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Brief report
Pneumococcal pneumonia in adults 60 years or older: Incidence, mortality and prevention
Neumonía neumocócica en adultos mayores de 60 años: incidencia, mortalidad y prevención
Angel Vila-Corcolesa, Xabier Ansaa, Olga Ochoa-Gondara,
Corresponding author
oochoa.tarte.ics@gencat.cat

Corresponding author.
, Eva Satuea, Cinta de Diegoa, Teresa Rodriguez-Blancob, on behalf of EPIVAC Research Team
a Servicio de Atención Primaria Camp de Tarragona, Institut Català de la Salut, Tarragona, Spain
b Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Atención Primaria Jordi Gol (IDIAP Jordi Gol), Barcelona, Spain
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Infections caused by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Streptococcus pneumoniae</span> remain a major public health problem worldwide&#46; Pneumonia is the most common presentation of pneumococcal infection in adults&#44; but the true burden of the disease is not well known because of difficulties to characterize nonbacteremic cases&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study describes the epidemiology &#40;incidence&#44; mortality and serotype distribution&#41; of pneumococcal pneumonia &#40;bacteremic and nonbacteremic cases&#41; among Southern Catalonian people 60 years or older&#46; This work is part of the CAPAMIS Study&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> a cohort study conducted in Tarragona &#40;Southern Catalonia&#44; Spain&#41; whose results of the effectiveness of antipneumococcal vaccination have been published&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Methods</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Population-based prospective cohort study that included 27&#44;204 individuals&#44; who were all people 60 years or older registered in any of nine primary care centers &#40;PCCs&#41; of the Institut Catala de la Salut in the Tarragones county &#40;a mixed industrial&#8211;residential urban area in the Mediterranean coast of Southern Catalonia&#41; with an overall population of 337&#44;289 all-age inhabitants at study start&#46; Design and study population have been extensively described elsewhere&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cohort members were followed since study start &#40;01&#47;Dec&#47;2008&#41; until the occurrence of a first event&#44; enrolment from the PCC ceased&#44; death&#44; or until the end of the study &#40;30&#47;Nov&#47;2011&#41;&#46; Presumptive cases of pneumonia were initially identified on the basis of primary hospital discharge ICD-9 diagnosis codes for pneumonia &#40;480&#8211;486&#41;&#46; All presumptive cases were further reviewed by two trained physician investigators who checked the hospital medical records&#44; only being definitively included if&#44; on conclusion of the medical record review&#44; the diagnosis was verified according to classical criteria previously described&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Death from pneumonia &#40;case-fatality&#41; was considered when the patient died &#40;in-hospital or not&#41; within the first 30 days after the diagnosis&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Conventional diagnostic workup included blood culture&#44; sputum culture and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S&#46; Pneumoniae</span> urinary antigen test &#40;Binax-NOW&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> which were performed as indicated by the attending physician in each case&#46; The isolates of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S&#46; pneumoniae</span> were identified from blood and sputum samples by standard methods in the microbiology laboratory of two hospitals in the study area &#40;Joan XXIII and Santa Tecla&#41;&#46; Strains were serotyped in the Pneumococci Reference Laboratory of the Instituto de Salud Carlos III &#40;Majadahonda&#44; Madrid&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Incidence rates were calculated as person-years&#44; considering in the denominator the sum of the person-years contributed by each individual during the study period&#46; The 95&#37; confidence intervals &#40;CIs&#41; were calculated assuming a Poisson distribution&#46; Chi-squared or Fisher&#39;s test and Nonparametric equality-of-medians test were used to compare proportions and quantitative data as appropriate&#46; Statistical significance was set at <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05 &#40;two-tailed&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Results</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The 27&#44;204 cohort members &#40;mean age 71&#46;7 years&#59; 44&#46;6&#37; male&#41; were followed for a total of 75&#44;360 person-years&#46; Across study period&#44; 125 cohort members suffered pneumococcal pneumonia &#40;16 bacteremic and 109 nonbacteremic cases&#41;&#46; Of the 109 nonbacteremic cases&#44; 14 were identified by positive sputum culture&#44; 5 by positive sputum culture plus urinary antigen test and 90 by positive urinary antigen test alone&#46; Incidence rates &#40;per 1000 person-years&#41; were 0&#46;21 &#40;95&#37; CI&#58; 0&#46;13&#8211;0&#46;35&#41; for bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia&#44; 1&#46;45 &#40;95&#37; CI&#58; 1&#46;20&#8211;1&#46;75&#41; for nonbacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia and 1&#46;66 &#40;95&#37; CI&#58; 1&#46;39&#8211;1&#46;98&#41; for all pneumococcal pneumonia&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> shows the study population&#44; time followed&#44; absolute number of events and incidence rates for all pneumococcal pneumonia according to age strata&#44; sex and type of residence&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The median days of hospitalization were 8 days &#40;interquartile range &#91;IQR&#93;&#58; 5&#8211;11&#41;&#46; No statistical differences were observed when comparing length-stay according to age strata and sex&#46; Ten &#40;8&#37;&#41; of 125 cases &#40;three bacteremic and seven nonbacteremic&#41; were admitted into the Intensive Care Unit &#40;ICU&#41;&#44; with a median stay of 3 days &#40;IQR&#58; 2&#8211;4&#41; in the ICU and 9 days &#40;IQR&#58; 6&#8211;13&#41; in the total