metricas
covid
Buscar en
Medicina Clínica (English Edition)
Toda la web
Inicio Medicina Clínica (English Edition) New therapeutic approaches in type 2 diabetes mellitus
Journal Information

Statistics

Follow this link to access the full text of the article

Editorial
New therapeutic approaches in type 2 diabetes mellitus
Nuevos planteamientos terapéuticos en la diabetes mellitus tipo 2
Carles Zafon
Unidad de Investigación en Diabetes y Metabolismo, Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Instituto de Investigación Vall d’Hebron (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
Read
76
Times
was read the article
0
Total PDF
76
Total HTML
Share statistics
 array:24 [
  "pii" => "S2387020616300250"
  "issn" => "23870206"
  "doi" => "10.1016/j.medcle.2016.04.005"
  "estado" => "S300"
  "fechaPublicacion" => "2015-12-07"
  "aid" => "3329"
  "copyright" => "Elsevier España, S.L.U.. All rights reserved"
  "copyrightAnyo" => "2015"
  "documento" => "article"
  "crossmark" => 1
  "subdocumento" => "sco"
  "cita" => "Med Clin. 2015;145:485-7"
  "abierto" => array:3 [
    "ES" => false
    "ES2" => false
    "LATM" => false
  ]
  "gratuito" => false
  "lecturas" => array:1 [
    "total" => 0
  ]
  "Traduccion" => array:1 [
    "es" => array:19 [
      "pii" => "S0025775315003012"
      "issn" => "00257753"
      "doi" => "10.1016/j.medcli.2015.05.008"
      "estado" => "S300"
      "fechaPublicacion" => "2015-12-07"
      "aid" => "3329"
      "copyright" => "Elsevier España, S.L.U."
      "documento" => "article"
      "crossmark" => 1
      "subdocumento" => "sco"
      "cita" => "Med Clin. 2015;145:485-7"
      "abierto" => array:3 [
        "ES" => false
        "ES2" => false
        "LATM" => false
      ]
      "gratuito" => false
      "lecturas" => array:2 [
        "total" => 81
        "formatos" => array:2 [
          "HTML" => 40
          "PDF" => 41
        ]
      ]
      "es" => array:10 [
        "idiomaDefecto" => true
        "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Editorial</span>"
        "titulo" => "Nuevos planteamientos terap&#233;uticos en la diabetes mellitus tipo 2"
        "tienePdf" => "es"
        "tieneTextoCompleto" => "es"
        "paginas" => array:1 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "paginaInicial" => "485"
            "paginaFinal" => "487"
          ]
        ]
        "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
          "en" => array:1 [
            "titulo" => "New therapeutic approaches in type 2 diabetes mellitus"
          ]
        ]
        "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [
          "es" => true
        ]
        "contienePdf" => array:1 [
          "es" => true
        ]
        "autores" => array:1 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "autoresLista" => "Carles Zafon"
            "autores" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "nombre" => "Carles"
                "apellidos" => "Zafon"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "idiomaDefecto" => "es"
      "Traduccion" => array:1 [
        "en" => array:9 [
          "pii" => "S2387020616300250"
          "doi" => "10.1016/j.medcle.2016.04.005"
          "estado" => "S300"
          "subdocumento" => ""
          "abierto" => array:3 [
            "ES" => false
            "ES2" => false
            "LATM" => false
          ]
          "gratuito" => false
          "lecturas" => array:1 [
            "total" => 0
          ]
          "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
          "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2387020616300250?idApp=UINPBA00004N"
        ]
      ]
      "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0025775315003012?idApp=UINPBA00004N"
      "url" => "/00257753/0000014500000011/v1_201511240045/S0025775315003012/v1_201511240045/es/main.assets"
    ]
  ]
  "itemSiguiente" => array:19 [
    "pii" => "S2387020616300286"
    "issn" => "23870206"
    "doi" => "10.1016/j.medcle.2016.04.007"
    "estado" => "S300"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "2015-12-07"
    "aid" => "3216"
    "copyright" => "Elsevier Espa&#241;a&#44; S&#46;L&#46;U&#46;"
    "documento" => "article"
    "crossmark" => 1
    "subdocumento" => "rev"
    "cita" => "Med Clin. 2015;145:488-92"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => false
      "ES2" => false
      "LATM" => false
    ]
    "gratuito" => false
    "lecturas" => array:1 [
      "total" => 0
    ]
    "en" => array:12 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Review</span>"
      "titulo" => "Large vessels vasculopathy in systemic sclerosis"
      "tienePdf" => "en"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en"
      "tieneResumen" => array:2 [
        0 => "en"
        1 => "es"
      ]
      "paginas" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "paginaInicial" => "488"
          "paginaFinal" => "492"
        ]
      ]
      "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
        "es" => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "Vasculopat&#237;a de grandes vasos en la esclerosis sist&#233;mica"
        ]
      ]
      "contieneResumen" => array:2 [
        "en" => true
        "es" => true
      ]
      "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "autores" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "Beatriz Tejera Segura, Iv&#225;n Ferraz-Amaro"
          "autores" => array:2 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Beatriz"
              "apellidos" => "Tejera Segura"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Iv&#225;n"
