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Scientific letter
Varicella infection in pregnancy
Varicela en la gestación
Maria de la Callea,
Corresponding author
maria.delacalle@uam.es

Corresponding author.
, Felix Omeñacab,c, Jose Luis Barthaa
a Unidad de Medicina Materno-Fetal, Servicio de Obstetricia, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
b Servicio de Neonatología, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
c Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Varicella during pregnancy is a rare disease&#44; with an incidence of one in 10&#44;000 pregnancies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Although it is a benign disease&#44; its onset during pregnancy can carry maternal and foetal risks&#46; In pregnant women it increases the risk of complications such as pneumonia and viral encephalitis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a> In the foetus&#44; the risk of vertical transmission through the placenta is low&#44; so most new-borns of mothers with varicella in pregnancy are asymptomatic&#46; This risk is higher in the third trimester of pregnancy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> However&#44; the risk of foetal infection with the development of congenital varicella syndrome is higher if maternal infection occurs in the first 20 weeks of pregnancy&#44; with an incidence of 1&#8211;2&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Typical manifestations of congenital varicella syndrome include skin lesions &#40;70&#37;&#41;&#44; neurological disorders &#40;62&#37;&#41;&#44; eye abnormalities &#40;52&#37;&#41;&#44; limb hypoplasia &#40;46&#37;&#41; and low birth weight &#40;23&#37;&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> If a varicella infection in pregnancy is suspected&#44; serological confirmation is recommended with IgM&#43; and&#47;or PCR&#43; of a vesicle for varicella zoster virus &#40;VZV&#41;&#46; The diagnosis of foetal infection should be done by amniocentesis from week 19 to confirm DNA positivity for VZV in the amniotic fluid&#46; Confirmation of foetal infection does not always indicate that the foetus is anomalous&#44; but these foetuses should be closely monitored with ultrasounds&#44; as sometimes late ultrasound abnormalities may appear&#46; The foetal neurological study should include performing an MRI in the third trimester&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We treated six cases of varicella infection in pregnant women in 2014&#44; among 5600 deliveries in the same year at our institution &#40;0&#46;11&#37;&#41;&#46; In all cases&#44; the diagnosis was confirmed by IgM&#43; serology and&#47;or PCR&#43; of a dermal vesicle&#46; In 5 patients&#44; varicella was diagnosed before week 20 of gestation&#44; and one of them&#44; who was in the eighth week&#44; decided to terminate the pregnancy&#46; In all cases there was both dermal and mucosal involvement&#44; without other clinical manifestations&#44; except for one patient who had respiratory failure or dyspnoea without anomalies in chest radiology&#46; Rupture of membranes occurred in one case&#44; resulting in foetal loss a week after the diagnosis&#46; Three patients with skin involvement in more than two thirds of the body were treated with oral acyclovir for 7 days&#46; Amniocentesis was performed in 3 cases&#44; and the PCR for VZV was positive in one of them&#44; although this case and the remaining 3 who completed gestation had normal deliveries with asymptomatic new-borns&#46; The clinical characteristics for the 6 patients are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Treatment of mild cases of varicella during pregnancy mainly includes hygienic measures&#46; In highly symptomatic cases&#44; oral antivirals&#44; such as acyclovir&#44; will be administered at doses of 800<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#44; 5 times a day&#44; between 24 and 72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h of the rash onset&#44; for 7 days&#46; In cases of progression to varicella pneumonia&#44; the patient must be admitted and administered intravenous acyclovir at a dose of 10&#8211;15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h between 5 and 10 days&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> When varicella occurs within 5 days before delivery or within 2 days the same 2&#44; the risk of vertical transmission is high &#40;&#62;50&#37;&#41; and the neonate may not have protective antibodies of maternal origin&#44; so the risk of severe neonatal varicella is high&#46; For this reason&#44; postponing the delivery with tocolytic drugs for 7 days after the onset of skin rash is recommended&#46; If labour is triggered during that period&#44; neonatologists should be informed so that they can administer the neonate specific immunoglobulin against VZV&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">If there is a case of varicella contact during pregnancy&#44; IgG serology to VZV should be performed&#46; If the mother is not immunized&#44; she should be administered prophylactically gamma globulin against VZV in the first 72&#8211;96<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h after contact&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">IgG serology to VZV should also be carried out in women with a fertility desire whose medical history of varicella is unknown&#44; and receive the vaccine if negative&#46; Special emphasis will have to be placed on women whose work activity poses a high risk of infection&#44; although a high rate of immunity to VZV has been recently described in this group&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> The varicella vaccine should never be administered during pregnancy&#46;</p></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Case&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Weeks of gestation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Treatment&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Obstetric results&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Skin involvement in more than two thirds of the body&#46; Mucosal involvement&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Oral acyclovir 800<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;5 times a day&#47;7 days&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Premature rupture of membranes in week 15 with foetal loss&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Skin involvement in more than two thirds of the body&#46; Mucosal involvement&#46; Dyspnoea without respiratory failure&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Oral acyclovir 800<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;5 times a day&#47;7 days&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Yes &#40;week 19&#41;&#44; PCR&#43; for VZV&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Delivery week 39<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#46;<br>Asymptomatic new-born&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Skin involvement in a third of the body&#46; Mucosal involvement&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Hygiene measures&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Elective termination of pregnancy in week 9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Skin involvement in a third of the body&#46; Mucosal involvement&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Hygiene measures&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Yes &#40;week 19<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#41;&#44; PCR- for VZV&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Delivery in week 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;<br>Asymptomatic new-born&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">34&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Skin involvement in a third of the body&#46; Mucosal involvement&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Hygiene measures&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Delivery in week 38<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#46; Asymptomatic new-born&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Skin involvement in more than two thirds of the body&#46; Mucosal involvement&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Oral acyclovir 800<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;5 times a day&#47;7 days&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Yes &#40;week 20&#41;&#44; PCR- for VZV&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Delivery week 37<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;<br>Asymptomatic new-born&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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ISSN: 23870206
Original language: English
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es en pt

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