 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Likewise, we thank UDIMA for all the economic, material and human resources made available to carry out this work." "vista" => "all" ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/23870206/0000014400000011/v1_201602060036/S2387020615002545/v1_201602060036/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "44145" "tipo" => "SECCION" "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Special article" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/23870206/0000014400000011/v1_201602060036/S2387020615002545/v1_201602060036/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2387020615002545?idApp=UINPBA00004N"]

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Determinants factors of Spanish researchers mobility in Health Sciences

Factores determinantes de la movilidad de investigadores españoles en Ciencias de la Salud

Pedro Aceituno-Aceitunoa,

Corresponding author

pedro.aceituno@udima.es

Corresponding author.

, Sonia Janeth Romero-Martínezb, Patricia Victor-Poncea, José García-Nuñeza

a Departamento de Administración y Dirección de Empresas y Economía, Universidad a Distancia de Madrid (UDIMA), Collado Villalba, Madrid, Spain

b Departamento de Psicología, Universidad a Distancia de Madrid (UDIMA), Collado Villalba, Madrid, Spain

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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Since the 1960s&#44; governments have had concerns both regarding the loss of knowledge resulting from emigration &#40;the brain drain&#41; and the mobility of researchers &#40;brain circulation&#41;&#46; However&#44; in each case the loss of knowledge arises for different reasons&#46; From a neoclassical point of view of the brain drain&#44; the loss is caused by researchers not returning home&#59; from the brain circulation point of view&#44; the loss is due to the elimination or weakening of bonds with the country of origin&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The bonds to which we refer are important because when the number of bonds created abroad is much greater than the number remaining with scientists in the country of origin&#44; the formerly temporary brain drain becomes permanent&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> A good way of avoiding this is precisely the maintenance of close collaboration with researchers at home<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> as cases demonstrate that all scientists who have returned had maintained bonds with their home institution&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> and in other cases&#44; returning scientists have even come back to that same institution&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Furthermore&#44; there are cases that show that for scientists who maintain their bonds with their country of origin&#44; both scientific productivity in the country of destination and the probability of their returning home are much higher&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the process of retaining and attracting scientific knowledge&#44; one important aspect to stress is the accumulated advantages to be gained by young researchers&#44; which allow them to move ahead of those who do not have this advantage&#46; These differential advantages are known as the &#8220;Mathew Effect&#8221; in science&#44; and were described by Merton&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> inspired by the following passage from the Bible&#58; &#8220;For unto every one that hath shall be given&#44; and he shall have abundance&#58; but from him who hath not shall be taken even that which he hath&#46;&#8221;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;9</span></a> According to Merton&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> these differential advantages are related to trained capacity&#44; structural position and available resources&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the same line as this important contribution&#44; subsequent research has explained how a research career widens the gap between scientists in terms of scientific productivity as well as its impact&#46; In this context&#44; a career in science is interpreted as a succession of events progressively enhancing a researcher&#39;s reputation and giving him or her advantages over other researchers&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> Accordingly&#44; in science careers&#44; it is also essential to point out the importance of salary with regard to mobility&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">One basic item of data on issues related to science mobility is the number of scientists working abroad&#46; In Spain this is as yet unknown&#44; although attempts have been made to conduct a census&#46; Among these&#44; we would point to the efforts of the then Ministry of Education and Science&#44; which conducted a census in which more than 1000 scientists enrolled&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> Later&#44; in 2010&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">System of Communication with Researchers Abroad &#40;Sistema de Comunicaci&#243;n con Investigadores en el Exterior&#41;</span> took a census of approximately 1300 researchers&#44; which showed that most of them &#40;44&#37;&#41; worked in the field of health care and their main reason for leaving Spain was the search for differential advantages&#44; such as those mentioned earlier&#44; which centre on higher expectations of a career in science and&#44; in this context&#44; the possibility of better remuneration&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In addition&#44; other considerations highlighted in the field of health care are the lack of structure and of recognition of a science career&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#8211;18</span></a> the researchers&#8217; high level of training&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19&#44;20</span></a> and cuts in funding due to the economic crisis of 2008&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> Also&#44; in this field&#44; recent studies<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> have shown a strong research drive in Spanish National Health Service &#40;Servicio Nacional de Salud&#44; SNS&#41; hospitals and research centres with the incorporation of post-doctoral scientists through the &#8220;Miguel Servet&#8221; Programme&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Furthermore&#44; the most recent Spanish research&#44; development and innovation plans &#40;I<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>i&#41; have referred to the need for improvement in the achievement of differential advantages for health care scientists&#46; The plan for 2004&#8211;2007<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#44;23</span></a> states that despite a high level of training&#44; young scientists find it difficult to enter the labour market&#46; Likewise&#44; among the objectives of the Strategic Action for Health Research &#40;Acci&#243;n Estrat&#233;gica de Salud&#44; AES&#41; in the 2008&#8211;2011 plan&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> we find the increase in the number and quality of human resources in