Letter to the Editor
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Respuesta
Ramón C. Hermida
Laboratorio de Bioingeniería y Cronobiología, Atlantic Research Center for Information and Communication Technologies (AtlantTIC), Universidad de Vigo, Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
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Hermida" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Ramón C." "apellidos" => "Hermida" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "rhermida@uvigo.es" ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Laboratorio de Bioingeniería y Cronobiología, Atlantic Research Center for Information and Communication Technologies (AtlantTIC), Universidad de Vigo, Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Respuesta" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding a recent editorial<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> in which we summarize the current knowledge about the influence of the timing (chronotherapy) of antihypertensive therapy on the control of blood pressure (BP) during sleep and thereby reducing cardiovascular (CV) risk, Fernandez et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> raises a really interesting aspect: caution when administering antihypertensive therapy at bedtime and reducing the BP during sleep in hypertensive patients with glaucoma. The results of several studies, both cross-sectional and prospective, on the possible relationship of circadian variations in BP with damage in visual fields and progression of glaucoma patients suggest that variations in nocturnal BP could be a potential risk factor, but the results are far from conclusive.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Among other authors, Krasinska et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> showed, from a small cross-sectional study, that hypertensive patients with glaucoma and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">non-dipper</span> profile had greater visual field defect and degeneration of the optic nerve fibres versus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">dipper</span> patients. Meanwhile, Tokunaga et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> concluded, after 4 years of follow-up in only 38 patients with glaucoma, that the progression of damage was greater in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">non-dipper</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">extreme dipper</span> patients that in those with a physiologically normal <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">dipper</span> profile, suggesting that the circadian pattern of the BP as a whole rather than just the level of BP during sleep may contribute to the progression of damage in patients with glaucoma.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Apart from the current and unresolved controversy related to the possible relationship between hypertension and glaucoma, nocturnal hypotension and/or the different patterns of circadian variation in BP, there is no evidence that increasing the BP, especially during sleep, may decrease the progression of glaucoma damage.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> In what seems to be the only report available until now of antihypertensive chronotherapy in patients with glaucoma, Krasinska et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> studied if time of intake has an effect regarding antihypertensive medication in 88 patients with open-angle glaucoma, all hypertensive, under treatment and supposedly controlled. Patients were divided into two treatment groups according to the results of a baseline ABPM of 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h: (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">a</span>) intake of all antihypertensive medication in the morning considering that patients had a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">dipper</span> profile and (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">b</span>) intake of one drug at night and the rest in the morning due to having a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">non-dipper</span> profile, an “excessive” morning rise in BP (value not specified) or the “conviction” of the authors that the treatment (unspecified) received by the patients had an effect on BP that lasted <24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h. At 6 months of this significantly non-random division, patients treated with one drug at night, compared to those treated only in the morning, showed lower ocular perfusion pressure overnight, greater loss of visual fields and reduced evoked potential amplitudes. These findings, however, should be taken with extreme caution and require proper validation due to the many and obvious limitations of the study, among many others: (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">a</span>) participants were not randomized to 2 treatment groups, but were classified by a questionable criteria; (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">b</span>) the manuscript does not provide data about what were some of the baseline characteristics of the patients and their required similarity between treatment groups, including ocular perfusion pressure, damage of visual fields, amplitude of evoked potentials, ischaemic damage to the optic nerve or time of glaucoma progression, and (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">c</span>) the results provide only information of the variables at the end of the study and not of their change during the 6 months of treatment, which, together with the absence of randomization, invalidates all findings.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Compared to 2% prevalence of glaucoma, high blood pressure affects >40% of the adult population and is associated with >45% of total mortality, primarily through stroke, coronary heart disease and heart failure. The information currently available indicates that: (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">a</span>) between the various parameters that can be calculated from the measurement of clinical BP, home and ambulatory, only the mean ambulatory BP during sleep is a significant and independent marker of CV morbidity and mortality<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>; (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">b</span>) CV risk reduction is associated significantly and independently only with a progressive decrease due to the treatment of the mean ambulatory BP during sleep and not to changes in mean clinical activity or BP,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8,9</span></a> and (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">c</span>) intake of antihypertensive drugs in one dose at bedtime, instead of when getting up, improves BP control during sleep and significantly increases survival free of cardiovascular events.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> In patients with glaucoma, the possible influence of BP during sleep on the progression of damage makes it advisable to use the ABPM as a tool for clinical assessment, especially if the administration of antihypertensive drugs at bedtime is chosen as a more advantageous therapeutic scheme to decrease CV risk.</p></span>" "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: Hermida RC. Respuesta. Med Clin (Barc). 2016;146:46–47.</p>" ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:10 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0055" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Cronoterapia con antihipertensivos para mejorar el control de la presión arterial y reducir el riesgo vascular" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "R.C. 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