hospital-stay&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Thirty-day case-fatality rate was 10&#46;4&#37; &#40;12&#46;5&#37; in bacteremic cases and 10&#46;1&#37; of nonbacteremic cases&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;885&#41;&#46; Case-fatality was 3&#46;2&#37; in people 60&#8211;69 years&#44; 7&#46;3&#37; in people 70&#8211;79 years and 17&#37; in people 80 years or more&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;101&#46; Case-fatality rate was 8&#46;7&#37; for community-dwelling individuals and 30&#37; of nursing-home residents &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;069&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Serotypes 3 and 19A &#40;with 5 cases each one&#41; were the most commonly identified serotypes&#44; accounting for 35&#46;7&#37; of the total 28 serotyped isolates&#46; The remaining identified serotypes were type 22F and 35B with 3 cases each one&#44; 6C in two cases and types 1&#44; 4&#44; 6A&#44; 7F&#44; 8&#44; 9N&#44; 16F&#44; 19F&#44; 23B and 29 in one case&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a> compares prevalence of infections caused by serotypes contained in the 13-valent and 23-valent pneumococcal vaccines&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Discussion</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study investigated the burden of pneumococcal pneumonia among the general population 60 years or older in a well defined geographical area in Southern Catalonia&#46; Our data show an intermediate incidence rate &#40;21 episodes per 100&#44;000 person-year&#41; and mortality &#40;10&#46;4&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Incidence largely varied by sex &#40;double in men than in women&#41; and age strata &#40;approximately 4-fold greater in people 80 years or more than in people 60&#8211;69 years&#41;&#46; A similar trend has been reported in prior epidemiological studies&#44; considering that the frequent association between increasing age and presence of underlying diseases accounts for an increased morbidity&#8211;mortality due to pneumococcal pneumonia in the oldest adults&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Moreover&#44; the incidence was dramatically greater among nursing-home residents &#40;who suffered an incidence 8-fold greater than community-dwelling individuals&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The reported incidences of pneumococcal infections vary widely in different settings&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> It is believed that these differences largely reflect differences in surveillance methods and blood culture practices&#44; but they could also reflect geographical and epidemiological differences&#46; Considering bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia&#44; the incidence rate observed in our study is within the range of 12&#8211;76 cases per 100&#44;000 person-year reported for invasive pneumococcal diseases &#40;mainly bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia&#41; among older adults in distinct European countries&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> We note that an incidence of 19 cases of bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia per 100&#44;000 population-year was reported among Catalonian elderly people during 1997&#8211;1999&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> According to our data&#44; incidence has slightly increased ten years after&#46; Although this data possibly reflects a greater frequency of blood cultures performed in the contemporary period&#44; our results showing a small increase in the incidence of invasive pneumococcal infections among older adults in recent years are not unique and merit further investigations&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding nonbacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia&#44; there are scarce data about its incidence given the difficulties to achieve a reliable etiological diagnosis&#46; In this study&#44; we used Binax-NOW <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S&#46; pneumoniae</span> urinary antigen test for the detection of nonbacteremic pneumococcal pneumonias and 90 of 109 nonbacteremic cases were diagnosed by this test&#44; which has shown acceptable sensitivity and specificity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> The incidence rate for nonbacteremic cases reached 145 episodes per 100&#44;000 person-years&#44; being the observed ratio of nonbacteremic to bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia approximately 6&#46;8 &#40;109&#47;16&#41;&#46; In a recent meta-analysis the ratio of nonbacteremic to bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia was estimated to be approximately 3&#46;75 &#40;95&#37; CI&#58; 2&#46;51&#8211;5&#46;59&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We note that&#44; although the potential impact of both 13-valent and 23-valent pneumococcal vaccines is considerable &#40;vaccine-serotype coverage of 53&#46;6&#37; and 73&#46;1&#37;&#44; respectively&#41;&#44; it still remains an important proportion of infections not covered by these vaccines&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our study has several strengths&#46; The study design was population-based and included a large cohort followed for a long 36-month consecutive period&#46; In addition&#44; the studied outcomes&#44; which were primarily collected from the local hospital discharge diagnoses databases&#44; were later extensively reviewed for further accuracy diagnosis&#46; On the other hand&#44; our study has some limitations&#46; The total burden of the disease was not determined since the study did not include possible cases managed as outpatient&#46; Rates were based on the first episode of hospitalization from pneumonia occurring during the study period and they do not include multiple events per person&#59; thus&#44; the overall cumulative incidence is slightly underestimated&#46; Finally&#44; the relatively low number of events makes it difficult to generalize results&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We conclude that the burden of pneumococcal pneumonia remains considerable among our study population &#40;despite a publicly funded anti-pneumococcal vaccination program working since 