I<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>i&#44; as well as public and private investment&#46; In the 2013&#8211;2016 AES of the State Plan for Scientific&#44; Technical and Innovation Research &#40;Plan Estatal de Investigaci&#243;n Cient&#237;fica&#44; T&#233;cnica y de Innovaci&#243;n&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> the goals proposed are to finance and encourage the training and specialisation of human resources in I<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>i and stimulate the process of gaining access to the labour market&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Therefore&#44; the objective of the present study is to analyse the decisive factors in Spanish science mobility in different fields of health care and to draw up a series of guidelines reflecting the importance of these factors in the process of retaining and attracting our researchers&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Material and methods</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A study was conducted among Spanish researchers abroad using a survey conducted from January to March 2014&#46; Since the most recent national I<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>I plans have established equal support for national and international mobility in all fields&#44; we intend to analyse the factors that determine science mobility in Spain and study the general and specific patterns&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As previously stated&#44; the number of Spanish scientists working abroad is unknown&#46; However&#44; based on figures provided by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> on highly-qualified Spanish individuals working abroad&#44; we can put this at less than 5&#37; and&#44; since the number of Spanish researchers at the last count was 215<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>544&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> this works out at roughly 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>777 Spanish scientists currently working abroad&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Given this approximate population&#44; to conduct our analysis a sample of 284 scientists has been collected &#40;95&#37; confidence interval and 5&#46;72&#37; margin of error&#44; assuming simple randomised sampling&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; The electronic survey&#44; which was voluntary and anonymous&#44; was sent worldwide through messages across the networks of the following Spanish scientific associations abroad&#58; United Kingdom &#40;SRKU&#47;CERU&#41;&#44; Federal Republic of Germany &#40;CERFA&#41;&#44; Sweden &#40;ACES&#41; and the U&#46;S&#46;A&#46; &#40;ECUSA&#41;&#46; The survey contained the following sections&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Reasons for going abroad&#46; The first section of the survey refers to these reasons&#44; which allows us to find out&#44; due to the high percentage of positive answers&#44; the decisive factors in retaining scientific knowledge&#46; Within the nine reasons&#44; in addition to differential advantages &#40;science careers&#44; training and funding&#41;&#44; other reasons have been taken into consideration to define those most important for retaining researchers&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Reasons for selecting the country of destination&#46; To find out the value of the decisive factors of attraction at an international level that surpass retention by their country of origin&#44; Spanish researchers abroad were asked about the factors that they took into consideration when selecting their country of destination&#46; As in the previous section&#44; together with differential advantages&#44; other factors were also stated to establish which were definitive in reaching the highest percentage of affirmative answers&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Measures for facilitating a return from abroad&#46; From the position of a researcher at an international level&#44; our goal was to learn which options attract the highest percentage of positive answers to facilitate a return to the Spanish System of Science&#44; Technology and Innovation &#40;Sistema Espa&#241;ol de Ciencia&#44; Tecnolog&#237;a e Innovaci&#243;n&#44; SECTI&#41;&#44; taking into consideration&#44; for this purpose&#44; options related both to differential advantages as well as to other important advantages in attracting scientific knowledge&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Reasons hindering a return from abroad&#46; In addition to learning which measures may facilitate the return of Spanish scientists&#44; we aimed to discover reasons that hinder their return because they are not always the same issues and&#44; in some cases &#40;such as personal reasons&#44; for instance&#41; they do not depend on policies adopted by scientific institutions&#46;</p></li></ul></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Results</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Generally&#44; and based on the total percentage shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#44; the decisive factors in retaining scientific knowledge focus on differential advantages&#44; the most relevant being &#8220;continuity&#47;progress in a research career&#8221; &#40;71&#46;48&#37;&#41; and &#8220;lack of job opportunities&#8221; &#40;50&#37;&#41;&#44; far ahead of training &#40;35&#46;21&#37;&#41; and funding &#40;34&#46;86&#37;&#41;&#46; Within the research career&#44; &#8220;professional recognition&#8221; &#40;37&#46;68&#37;&#41; and salary &#40;32&#46;75&#37;&#41; are also far less important than the first two factors&#46; Aside from these&#44; there are many other reasons including &#8220;knowledge of other cultures&#8221; &#40;23&#46;24&#37;&#41;&#44; &#8220;improper level of social responsibility within the organisation&#8221; &#40;15&#46;14&#37;&#41;&#44; and &#8220;personal reasons&#8221; &#40;10&#46;56&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the health sciences&#44; the most decisive factors are those related to the research career&#44; except salary &#40;36&#46;2&#37;&#41;&#44; which&#44; despite being placed above funding &#40;29&#46;8&#37;&#41;&#44; is below &#8220;doctoral studies&#8221; &#40;37&#46;2&#37;&#41;&#46; Lastly&#44; we have the other remaining reasons and&#44; therefore&#44; as at the general level&#44; the decisive factors focus on differential advantages&#46; Likewise&#44; the other specific areas follow the same pattern&#44; although with variations in some cases in the position of the kind of differential advantage&#46; One item to highlight is that &#8220;lack of economic funding&#8221; &#40;42&#46;3&#37;&#41; is in second place for Social&#44; Law Sciences and Humanities researchers&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In selecting the country of destination and for a percentage of all fields&#44; the decisive factors again focus on differential advantages &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46; The most decisive cause is related to a scientific career&#58; &#8220;employment&#47;economic expectations&#8221; &#40;60&#46;91&#37;&#41;&#44; followed by training&#58; &#8220;working with prestigious researchers&#8221; &#40;54&#46;23&#37;&#41;&#46; Other