              "apellidos" => "Ferraz-Amaro"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
    "Traduccion" => array:1 [
      "es" => array:9 [
        "pii" => "S0025775315000366"
        "doi" => "10.1016/j.medcli.2014.12.016"
        "estado" => "S300"
        "subdocumento" => ""
        "abierto" => array:3 [
          "ES" => false
          "ES2" => false
          "LATM" => false
        ]
        "gratuito" => false
        "lecturas" => array:1 [
          "total" => 0
        ]
        "idiomaDefecto" => "es"
        "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0025775315000366?idApp=UINPBA00004N"
      ]
    ]
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2387020616300286?idApp=UINPBA00004N"
    "url" => "/23870206/0000014500000011/v1_201604300039/S2387020616300286/v1_201604300039/en/main.assets"
  ]
  "itemAnterior" => array:19 [
    "pii" => "S2387020616300249"
    "issn" => "23870206"
    "doi" => "10.1016/j.medcle.2016.04.004"
    "estado" => "S300"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "2015-12-07"
    "aid" => "3295"
    "copyright" => "Elsevier Espa&#241;a&#44; S&#46;L&#46;U&#46;"
    "documento" => "article"
    "crossmark" => 1
    "subdocumento" => "sco"
    "cita" => "Med Clin. 2015;145:482-4"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => false
      "ES2" => false
      "LATM" => false
    ]
    "gratuito" => false
    "lecturas" => array:2 [
      "total" => 1
      "HTML" => 1
    ]
    "en" => array:10 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Editorial article</span>"
      "titulo" => "Hip fracture incidence in Spain"
      "tienePdf" => "en"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en"
      "paginas" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "paginaInicial" => "482"
          "paginaFinal" => "484"
        ]
      ]
      "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
        "es" => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "Incidencia de la fractura de cadera en Espa&#241;a"
        ]
      ]
      "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "autores" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "&#205;&#241;igo Etxebarria-Foronda"
          "autores" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "&#205;&#241;igo"
              "apellidos" => "Etxebarria-Foronda"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
    "Traduccion" => array:1 [
      "es" => array:9 [
        "pii" => "S0025775315002213"
        "doi" => "10.1016/j.medcli.2015.04.009"
        "estado" => "S300"
        "subdocumento" => ""
        "abierto" => array:3 [
          "ES" => false
          "ES2" => false
          "LATM" => false
        ]
        "gratuito" => false
        "lecturas" => array:1 [
          "total" => 0
        ]
        "idiomaDefecto" => "es"
        "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0025775315002213?idApp=UINPBA00004N"
      ]
    ]
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2387020616300249?idApp=UINPBA00004N"
    "url" => "/23870206/0000014500000011/v1_201604300039/S2387020616300249/v1_201604300039/en/main.assets"
  ]
  "en" => array:12 [
    "idiomaDefecto" => true
    "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Editorial</span>"
    "titulo" => "New therapeutic approaches in type 2 diabetes mellitus"
    "tieneTextoCompleto" => true
    "paginas" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "paginaInicial" => "485"
        "paginaFinal" => "487"
      ]
    ]
    "autores" => array:1 [
      0 => array:3 [
        "autoresLista" => "Carles Zafon"
        "autores" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Carles"
            "apellidos" => "Zafon"
            "email" => array:1 [
              0 => "26276czl&#64;comb&#46;cat"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "afiliaciones" => array:2 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "entidad" => "Unidad de Investigaci&#243;n en Diabetes y Metabolismo&#44; Servicio de Endocrinolog&#237;a y Nutrici&#243;n&#44; Hospital Universitari Vall d&#8217;Hebron&#44; Instituto de Investigaci&#243;n Vall d&#8217;Hebron &#40;VHIR&#41;&#44; Universitat Aut&#242;noma de Barcelona &#40;UAB&#41;&#44; Barcelona&#44; Spain"
            "identificador" => "aff0005"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "entidad" => "Centro de Investigaci&#243;n Biom&#233;dica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metab&#243;licas Asociadas &#40;CIBERDEM&#41;&#44; Instituto de Salud Carlos III&#44; Barcelona&#44; Spain"
            "identificador" => "aff0010"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
      "es" => array:1 [
        "titulo" => "Nuevos planteamientos terap&#233;uticos en la diabetes mellitus tipo 2"
      ]
    ]
    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Current medicine&#39;s priority is to customize the therapeutic approach&#44; shifting the focus from illness to the patient&#46; This view is even more evident in chronic diseases&#44; in which the biography can modulate the needs of people affected over the years&#46; Diabetes mellitus type 2 &#40;DM2&#41; is a paradigm of the new approach and thus is collected in the latest guidelines and consensus documents&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> Thus&#44; therapeutic algorithms have been losing their &#8220;vertical&#8221; therapeutic scaling in multi-step proposal for a single drug in each step&#44; to win a &#8220;horizontal&#8221; character&#44; in which all therapeutic options are valid depending on the specific characteristics of the patient we are dealing with&#46; On the other hand&#44; in recent years&#44; new