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Letter to the Editor
Cushing's syndrome in a patient with macronodular adrenal hyperplasia secondary to aberrant hormone receptors
Síndrome de Cushing por hiperplasia suprarrenal macronodular bilateral con receptores aberrantes
María Molina Vega
Corresponding author
molinavegamaria@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Araceli Muñoz Garach, José Antonio López Medina, Francisco Tinahones Madueño
Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cushing&#39;s syndrome &#40;CS&#41; is the set of clinical manifestations resulting from overproduction of corticosteroid hormones&#46; They are often of exogenous origin and&#44; less frequently&#44; come from the adrenal cortex &#40;endogenous CS&#41;&#46; Endogenous CS is classified as ACTH-dependent or ACTH-independent&#44; the latter assuming 15&#8211;20&#37; of cases&#59; most of them due to unilateral adenomas or carcinomas&#46; Less than 2&#37; result from primary bilateral nodular hyperplasia &#40;macro or micronodular&#41;&#46; Bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia &#40;BMAH&#41; is a rare form of CS&#44; and is identified&#44; in many cases&#44; with the expression of aberrant G-protein coupled receptors&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;3</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We report the case of a 61-year-old patient with a history of diabetes mellitus type 2 &#40;DM2&#41;&#44; high blood pressure &#40;HBP&#41; and obesity&#46; In the initial examination he presented axillary acanthosis nigricans&#44; predominantly truncal obesity &#40;BMI 45<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41; and red-wine coloured striae on his abdomen&#46; The initial analytical study showed a normal blood count and basic biochemistry&#44; except fasting glycaemia 258<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl and HbA<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1c</span> 8&#46;8&#37;&#46; In the hormonal study a basal plasma cortisol of 17&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dl stood out &#40;normal range 5&#8211;25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dl&#41;&#44; as well as the ACTH of 2&#46;83<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pg&#47;dl &#40;normal value 5&#8211;50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pg&#47;dl&#41; and urinary free cortisol &#40;UFC&#41; of 49&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h &#40;normal range 20&#8211;100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#41;&#46; The study was extended with a dexamethasone suppression test of 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#44; with no response&#58; plasma cortisol 12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dl&#46; Subsequently&#44; two Liddle tests were performed with plasma cortisol values of 5&#46;3 and 5&#46;03<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dl &#40;correct inhibition<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dl&#41;&#46; Two determinations of night salivary cortisol were also altered &#40;0&#46;382 and 0&#46;292<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dl&#8211;normal<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;27<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dl&#41;&#46; After these results an adrenal CT scan was performed&#44; showing the presence of homogeneous hypodense nodules of 3&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm on the right adrenal and 3&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm on the left&#46; Given the clinical presentation and the frequent association of BMAH with the existence of aberrant receptors&#44; a study of these receptors was carried out using a modified protocol of the original described by Lacroix et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> These protocols are based on the determination of the plasma cortisol levels in circumstances that transiently modify the concentration of the various known stimuli&#46; Both ectopic &#40;receptors for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">gastric</span> inhibitory polypeptide &#91;GIP&#93;&#44; beta-adrenergic receptors&#44; vasopressin&#8211;V2 and V3&#8211;angiotensin <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">II</span>&#8211;AT-II&#8211;&#44; glucagon and serotonin 5-HT7&#41; and eutopic &#40;receptors for vasopressin&#8211;V1&#8211;&#44; luteinising hormone &#91;LH&#93; and human chorionic gonadotropin &#91;hCG&#93; receptors&#44; for serotonin 5-HT4 and leptin&#41; aberrant receptors can be identified&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a> The test was performed over three days&#46; The first was the postural test &#40;beta-adrenergic receptors&#44; V2 and V3 and AT-II&#41; and the mixed food test &#40;GIP or glucagon like peptide 1 receptors&#41;&#46; On the second day stimuli with gonadotropin releasing hormone &#40;LH and hCG receptors&#41; and metoclopramide &#40;5-HT4 receptor&#41; were performed&#46; Stimuli with glucagon and vasopressin &#40;V1 receptors&#41; were carried out on the third day&#46; Modification of the cortisolemia of &#62;50&#37; and negative &#60;25&#37; is considered a positive response&#46; Between 25 and 50&#37; is considered partial&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> In our case&#44; the response was positive to metoclopramide&#44; with cortisol rising from 10&#46;72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dl at baseline to 22&#46;59<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dl at 90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min of stimulus&#44; indicating the presence of 5-HT4 aberrant receptors&#46; Currently&#44; the most common clinical presentation of CS associated with BMAH is as an incidental finding&#46; Endocrinological evaluation usually shows slight alterations in the secretion of cortisol&#44; with abnormal response to suppression tests&#44; although the UFC is usually normal and presents as a subclinical CS&#44; with non-specific findings such as obesity&#44; HBP or DM2&#46; However&#44; it can also be found in the study of a manifest CS&#46; It is usually detected in the fifth or sixth decade of life&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Studies in patients with BMAH and CS have shown that 77&#8211;87&#37; had aberrant cortisol response to at least one of the stimuli&#44; most were to vasopressin and serotonin&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> The presence of aberrant receptors may facilitate medical treatment&#46; Medications such as octreotide have been used in the case of GIP-dependent CS&#44; the OPC-21268 V1 receptor antagonist for vasopressor dependent&#44; propranolol in catecholamines dependent or leuprolide for LH dependent&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> However&#44; there is no clinical experience with antagonists of 5-HT 4 or V1 receptors&#46; Usually&#44; bilateral laparoscopic adrenalectomy is the treatment of choice&#46; Given that this operation requires supplementation with corticosteroids for life&#44; unilateral adrenalectomy has been suggested in selected cases&#44; removing the larger one&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> Following this recommendation&#44; the patient underwent laparoscopic right adrenalectomy with adrenocortical adenoma pathology&#46; In the analytical test after surgery the patient presented basal plasma cortisol of 10&#46;86<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dl&#44; ACTH of 7&#46;69<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pg&#47;dl and UFC of 37&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This case demonstrates the importance of being highly suspicious when diagnosing less common forms of CS that may blend in with other conditions such as DM2&#44; obesity and HBP&#46; The classic treatment of CS can be modified in the future by furthering study into these entities&#46;</p></span>"
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Original language: English
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