causes related to a science career&#44; such as productivity &#40;43&#46;66&#37;&#41; and international projection &#40;39&#46;44&#37;&#41;&#44; come next&#44; and funding &#40;36&#46;62&#37;&#41; is in last place within this leading group&#46; After this&#44; the other reasons&#44; with &#8220;language fluency&#8221; &#40;33&#46;80&#37;&#41; in first place&#44; are the remaining causes&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the case of scientists in health care&#44; exactly the same scenario is repeated&#44; with the exception of funding &#40;28&#46;7&#37;&#41;&#44; which appears below other reasons such as &#8220;language fluency&#8221; &#40;39&#46;4&#37;&#41;&#46; In the other areas particularly&#44; differential advantages are the factors most highly valued if we exclude the case of &#8220;language fluency&#8221; &#40;51&#46;4&#37;&#41; for Engineering and Architecture&#44; where it comes second&#46; Likewise&#44; it is worth noting that in Social&#44; Legal Sciences and Humanities&#44; funding &#40;42&#46;9&#37;&#41; again occupies second position&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a> shows figures on measures to facilitate a return from abroad&#46; Here&#44; differential advantages regarding funding and a science career &#40;salary&#44; appreciation of a research career and maintaining productivity&#41; are the most highly valued factors&#44; with results above 85&#37; of the total&#44; followed by those related to training &#40;66&#46;20&#37;&#41;&#44; which are outside of the main group of factors&#46; Financing for all areas becomes&#44; in this case&#44; the most highly valued factor &#40;92&#46;25&#37; overall&#41;&#44; marking differences with the higher percentage of the other reasons&#58; &#8220;technical&#44; material and personal support&#44;&#8221; being 84&#46;51&#37;&#46; As <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a> shows&#44; except for training&#44; in general terms the other reasons fall below the differential advantages of funding and a research career&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Likewise&#44; all these patterns are maintained for researchers in health sciences&#44; although it is worth noting that factors other than differential advantages have important positions&#44; such as salary&#44; productivity and a &#8220;proper level of social responsibility within the organisation&#8221;&#44; in second place with 88&#46;3&#37; and&#44; thirdly&#44; &#8220;recognition of a scientific career&#8221; and &#8220;technical&#44; material and personal support&#8221; with 87&#46;2&#37;&#44; which is why these new measures may be a good supplement for differential advantages&#46; In the other fields&#44; the decisive factors focus again on differential advantages&#44; except in the case of &#8220;technical&#44; material and personal support&#8221; &#40;78&#46;6&#37;&#41; for Social&#44; Legal Sciences and Humanities&#44; occupying second position jointly with &#8220;acknowledgement of the scientific career&#8221; and &#8220;maintaining the level of scientific productivity&#46;&#8221;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In general&#44; the factors which stand out as obstacles to returning are again funding &#40;89&#46;08&#37;&#41;&#44; followed by factors related to a research career&#44; such as &#8220;lack of employment opportunities&#8221; &#40;86&#46;97&#37;&#41;&#44; &#8220;salary not in keeping with training and expectations&#8221; &#40;79&#46;93&#37;&#41; and the &#8220;impossibility of continuing a science career&#8221; &#40;73&#46;94&#37;&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">Table 5</a>&#41;&#46; Following these&#44; we find a group of other reasons headed by &#8220;little technical&#44; material and personal support&#8221; &#40;64&#46;44&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0025"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For health science researchers&#44; the main factors that hinder return are also differential advantages&#44; hence the same pattern is followed in all fields&#44; excluding the other reasons&#59; the &#8220;improper level of social responsibility within the organisation&#8221; issue &#40;73&#46;9&#37;&#41; appears above &#8220;little technical&#44; material and personal support&#8221; &#40;71&#46;3&#37;&#41;&#46; For other fields&#44; differential advantages are focused on as one of the principle obstacles to returning and&#44; notably&#44; only in the case of Social&#44; Legal Sciences and Humanities is funding not in first place&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Discussion</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results show that the science mobility of health science researchers is determined by factors regarding differential advantages within a research career and funding and training and&#44; therefore&#44; this coincides with Merton&#39;s work&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;10</span></a></p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding retention&#44; providing a proper professional career is the most decisive factor&#44; which also coincides with the views mentioned above<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#8211;18</span></a> and the objectives of the most recent Spanish I<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>i plans&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#8211;25</span></a> which refer to the difficulty of giving young scientists access to the labour market&#46; This situation was established by the question on motives for leaving Spain&#59; training and funding were considered the next most important motives&#46; The same pattern appears in response to the question about reasons for choosing the country of destination and&#44; therefore&#44; to improve the retention of scientist&#44; health service agents should consider taking measures that would favour differential advantages&#44; particularly those related to the establishment of a proper scientific career&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The most highly valued factor related to attracting scientists established by the two questions is funding&#44; which clearly fits the new breed of scientists who&#44; once they have advanced in their careers and trained alongside prestigious researchers&#44; are interested in leading and initiating their own lines of research&#44; which requires stable funding&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despite the prevalence of differential advantages as decisive factors in science mobility&#44; there were also other elements&#44; such as the existence of &#8220;technical&#44; material and personal support&#8221; and the establishment of a &#8220;proper level of social responsibility within the organisation&#44;&#8221; with measures in this last case such as family settlement and professional lifestyle&#44; which have also occupied important places&#44; particularly in the case of attracting scientists&#46; Therefore&#44; they too can be considered relevant supplementary measures&#44; which may support the differential advantages&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To implement measures favouring the retention and attraction of health care scientists&#44; collaboration between the public and private sector