therapeutic families have appeared with actions that differ from the classic hypoglycemic agents used to date&#46; This has led to having to consider the choice of the most appropriate drug at all times&#44; choosing between an increasingly diverse number of options&#46; Faced with this new scenario&#44; when a modification of the treatment regimen is decided&#44; whether it involves the association of a new drug&#44; or replacing the current one with another&#44; the physician must consider a number of issues so that&#44; depending on the response&#44; choose the most suitable&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mechanism of action</span>&#46; T2DM is characterized mainly by the presence of resistance to insulin action associated with progressive loss of the pancreatic beta-cell capacity for producing the said hormone&#46; However&#44; other alterations that can be used as therapeutic avenues have been identified in recent years&#46; Currently we have different families of drugs with different mechanisms of action&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a> Thus&#44; we have the most classic and consolidated&#44; such as metformin&#44; which improves insulin resistance&#44; sulfonylurea &#40;SUs&#41; and glinides&#44; which increase pancreatic insulin production&#44; alpha-glucosidase inhibitors&#44; which decrease the absorption of carbohydrates in the digestive tract&#44; and pioglitazone&#44; which increases sensitivity to hormone action&#46; We have added incretin-based drugs to the therapeutic arsenal and&#44; more recently&#44; the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">sodium-glucose cotransporter 2</span> inhibitors &#40;SGLT-2&#41;&#46; In turn&#44; incretin-based drugs can be divided into dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors &#40;DPP-4&#41; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">glucagon-like peptide-1</span> analogs &#40;GLP-1&#41;&#46; The first block the action of the DPP-4 enzyme&#44; responsible for disabling GLP-1&#44; thereby increasing the half-life and&#44; subsequently&#44; the action of the said hormone of the gastrointestinal system&#46; The GLP-1 analogs are molecules with an action similar to that of GLP-1&#44; but with greater potency and longer effect&#46; For their part&#44; the SGLT-2 inhibitors block the renal reabsorption of glucose&#44; resulting in a &#8220;drug glycosuria&#8221; that leads to an improvement of glycemic control&#46; The possibility of acting on a growing number of mechanisms allows to choose the most appropriate drug or combination of drugs&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Level of metabolic control</span>&#46; There is a direct relationship between the levels of glycated hemoglobin &#40;HbA<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1c</span>&#41; and the risk of chronic complications&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> A 7&#37; target has been established as a criterion for good control&#46; However&#44; in certain groups of patients different HbA<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1c</span> values are advised&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> So&#44; when choosing a drug&#44; it is fitting to assess both the degree of decrease in HbA<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1c</span> achieved with such a treatment as well as the pursued objective&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Effect on chronic complications</span>&#46; Beyond reducing the risk of chronic complications with the metabolic control of the disease&#44; several studies have attempted to analyze the intrinsic effect of different therapeutic options&#46; The UKPDS showed that both metformin and SUs reduced the risk of microvascular complications&#44; but only the first showed its effectiveness in macrovascular complications&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> In addition&#44; metformin reduces the risk of all-cause mortality&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> The efficacy of new drugs in this aspect has not yet been demonstrated&#44; more years must pass in order to assess their impact&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Effect on cardiovascular risk</span>&#46; From the studies carried out in the Framingham cohort it has been established that diabetes mellitus multiplies by two to four times the risk of suffering a cardiovascular &#40;CV&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> event&#46; In addition&#44; the disease is often associated with a set of other disorders that are&#44; all of them&#44; cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension or dyslipidemia&#46; Therefore&#44; patients with DM2 present extreme CV risk&#46; This has led to analyze whether the drugs used in its treatment add intrinsically an unfavorable CV profile&#46; To date&#44; metformin is the only one that has been shown to reduce the risk significantly&#46; The risk factor contribution of most incretin-based drugs and SGLT-2 inhibitors is not known&#44; although they seem to indicate a neutral effect&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> Insulin therapy does not appear to increase CV risk&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> SUs deserve a special mention&#46; For many years it has been raised that this group could increase the risk of adverse events&#46; Although the evidence is not entirely conclusive and the risk is not the same for all the drugs within this family&#44; several retrospective studies and a meta-analysis seem to corroborate their harmful