2000&#41;&#46; Large incidence and mortality rates appear among the oldest people and nursing home residents&#44; which underline the need for an effective preventive strategy for these high-risk subjects&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Role of the funding source</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Funding for the study was provided&#44; in part&#44; by grants from the &#8220;Fondo de Investigaci&#243;n Sanitaria&#8221; of the <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs1">Instituto de Salud Carlos III</span> &#40;Exps 09&#47;00043 and 15&#47;01230&#41;&#46; This study sponsor had no role in the design or implementation of the study&#44; analysis of data&#44; or reporting of the results&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Contributors</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A&#46; Vila-Corcoles&#44; X&#46; Ansa and O&#46; Ochoa-Gondar designed the study&#44; assessed outcomes&#44; and wrote and edited the paper&#59; X&#46; Ansa&#44; E&#46; Satue and C&#46; de Diego obtained the data&#59; O&#46; Ochoa-Gondar and T&#46; Rodriguez-Blanco did statistical analyses&#59; A&#46; Vila-Corcoles coordinated the study&#46; The two first listed authors contributed similarly to the work&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All the authors declare that they have not conflict of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Background</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This study investigated the burden &#40;incidence&#44; mortality and serotype distribution&#41; of pneumococcal pneumonia among older adults in the region of Tarragona &#40;Spain&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Population-based cohort study involving 27&#44;204 individuals &#8805;60 years in Tarragon&#232;s county &#40;Southern Catalonia&#41;&#44; who were prospectively followed between 01&#47;12&#47;2008 and 30&#47;11&#47;2011&#46; Bacteremic and nonbacteremic &#40;positive sputum culture and&#47;or urinary antigen test&#41; pneumococcal pneumonias were recruited&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A total of 125 pneumococcal pneumonias &#40;16 bacteremic and 109 nonbacteremic&#41; was observed&#46; Incidence rates &#40;per 1000 person-years&#41; were 0&#46;21 &#40;95&#37; confidence interval &#91;CI&#93;&#58; 0&#46;13&#8211;0&#46;35&#41; for bacteremic cases and 1&#46;45 &#40;95&#37; CI&#58; 1&#46;20&#8211;1&#46;75&#41; for nonbacteremic cases&#46; Case-fatality rate was 10&#46;4&#37; &#40;12&#46;5&#37; in bacteremic and 10&#46;1&#37; in nonbacteremic cases&#41;&#46; Five serotypes &#40;types 3&#44; 6C&#44; 19A&#44; 22F and 35B&#41; were the most common serotypes&#44; accounting for 64&#46;3&#37; of overall isolated serotypes&#46; 73&#46;1&#37; of cases were due to the strains included in the 23-valent vaccine whereas 53&#46;6&#37; were due to the strains included in the 13-valent vaccine&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The burden of pneumococcal pneumonia remains considerable &#40;especially among oldest people and nursing-home residents&#41; despite a publicly funded anti-pneumococcal vaccination program operative for several years&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Fundamento</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Este estudio analiza la epidemiolog&#237;a &#40;incidencia&#44; letalidad y distribuci&#243;n de serotipos&#41; de la neumon&#237;a neumoc&#243;cica en adultos mayores de Tarragona&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Cohorte de base poblacional que incluy&#243; 27&#46;204 individuos<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60 a&#241;os en la comarca del Tarragon&#232;s&#44; con seguimiento prospectivo entre 1-12-2008 y 30-11-2011 y selecci&#243;n de todos los casos de neumon&#237;a neumoc&#243;cica bacteri&#233;mica y no-bacteri&#233;mica &#40;cultivo de esputo y&#47;o antigenuria positiva&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se observaron 125 neumon&#237;as neumoc&#243;cicas &#40;16 bacteri&#233;micas y 109 no bacteri&#233;micas&#41;&#46; Las tasas de incidencia &#40;por 1&#46;000 personas-a&#241;o&#41; fueron 0&#44;21 &#40;intervalo de confianza &#91;IC&#93; 95&#37;&#58; 0&#44;13-0&#44;35&#41; para casos bacteri&#233;micos y 1&#44;45 &#40;IC 95&#37;&#58; 1&#44;20-1&#44;75&#41; para casos no bacteri&#233;micos&#46; La letalidad global fue del 10&#44;4&#37; &#40;12&#44;5&#37; en casos bacteri&#233;micos y 10&#44;1&#37; en no bacteri&#233;micos&#41;&#46; Cinco serotipos &#40;3&#44; 6C&#44; 19A&#44; 22F y 35B&#41; fueron los m&#225;s comunes&#44; representando un 64&#44;3&#37; del total de serotipos aislados&#46; Un 73&#44;1&#37; de los casos fueron debidos a serotipos incluidos en la vacuna 23-valente&#44; mientras que un 53&#44;6&#37; fueron debidos a serotipos incluidos en la vacuna 13-valente&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusi&#243;n</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La incidencia de neumon&#237;a neumoc&#243;cica es considerable &#40;especialmente en personas mayores y&#47;o institucionalizadas&#41; a pesar del programa p&#250;blico de vacunaci&#243;n antineumoc&#243;cica implementado desde hace a&#241;os&#46;</p></span>"
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            "apendice" => "<p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The following investigators members of the EPIVAC Research Team contributed to this work&#58; Angel Vila-C&#243;rcoles&#44; Xabier Ansa&#44; Olga Ochoa-Gondar&#44; Cinta de Diego&#44; Eva Satue&#44; Imma Hospital&#44; Elisabet Salsench&#44; Jordi Blad&#232; and Francisca Ramos &#40;Primary Care Service of Camp de Tarragona&#44; Institut Catala de la Salut&#41;&#59; Frederic Gomez-Bertomeu &#40;Department of Laboratory and Microbiology&#44; Hospital Joan XXIII&#41;&#44; Ram&#243;n Magarolas&#44; Leonardo Esteban &#40;Department of Pneumology&#44; Hospital Joan XXIII&#41;&#59; Xavier Raga &#40;Department of Laboratory and Microbiology&#44; Hospital Santa Tecla&#41;&#44; Frederic Ballester Bastardie &#40;Department of Laboratory and Microbiology&#44; Hospital Sant Joan de Reus&#41;&#59; Maria Mar Olga Perez Moreno &#40;Department of Laboratory and Microbiology&#44; Hospital de Tortosa Verge de la Cinta&#41;&#59; Jorge Alexis Guzm&#225;n Avalos &#40;Emergency Department&#44; Hospital Joan XXIII&#41;&#46;</p>"