should be considered so that in the former&#44; potential studies conducted for companies are taken into consideration in advancing a research career and&#44; in the latter&#44; stable funding is achieved with company contributions to start new lines of research for returning scientists&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As we observed in the results&#44; the general patterns of science mobility of health care researchers have followed those established in other fields&#44; both in general and in particular&#44; except in the case of Social&#44; Legal Sciences and Humanities researchers&#44; for whom lack of funding takes second place as a reason for leaving and for choosing the country of destination&#44; and &#8220;technical&#44; material and personal support&#8221; comes third among measures to facilitate a return&#44; and the lack of funding comes first as a reason preventing a return&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Therefore&#44; since the decisive factors are similar in all fields&#44; strategic action by the principle SECTI agents is necessary in addition to specific action by agents in each field&#46; In this context&#44; a substantial margin exists to establish these kinds of measures in all fields&#44; since motives over which these policies may have less influence&#44; such as personal reasons&#44; occupy the last positions in responses on the subject&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The conclusions reached are based on statistically solid results&#44; although the study is limited as it was conducted using an unknown population and with a small sample of Spanish health care scientists&#44; which we would hope to broaden in future studies to prove the validity of these results&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Therefore&#44; the conclusions drawn from this work confirm that the decisive factors for the science mobility of Spanish health care researchers are the differential advantages of a career in science&#44; along with training and funding&#46; Support for researchers&#8217; careers should be improved to favour their retention and give them proper funding in order to attract them to return to Spain&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Funding</span><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study was funded by the General Direction of Migration of the Spanish Ministry of Employment and Social Security &#40;Projects and Research Programme ESS&#47;1613&#47;2012&#44; dated July 19&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Aceituno-Aceituno P&#44; Romero-Mart&#237;nez SJ&#44; Victor-Ponce P&#44; Garc&#237;a-Nu&#241;ez J&#46; Factores determinantes de la movilidad de investigadores espa&#241;oles en Ciencias de la Salud&#46; Med Clin &#40;Barc&#41;&#46; 2015&#59;144&#58;520&#8211;524&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Field&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Number of researchers&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Percentage&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Social&#44; Legal Sciences and Humanities&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&#46;93&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Sciences&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">141&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">49&#46;65&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Health Sciences&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">94&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">33&#46;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Engineering and Architecture&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">35&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12&#46;32&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Total&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">284&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">100&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
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                0 => "xTab987291.png"
              ]
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        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Distribution according by field&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      1 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Data expressed as a percentage&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Reasons&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Social&#44; Legal Sciences and Humanities&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sciences&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Health sciences&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Engineering and architecture&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Continuation&#47;advance in research career&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">75&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">72&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">65&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">71&#46;48&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Lack of employment opportunities&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">35&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">54&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">45&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">48&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Professional appreciation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">35&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">40&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">54&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">37&#46;68&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Doctoral studies&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">34&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">37&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">45&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">35&#46;21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Lack of economic funding&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">42&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">39&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">29&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">25&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">34&#46;86&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Salary not in accordance with training and expectations&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">28&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">29&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">36&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">37&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">32&#46;75&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Knowledge of other cultures&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">20&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">24&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">37&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">23&#46;24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Improper level of social responsibility within the organisation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">19&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">15&#46;14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Personal reasons&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">21&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">13&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10&#46;56&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