profile&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;13</span></a> This phenomenon could be related to two effects&#58; increased risk of hypoglycemia and modification in the myocardial tissue&#39;s response to anoxia&#44; a phenomenon known as cardiac preconditioning&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Side effects</span>&#46; As it happens with the indication of any drug&#44; before modifying a regimen in a patient with type 2 diabetes&#44; the side effects need to be considered&#46; The specific effects of each family and the hypoglycemic treatment own effects should be assessed&#46; In the latter case&#44; the 2 most common side effects are hypoglycemia and weight gain&#46; Hypoglycemia is&#44; undoubtedly&#44; one of them major problems when treating diabetes mellitus&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> Metformin&#44; pioglitazone&#44; incretin-based drugs&#44; acarbose inhibitors&#44; DPP-4 inhibitors and SGLT-2 inhibitors have a very low risk&#44; in some cases a null risk&#46; SUs&#44; to a lesser extent repaglinide and insulin&#44; are the drugs that have a higher risk&#46; In fact&#44; hypoglycemia is the great Achilles heel of the SUs and&#44; as mentioned earlier&#44; this effect could be related to the increased cardiovascular risk of this group of drugs&#46; Thus&#44; before a new prescription&#44; it is necessary to assess whether the risk of hypoglycemia is particularly serious in that particular patient &#40;elderly&#44; polypharmacy or risk profession&#44; among others&#41;&#46; Weight gain is another factor intrinsically associated with the treatment of type 2 diabetes&#44; although its clinical significance is less than in the case of hypoglycemia&#46; In this aspect&#44; insulin&#44; SU&#44; repaglinide and pioglitazone are the drugs that determine the most significant weight increase&#46; Metformin and DPP-4 inhibitors show a neutral profile&#44; whereas the SGLT-2 inhibitors&#44; and to a greater extent&#44; the GLP-1 analogs&#44; are associated with significant weight loss&#44; therefore&#44; their highest indication will be in patients with type 2 diabetes and obesity&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Contraindications</span>&#46; Each drug family has its specific contraindications&#44; which must be evaluated before prescription&#46; One of the most frequent complications of the disease is renal involvement&#46; In addition&#44; other comorbidities&#44; such as hypertension or peripheral artery disease&#44; may also contribute to kidney function failure&#46; Most drugs are eliminated through this organ&#46; Given all this&#44; different degrees of renal impairment have been established as a limit in order to use them&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Economic cost</span>&#46; Another aspect to be taken into account when prescribing a new drug is its cost&#46; New treatments of type 2 diabetes cost a lot more than the older treatments&#46; So&#44; if we take as reference the price of metformin&#44; SUs only cost twice as much&#44; while DPP-4 inhibitors cost 17 times as much&#44; insulin analogs 5&#8211;18 times as much and GLP-1 analogs can cost 35&#8211;57 times more than biguanide&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> However&#44; other economic aspects should be take into account beyond the drug cost itself&#46; It has been established that this represents only 18&#37; of the total cost of a patient with the disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> DM2 expenditure balances are complex to evaluate&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> but for many of the new drugs&#44; despite their high price&#44; they have shown to be cost-effective&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19&#44;20</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Shared decision making with the patient</span>&#46; Last but not least&#44; patient-centered medicine assumes that this one must participate and get involved in the whole process of the disease&#44; treatment included&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> The patient should be fully informed of the right therapeutic alternatives&#44; the pros and cons of their use and possible side effects&#46; The adequacy of the best option with patient participation means a better acceptance of the treatment plan and greater adherence to it&#44; aspects that ultimately improve disease control&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">So&#44; we are facing a period of change in the way medicine and healthcare professionals face disease&#44; with a special emphasis on the role that the patient should have&#46; Diabetes&#44; as a chronic and highly prevalent disease&#44; should be an example in this new avenue of management&#46; In recent years new therapeutic families that increase the range of treatment options for each stage of the disease have appeared&#44; allowing us to choose the most appropriate drug or combination of drugs&#46; In the election we must take into account not just purely medical aspects&#44; but also consider the situation and opinion of the patient at that particular time&#46; Algorithms and clinical practice guidelines point in this direction&#44; leaving the door open for more treatment options when compared to the past decade&#46; In the not too distant future we will be able to add new therapeutic options&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> Metabolic surgery is beginning to be considered as a possibility in some cases&#44; although it is still far from demonstrating the full extent of its effectiveness&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> Pharmacogenomics is making its way and&#44; in the not so distant future&#44; it will also help us to choose the drug that offers the greatest effectiveness with minimal risk of side effects&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> However&#44; despite all these changes&#44; we must not forget that the best treatment for type 2 diabetes is its prevention with awareness programs and improvement in healthy lifestyles&#44; and once established&#44; before prescribing any drug&#44; the dietary measures and lifestyle changes remain the first therapeutic step&#46;</p></span>"
