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Letter to the Editor
Leukemic transformation of Langerhans cell sarcoma
Leucemización de sarcoma de células de Langerhans
Teresa Botina,c, José Tomás Navarroa,c,
Corresponding author
jnavarro@iconcologia.net

Corresponding author.
, Jordi Juncàa,c, José Luis Mateb
a Laboratorio de Hematología, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, ICO, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
b Departamento de Patología, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
c Instituto para la Lucha Contra la Leucemia Josep Carreras, Barcelona, Spain
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Langerhans cell sarcoma &#40;LCS&#41; is an aggressive neoplasm that can appear &#8220;de novo&#8221; or be preceded by Langerhans cell histiocytosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The diagnosis requires the presence of atypical and pleomorphic Langerhans cells and expression of CD1a or langerin&#46; The visualization of Birbeck granules in the cytoplasm of the malignant cells by electronic microscopy is not always demonstrable in every case&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> BRAF V600E mutations are detected in only 25&#8211;57&#37; of cases&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a> We describe herein an exceptional case of leukemization of LCS&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 34 year-old woman was admitted because of acute abdominal pain&#44; increased abdominal girth&#44; mild weight loss&#44; galactorrhea of one-month duration and appearance of subcutaneous nodules in face&#44; upper extremities&#44; trunk and back&#46; Hemoglobin was 112<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;L &#40;normal&#58; 12&#8211;14<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;L&#41;&#59; serum LDH was 646<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>U&#47;L &#40;normal &#60;214&#41;&#44; and serum prolactin 59&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;mL &#40;normal&#58; 4&#46;8&#8211;23&#41;&#46; A CT scan showed moderate ascites and an adenopathic mesenteric and retroperitoneal conglomerate that sized 95<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>112<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#46; A laparotomy was performed and histological study of the tumor biopsy showed a diffuse infiltration by atypical&#44; blastic large cells of histiocytic appearance with broad vacuolated cytoplasm and some images of hemophagocytosis&#46; The nuclei had marked indentations&#44; immature chromatin and visible nucleoli&#46; By immunohistochemistry&#44; these cells were CD4&#47;CD68&#47;CD15&#47;S100 positive and negative for pan-T&#44; pan-B markers&#44; CD1a&#44; langerin&#44; BCL6&#44; CD30&#44; MUM1&#44; HMB45&#44; melan A&#44; CAM 5&#46;2 and AE1&#47;AE3 cytokeratines&#46; The study of BRAF V600E mutation resulted negative&#46; Flow cytometry &#40;FC&#41; study showed expression of CD1a&#47;CD4&#47;CD64&#47;CD33&#47;CD123&#47;CD45&#47;DR&#47;CD11b and cytoplasmic lysozyme&#44; but pan-B and pan-T markers&#44; CD56&#44; CD34&#44; MPO&#44; CD14 and TdT were negative&#46; Karyotype was normal and TCR rearrangement was ruled out by PCR&#46; On the basis of the histological and cytological findings and the CD1a expression by FC&#44; a diagnosis of Langerhans cell sarcoma &#40;LCS&#41; was made&#46; A cranial MRI performed to rule out pituitary tumor&#44; and serial bone radiology were normal&#46; The bone marrow biopsy showed no infiltration but the FC analysis found 2&#37; of cells expressing the same immunophenotype as that observed in the tumor&#46; A post-surgical eventration delayed the start of chemotherapy&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">One month later the patient consulted by malaise and clinical tonsillitis&#46; Blood analysis showed 50&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>L<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span> leukocytes of which 73&#37; were large cells with abundant slightly basophilic and vacuolated cytoplasm&#44; irregular and indented nuclei with immature chromatin and visible nucleoli&#46; Serum LDH was 3951<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>U&#47;L &#40;normal &#60;214&#41;&#46; FC showed infiltration of peripheral blood by 80&#37; of cells with identical phenotype as that observed in the abdominal tumor&#46; Electron microscopy of peripheral blood did not detect Birbeck granules but deeply cleaved and convoluted nuclei were seen in tumoral cells&#46; Their cytoplasms had very scarce lysosomes as opposed to other types of histiocytic cells&#46; A diagnosis of leukemization of LCS was done&#46; The patient was treated with idarrubicin-cytarabin-etoposide induction chemotherapy and consolidation with cytarabin&#44; reaching a complete remission and resolution of the galactorrhea and skin lesions&#46; Then&#44; an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation was performed&#46; Three months later&#44; blood counts&#44; bone marrow and physical examination were normal&#46; However&#44; 6 months after transplantation the subcutaneous nodules reappeared and the biopsy revealed a diffuse infiltrate with atypical histiocytes&#44; with the same phenotype as that described in the original tumor&#44; confirming a LCS relapse&#46; Bone marrow and peripheral blood were not affected&#46; One year after the diagnosis of LCS&#44; the patient is receiving treatment with CHOEP chemotherapy&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Leukemization of cells of histiocyitc origin is exceptional&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#8211;8</span></a> One of the reports on LCS leukemization<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> describes a case of leukemic transformation three months after the diagnosis&#44; an evolution very similar to that observed in our patient&#44; in which blasts appeared in peripheral blood two months after the diagnosis of LCS&#46; In all the described cases of LCS leukemization the response to chemotherapy is usually transient&#44; although in our patient 25 months have elapsed since diagnosis&#46;</p></span>"
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Original language: English
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