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                0 => "xTab987294.png"
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        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Reasons why Spanish scientists move abroad&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      2 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0015"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Data expressed as a percentage&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Causes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Social&#44; Legal Sciences and Humanities&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sciences&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Health sciences&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Engineering and architecture&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Employment&#47;economic expectations&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">42&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">63&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">56&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">68&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">60&#46;91&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Establishment of networks&#47;contacts and working with prestigious researchers&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">35&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">61&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">54&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">34&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">54&#46;23&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">More productivity as researcher&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">14&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">45&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">46&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">43&#46;66&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Projection at an international level&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">35&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">39&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">39&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">42&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">39&#46;44&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Policies for grants&#47;aids and research funding&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">42&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">38&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">28&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">48&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">36&#46;62&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Language fluency&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">14&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">27&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">39&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">51&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">33&#46;80&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Proper level of social responsibility within the organisation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">22&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">28&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">22&#46;18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Personal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">21&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">19&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">11&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">15&#46;14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Technical&#47;theoretical support in their discipline&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">14&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">13&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">14&#46;43&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Saving time&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab987293.png"
              ]
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        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Spanish scientists-motives for choosing their country of destination&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      3 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0020"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 4"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Data expressed as a percentage&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Measures&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Social&#44; Legal Sciences and Humanities&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sciences&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Health sciences&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Engineering and architecture&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Stable funding&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">85&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">91&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">91&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">94&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">92&#46;25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Salary in accordance with experience and knowledge&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">85&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">88&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">88&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">91&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">88&#46;73&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Appreciation of scientific career&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">78&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">89&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">87&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">88&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">88&#46;03&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Keeping the level of scientific productivity&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">78&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">85&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">88&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">82&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">85&#46;91&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Technical&#44; material and personal support&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">78&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">84&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">87&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">80&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">84&#46;51&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Proper level of social responsibility within the