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "NotaPie" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Zafon C&#46; Nuevos planteamientos terap&#233;uticos en la diabetes mellitus tipo 2&#46; Med Clin &#40;Barc&#41;&#46; 2015&#59;145&#58;485&#8211;487&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0005"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:24 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0125"
              "etiqueta" => "1"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Approaches to glycemic treatment"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "colaboracion" => "American Diabetes Association"
                          "etal" => false
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.2337/dc15-S010"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Diabetes Care"
                        "fecha" => "2015"
                        "volumen" => "38"
                        "numero" => "Suppl&#46; 1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "S41"
                        "paginaFinal" => "S48"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25537707"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0130"
              "etiqueta" => "2"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "AACE&#47;ACE comprehensive diabetes management algorithm 2015"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "A&#46;J&#46; Garber"
                            1 => "M&#46;J&#46; Abrahamson"
                            2 => "J&#46;I&#46; Barzilay"
                            3 => "L&#46; Blonde"
                            4 => "Z&#46;T&#46; Bloomgarden"
                            5 => "M&#46;A&#46; Bush"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.4158/EP15693.CS"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Endocr Pract"
                        "fecha" => "2015"
                        "volumen" => "21"
                        "paginaInicial" => "438"
                        "paginaFinal" => "447"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25877012"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0135"
              "etiqueta" => "3"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Pharmacologic treatment of type 2 diabetes&#58; oral medications"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "L&#46; Tran"
                            1 => "A&#46; Zielinski"
                            2 => "A&#46;H&#46; Roach"
                            3 => "J&#46;A&#46; Jende"
                            4 => "A&#46;M&#46; Householder"
                            5 => "E&#46;E&#46; Cole"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1177/1060028014558289"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Ann Pharmacother"
                        "fecha" => "2015"
                        "volumen" => "49"
                        "paginaInicial" => "540"
                        "paginaFinal" => "556"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25667196"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0140"
              "etiqueta" => "4"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Pharmacologic treatment of type 2 diabetes&#58; injectable medications"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "L&#46; Tran"
                            1 => "A&#46; Zielinski"
                            2 => "A&#46;H&#46; Roach"
                            3 => "J&#46;A&#46; Jende"
                            4 => "A&#46;M&#46; Householder"
                            5 => "E&#46;E&#46; Cole"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1177/1060028015573010"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Ann Pharmacother"
                        "fecha" => "2015"
                        "volumen" => "49"
                        "paginaInicial" => "700"
                        "paginaFinal" => "714"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25802244"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            4 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0145"
              "etiqueta" => "5"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes &#40;UKPDS 35&#41;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "I&#46;M&#46; Stratton"
                            1 => "A&#46;I&#46; Adler"
                            2 => "H&#46;A&#46; Neil"
                            3 => "D&#46;R&#46; Matthews"
                            4 => "S&#46;E&#46; Manley"
                            5 => "S&#46;A&#46; Cull"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "BMJ"
                        "fecha" => "2000"
                        "volumen" => "12"
                        "paginaInicial" => "405"
                        "paginaFinal" => "412"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            5 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0150"
              "etiqueta" => "6"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Glycemic targets"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "colaboracion" => "American Diabetes Association"