            "etiqueta" => "Appendix A"
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                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No&#46; of subjects&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Follow-up &#40;person-years&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No&#46; of events&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">IR<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> &#40;95&#37; CI&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Age strata</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60&#8211;69 yrs&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12&#44;401&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">35&#44;690&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">31&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;87 &#40;0&#46;59&#8211;1&#46;23&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>70&#8211;79 yrs&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">9284&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">26&#44;041&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">41&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;57 &#40;1&#46;13&#8211;2&#46;14&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;80 yrs&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5519&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">13&#44;629&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">53&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;89 &#40;2&#46;91&#8211;5&#46;09&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sex</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12&#44;137&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">33&#44;341&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">78&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;34 &#40;1&#46;85&#8211;2&#46;92&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Female&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">15&#44;067&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">42&#44;019&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">47&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;12 &#40;0&#46;82&#8211;1&#46;49&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Residence</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Nursing-home&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">375&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">780&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12&#46;82 &#40;6&#46;15&#8211;23&#46;58&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Community-dwelling&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">26&#44;829&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">74&#44;580&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">115&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;54 &#40;1&#46;27&#8211;1&#46;85&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Overall population&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">27&#44;204&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">75&#44;360&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">125&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;66 &#40;1&#46;38&#8211;1&#46;98&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
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                0 => "xTab1110599.png"
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            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0005"
              "etiqueta" => "a"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">IR denotes incidence rates and are presented per 1000 person&#47;years&#46;</p>"
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          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Incidence rates of hospitalization from pneumococcal pneumonia according to age strata&#44; sex and type of residence&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      1 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 2"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Note</span>&#58; PCV13&#44; serotypes included in the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine&#59; PPV23&#44; serotypes included in the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine&#46;</p>"
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            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">9 &#40;75&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;214&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Non-invasive &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10 &#40;62&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10 &#40;62&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;715&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">15 &#40;53&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">19 &#40;73&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;412&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Prevalence of infections caused by serotypes included in the current antipneumococcal vaccines for adult population&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0005"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:10 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0055"
              "etiqueta" => "1"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The burden of pneumococcal disease among adults in developed and developing countries&#58; what is and is not known"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
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                            0 => "D&#46;S&#46; Fedson"
                            1 => "J&#46;A&#46; Scott"
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                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
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                        "volumen" => "17"
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                        "paginaFinal" => "S18"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10559530"
                            "web" => "Medline"
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                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0060"