organisation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">57&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">80&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">88&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">82&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">82&#46;39&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Less bureaucracy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">57&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">70&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">73&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">65&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">70&#46;07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Ongoing training&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">67&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">69&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">66&#46;20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Support for the transfer of knowledge&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">42&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">66&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">67&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">65&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">65&#46;49&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
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                0 => "xTab987292.png"
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Measures to facilitate the return of Spanish scientists from abroad&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      4 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0025"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 5"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Data expressed as a percentage&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Reasons&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Social&#44; Legal Sciences and Humanities&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sciences&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Health sciences&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Engineering and architecture&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Lack of economic funding of the project&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">78&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">89&#46;94&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">90&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">88&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">89&#46;08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Lack of employment opportunities&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">71&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">86&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">89&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">88&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">86&#46;97&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Salary not in accordance with the training and expectations&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">85&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">76&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">81&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">85&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">79&#46;93&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Impossibility of continuing with a career in science&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">71&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">76&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">85&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">73&#46;94&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Little technical&#44; material and personal support&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">57&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">61&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">71&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">64&#46;44&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Improper level of social responsibility within the organisation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">35&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">58&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">73&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">65&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">61&#46;98&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Great satisfaction with current employment conditions&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">35&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">51&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">59&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">54&#46;23&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Personal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">21&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">14&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">22&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">18&#46;31&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Difficulty readapting to the country&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">11&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">18&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">11&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">13&#46;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab987295.png"
              ]
            ]
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        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Reasons that hinder the return of Spanish scientists from abroad&#46;</p>"
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                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Instituto Nacional de Estad&#237;stica&#46; Estad&#237;stica de I<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D 2012&#46; Resumen Nacional&#46; Personal empleado en I<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D &#40;jornada completa y parcial&#41; por sector de ejecuci&#243;n&#44; ocupaci&#243;n y sexo &#91;consulted 20 Abr 2014&#93;&#46; Available in&#58; <a id="intr0055" class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="http://www.ine.es/jaxi/tabla.do?path=/t14/p057/a2012/l0/%26file=02005a.px%26type=pcaxis%26L=0">http&#58;&#47;&#47;www&#46;ine&#46;es&#47;jaxi&#47;tabla&#46;do&#63;path&#61;&#47;t14&#47;p057&#47;a2012&#47;l0&#47;&#38;file&#61;02005a&#46;px&#38;type&#61;pcaxis&#38;L&#61;0</a>"
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        "titulo" => "Acknowledgements"
        "texto" => "<p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors would like to thank all the researchers who have shared and participated in the study and Spanish scientific associations abroad that have supported this work &#40;SRUK&#47;CERU&#44; CERFA&#44; ACES and ECUSA&#41;&#46; We also thank the General Direction of Migration of the Spanish Ministry of Employment and Social Security for funding this study through its Projects and Research Programme ESS&#47;1613&#47;2012&#44; dated July 19&#46; Likewise&#44; we thank UDIMA for all the economic&#44; material and human resources made available to carry out this work&#46;</p>"
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