                          "etal" => false
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.2337/dc15-S009"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Diabetes Care"
                        "fecha" => "2015"
                        "volumen" => "38"
                        "numero" => "Suppl&#46;"
                        "paginaInicial" => "S33"
                        "paginaFinal" => "S40"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25537705"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            6 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0155"
              "etiqueta" => "7"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes &#40;UKPDS 33&#41;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "colaboracion" => "UK Prospective Diabetes Study &#40;UKPDS&#41; Group"
                          "etal" => false
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Lancet"
                        "fecha" => "1998"
                        "volumen" => "352"
                        "paginaInicial" => "837"
                        "paginaFinal" => "853"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9742976"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            7 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0160"
              "etiqueta" => "8"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes &#40;UKPDS 34&#41;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "colaboracion" => "UK Prospective Diabetes Study &#40;UKPDS&#41; Group"
                          "etal" => false
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Lancet"
                        "fecha" => "1998"
                        "volumen" => "352"
                        "paginaInicial" => "854"
                        "paginaFinal" => "865"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9742977"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            8 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0165"
              "etiqueta" => "9"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Diabetes and cardiovascular disease&#46; The Framingham study"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "W&#46;B&#46; Kannel"
                            1 => "D&#46;L&#46; McGee"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "JAMA"
                        "fecha" => "1979"
                        "volumen" => "241"
                        "paginaInicial" => "2035"
                        "paginaFinal" => "2038"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/430798"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            9 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0170"
              "etiqueta" => "10"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Evaluating cardiovascular safety of novel therapeutic agents for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "S&#46; Azim"
                            1 => "W&#46;L&#46; Baker"
                            2 => "W&#46;B&#46; White"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/s11886-014-0541-0"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Curr Cardiol Rep"
                        "fecha" => "2014"
                        "volumen" => "16"
                        "paginaInicial" => "541"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25303895"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            10 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0175"
              "etiqueta" => "11"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Basal insulin and cardiovascular and other outcomes in dysglycemia"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "H&#46;C&#46; Gerstein"
                            1 => "J&#46; Bosch"
                            2 => "G&#46;R&#46; Dagenais"
                            3 => "R&#46; D&#237;az"
                            4 => "H&#46; Jung"
                            5 => "A&#46;P&#46; Maggioni"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1056/NEJMoa1203858"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "N Engl J Med"
                        "fecha" => "2012"
                        "volumen" => "367"
                        "paginaInicial" => "319"
                        "paginaFinal" => "328"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22686416"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            11 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0180"
              "etiqueta" => "12"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Comparative effectiveness of sulfonylurea and metformin monotherapy on cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetes mellitus"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "C&#46;L&#46; Roumie"
                            1 => "A&#46;M&#46; Hung"
                            2 => "R&#46;A&#46; Greevy"
                            3 => "C&#46;G&#46; Grijalva"
                            4 => "X&#46; Llu"
                            5 => "H&#46;J&#46; Murff"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.7326/0003-4819-157-9-201211060-00003"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Ann Intern Med"
                        "fecha" => "2012"
                        "volumen" => "157"
                        "paginaInicial" => "601"
                        "paginaFinal" => "610"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23128859"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            12 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0185"
