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Fever induced by hydroxycarbamide
Fiebre por hidroxiurea
Eva Lizarralde Palacios, Alfonso Gutiérrez Macías
Corresponding author
alguma6725@outlook.es

Corresponding author.
, Mayte Rámiz Martínez, Mikel Escalante Boleas
Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Basurto, Bilbao, Vizcaya, Spain
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Drug-induced fever is a rare clinical problem&#44; although its actual incidence is unknown because it is probably underdiagnosed&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> The list of drugs involved is extensive&#44; although beta-lactam antibiotics seem to stand out due to their frequency&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> We present a case of fever induced by hydroxyurea &#40;HU&#41; without any other accompanying clinical manifestations&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is a 66-year-old male with no history of interest except hypertension&#44; dyslipidaemia and depressive syndrome&#44; under treatment with aspirin&#44; simvastatin&#44; clomipramine&#44; olmesartan medoxomil&#44; amlodipine and hydrochlorothiazide&#46; Diagnosed with essential thrombocythemia 7 years before&#44; carrier of the V617F mutation in the JAK2 gene&#44; without treatment during 3 weeks before admission&#44; when HU administration started with a dose of 1000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;day&#46; Admitted due to a 10-day long condition of malaise&#44; myalgia and fever without any focal clinical evidence&#46; Examination revealed a temperature of 39<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C and a systolic murmur&#46; No skin lesions were observed&#46; The blood count was normal&#44; without eosinophilia&#46; Biochemical studies showed values of 69<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>U&#47;L AST&#44; 55<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span> U&#47;L ALT and 24&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL C-reactive protein&#44; with no other abnormalities&#46; Blood culture&#44; urine culture&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Legionella</span> and pneumococcus antigen detection in urine and cytomegalovirus&#44; Epstein&#8211;Barr virus&#44; HIV&#44; syphilis&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Brucella</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mycoplasma</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Coxiella burnetii</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Chlamydia</span> serology were all negative&#46; The chest radiograph was normal and abdominal ultrasonography showed a hyperechogenic liver relative to fatty infiltration and increased prostate size&#46; HU was discontinued at admission&#44; with fever remission in 36 <span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#46; Its controlled administration was resumed two weeks later with a single dose of 500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#44; showing recurrence of fever after 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It has been estimated that drug-induced fever accounts for 0&#46;01&#8211;5&#37; of adverse drug reactions in hospitalized patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;3</span></a> It is defined as a febrile reaction related to drug administration&#44; which disappears as soon as the drug is interrupted and in the absence of other causes that may explain it&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a> The most common mechanism for fever is a hypersensitivity reaction<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#59; although in these cases the fever is usually accompanied by skin lesions&#44; eosinophilia or other manifestations&#44; in the context of a delayed hypersensitivity syndrome or <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms</span> &#40;DRESS&#41; syndrome&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> In the definition of drug-induced fever&#44; patients in whom the fever is accompanied by skin lesions are specifically excluded&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a> In the case of antineoplastic agents&#44; the pharmacological action itself&#44; which leads to cell necrosis and release of potential pyrogens&#44; could contribute to the onset of fever&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Early recognition of drug-induced fever is vital to avoid prolonged hospitalizations&#44; unnecessary diagnostic procedures or treatments as well as new exposures to the inducing drug&#46; Our case meets the criteria of causality established in the algorithm Karch and Lasagna&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> which classifies the adverse effect as clearly defined&#59; however&#44; compliance with these criteria requires rechallenge&#44; which is not without risk and should not be done in severe cases&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The HU or hydroxyurea is an anticancer drug whose mechanism of action is the blocking of DNA synthesis mediated by the inhibition of the ribonucleotide reductase enzyme&#46; It is used in the treatment of myeloproliferative diseases with negative Philadelphia chromosome and sickle cell anaemia&#46; It is usually well tolerated&#59; the most common side effects are myelosuppression with occurrence of peripheral cytopenias&#44; digestive intolerance and skin lesions associated with its use&#44; among which hyperpigmentation&#44; alopecia and painful skin and mucous ulcers stand out&#46; Pulmonary complications such as pneumonitis or bronchiolitis and drug-induced fever are less frequent&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> In a large series of 3411 patients treated with HU&#44; drug-induced fever was observed in 0&#46;5&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> 38 cases have been reported in the literature&#44; including those reported in the series just mentioned and reviewed by Doutrelon et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> no cases have been published in Spanish literature &#91;Spanish Medical Index&#59; search strategy of &#8220;hidroxiurea&#8221; &#40;hydroxyurea&#41; or &#8220;hidroxicarbamida&#8221; &#40;hydroxycarbamide&#41; and &#8220;fiebre&#8221; &#40;fever&#41;&#93;&#46; Fever appeared after an average of 21 days of treatment&#44; was high &#40;median 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#41;&#44; well tolerated and rapidly disappeared after discontinuation of treatment&#46; Re-exposure to HU occurred in 50&#37; of cases&#44; which was positive in all cases except one&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In short&#44; we present a case of drug-induced fever associated to HU with characteristics consistent with those previously reported&#44; being the first case study on Spanish literature&#46;</p></span>"
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