              "etiqueta" => "2"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Streptococcus pneumoniae</span>&#58; epidemiology and risk factors&#44; evolution of antimicrobial resistance&#44; and impact of vaccines"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "J&#46;P&#46; Lynch"
                            1 => "G&#46;G&#46; Zhanel"
                          ]
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                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1097/MCP.0b013e3283385653"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Curr Opin Pulm Med"
                        "fecha" => "2010"
                        "volumen" => "16"
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                        "paginaFinal" => "225"
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                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20375783"
                            "web" => "Medline"
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            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0065"
              "etiqueta" => "3"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Rationale and design of the CAPAMIS study&#58; effectiveness of pneumococcal vaccination against community-acquired pneumonia&#44; acute myocardial infarction and stroke"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "A&#46; Vila-Corcoles"
                            1 => "I&#46; Hospital-Guardiola"
                            2 => "O&#46; Ochoa-Gondar"
                            3 => "C&#46; de Diego"
                            4 => "E&#46; Salsench"
                            5 => "X&#46; Raga"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
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                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1186/1471-2458-10-25"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
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                        "paginaInicial" => "25"
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            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0070"
              "etiqueta" => "4"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Effectiveness of the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine against community-acquired pneumonia in the general population aged &#8805;60 years&#58; 3 years of follow-up in the CAPAMIS study"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "O&#46; Ochoa-Gondar"
                            1 => "A&#46; Vila-Corcoles"
                            2 => "T&#46; Rodriguez-Blanco"
                            3 => "F&#46; Gomez-Bertomeu"
                            4 => "E&#46; Figuerola-Massana"
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                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1093/cid/ciu002"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
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            ]
            4 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0075"
              "etiqueta" => "5"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Evaluation of the immunochromatographic Binax NOW assay for detection of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Streptococcus pneumoniae</span> urinary antigen in a prospective study of community-acquired pneumonia in Spain"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "F&#46; Gutierrez"
                            1 => "M&#46; Masia"
                            2 => "J&#46;C&#46; Rodr&#237;guez"
                            3 => "A&#46; Ayelo"
                            4 => "B&#46; Sold&#225;n"
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                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
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                      "doi" => "10.1086/345852"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Clin Infect Dis"
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                        ]
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            5 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0080"
              "etiqueta" => "6"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
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                      "titulo" => "The influence of chronic illnesses on the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease in adults"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "M&#46;H&#46; Kyaw"
                            1 => "C&#46;E&#46; Rose Jr&#46;"
                            2 => "A&#46;M&#46; Fry"
                            3 => "J&#46;A&#46; Singleton"
                            4 => "Z&#46; Moore"
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                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1086/431521"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Infect Dis"
                        "fecha" => "2005"
                        "volumen" => "192"
                        "paginaInicial" => "377"
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            ]
            6 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0085"
              "etiqueta" => "7"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
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                            4 => "G&#46; Carmona"
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                      "autores" => array:1 [
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                            1 => "F&#46; Tubau"
                            2 => "R&#46; Pallares"
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                        "paginaInicial" => "57"
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        "texto" => "<p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We thank the staff in the Laboratorio de Referencia de Neumococos del Centro Nacional de Microbiolog&#237;a &#40;Majadahonda&#44; Madrid&#41; who serotyped isolates&#46; The authors also thank Angel Vila-Rovira &#40;research on mortality data&#41; for his assistance&#46;</p>"
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ISSN: 23870206
Original language: English
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