              "etiqueta" => "13"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Sulphonylureas and risk of cardiovascular disease&#58; systematic review and meta-analysis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "O&#46;J&#46; Phung"
                            1 => "E&#46; Schwartzman"
                            2 => "R&#46;W&#46; Allen"
                            3 => "S&#46;S&#46; Engel"
                            4 => "S&#46;N&#46; Rajpathak"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1111/dme.12232"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Diabet Med"
                        "fecha" => "2013"
                        "volumen" => "30"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1160"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1171"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23663156"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            13 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0190"
              "etiqueta" => "14"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Hypoglycemia"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Alsahli"
                            1 => "J&#46;E&#46; Gerich"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.ecl.2013.07.002"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am"
                        "fecha" => "2013"
                        "volumen" => "42"
                        "paginaInicial" => "657"
                        "paginaFinal" => "676"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24286945"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            14 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0195"
              "etiqueta" => "15"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Diabetes treatment in patients with renal disease&#58; is the landscape clear enough&#63;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "I&#46; Ioannidis"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.4239/wjd.v5.i5.651"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "World J Diabetes"
                        "fecha" => "2014"
                        "volumen" => "5"
                        "paginaInicial" => "651"
                        "paginaFinal" => "658"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25317242"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            15 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0200"
              "etiqueta" => "16"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:1 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Generalitat de Catalunya&#44; Departament de Salut&#46; Pautes per a l&#8217;harmonitzaci&#243; del tractament farmacol&#242;gic de la diabetes mellitus tipus 2&#46; Barcelona&#58; Ag&#232;ncia de Qualitat i Avaluaci&#243; Sanit&#224;ries de Catalunya&#59; 2013&#46;"
                ]
              ]
            ]
            16 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0205"
              "etiqueta" => "17"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Health economic evaluation of type 2 diabetes mellitus&#58; a clinical practice focused review"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "A&#46; Liebl"
                            1 => "K&#46; Khunti"
                            2 => "D&#46; Orozco-Beltran"
                            3 => "J&#46;F&#46; Yale"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.4137/CMED.S20906"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Clin Med Insights Endocrinol Diabetes"
                        "fecha" => "2015"
                        "volumen" => "8"
                        "paginaInicial" => "13"
                        "paginaFinal" => "19"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25861233"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            17 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0210"
              "etiqueta" => "18"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Costes directos de la diabetes mellitus y de sus complicaciones en Espa&#241;a &#40;Estudio SECCAID&#58; Spain estimated cost Ciberdem-Cabimer in Diabetes&#41;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "C&#46; Crespo"
                            1 => "M&#46; Brosa"
                            2 => "A&#46; Soria-Juan"
                            3 => "A&#46; L&#243;pez-Alba"
                            4 => "N&#46; L&#243;pez-Mart&#237;nez"
                            5 => "B&#46; Soria"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Av Diabetol"
                        "fecha" => "2013"
                        "volumen" => "29"
                        "paginaInicial" => "182"
                        "paginaFinal" => "189"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            18 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0215"
              "etiqueta" => "19"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Cost-utility analyses in diabetes&#58; a systematic review and implications from real-world evidence"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "Y&#46; Zhong"
                            1 => "P&#46;J&#46; Lin"
                            2 => "J&#46;T&#46; Cohen"
                            3 => "A&#46;N&#46; Winn"
                            4 => "P&#46;J&#46; Neumann"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.jval.2014.12.004"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Value Health"
                        "fecha" => "2015"
                        "volumen" => "18"
                        "paginaInicial" => "308"
                        "paginaFinal" => "314"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25773567"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            19 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0220"
              "etiqueta" => "20"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Review of models used in economic analyses of new oral treatments for type 2 diabetes mellitus"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "C&#46;V&#46; Asche"
                            1 => "S&#46;E&#46; Hippler"
                            2 => "D&#46;T&#46; Eurich"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/s40273-013-0117-7"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Pharmacoeconomics"
                        "fecha" => "2014"
                        "volumen" => "32"
                        "paginaInicial" => "15"
                        "paginaFinal" => "27"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24357160"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            20 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0225"
              "etiqueta" => "21"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Patient participation&#58; current knowledge and applicability to patient safety"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "Y&#46; Longtin"
                            1 => "H&#46; Sax"
                            2 => "L&#46; Leape"
                            3 => "S&#46; Sheridan"
                            4 => "L&#46; Donaldson"
                            5 => "D&#46; Pittet"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.4065/mcp.2009.0248"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Mayo Clin Proc"
                        "fecha" => "2010"
                        "volumen" => "85"
                        "paginaInicial" => "53"
                        "paginaFinal" => "62"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20042562"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            21 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0230"
              "etiqueta" => "22"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Nuevos agentes terap&#233;uticos para la diabetes tipo 2"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Puig-Domingo"
                            1 => "S&#46; Pellitero"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Med Clin &#40;Barc&#41;"
                        "fecha" => "2015"
                        "volumen" => "144"
                        "paginaInicial" => "560"
                        "paginaFinal" => "565"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            22 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0235"
              "etiqueta" => "23"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Surgery in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "A&#46; Maleckas"
                            1 => "L&#46; Venclauskas"
                            2 => "V&#46; Wallenius"
                            3 => "H&#46; L&#246;nroth"
                            4 => "L&#46; F&#228;ndriks"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1177/1457496914561140"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Scand J Surg"
                        "fecha" => "2015"
                        "volumen" => "104"
                        "paginaInicial" => "40"
                        "paginaFinal" => "47"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25623915"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            23 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0240"
              "etiqueta" => "24"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Genomic-based tools for the risk assessment&#44; management&#44; and prevention of type 2 diabetes"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "K&#46; Johansen Taber"
                            1 => "B&#46; Dickinson"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.2147/TACG.S75583"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Appl Clin Genet"
                        "fecha" => "2015"
                        "volumen" => "8"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1"
                        "paginaFinal" => "8"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25609992"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
  ]
  "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
  "url" => "/23870206/0000014500000011/v1_201604300039/S2387020616300250/v1_201604300039/en/main.assets"
  "Apartado" => array:4 [
    "identificador" => "43314"
    "tipo" => "SECCION"
    "en" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "Editorial articles"
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
  ]
  "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/23870206/0000014500000011/v1_201604300039/S2387020616300250/v1_201604300039/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/"
  "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2387020616300250?idApp=UINPBA00004N"
]
Article information
ISSN: 23870206
Original language: English
The statistics are updated each day
Year/Month Html Pdf Total
2024 November 2 0 2
2024 October 2 0 2
2024 September 6 0 6
2024 August 6 0 6
2024 July 2 0 2
2024 June 5 0 5
2024 May 2 0 2
2024 April 3 0 3
2024 March 1 0 1
2023 December 1 0 1
2023 November 1 0 1
2023 October 1 0 1
2023 September 2 0 2
2023 August 2 0 2
2023 July 1 0 1
2023 May 4 0 4
2023 March 5 0 5
2023 February 3 0 3
2022 November 3 0 3
2022 October 3 0 3
2022 September 4 0 4
2022 August 3 0 3
2022 July 2 0 2
2022 June 1 0 1
2022 May 2 0 2
2022 April 7 0 7
2022 March 2 0 2
Show all

Follow this link to access the full text of the article

es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos