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Letter to the Editor
Severe hypocalcemia due to osteoblastic metastasis of prostate cancer
Hipocalcemia intensa por metástasis osteoblásticas de adenocarcinoma de próstata
Marta Diéguez Felechosaa,
Corresponding author
marta.dieguez@sespa.es

Corresponding author.
, Julio Noval Menéndezb, Laura Manjón Migueleza
a Sección de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario de Cabueñes, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
b Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario de Cabueñes, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hypercalcaemia is common in patients with neoplastic processes&#44; on the other hand&#44; hypocalcemia is rare&#46; Hypocalcemia usually manifests itself in mild forms associated with vitamin D deficiency&#44; hypomagnesemia&#44; renal failure or induced by bisphosphonates&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Severe hypocalcemia is very rare&#44; being usually associated with the presence of osteoblastic metastases of breast and&#44; especially&#44; prostate cancer&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We report the case of an 84-year-old patient with a history of hypertension&#44; prostatic hypertrophy and heart failure of valvular aetiology with severe systolic dysfunction&#46; The patient received regular treatment with torasemide 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#44; ramipril 2&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#44; acetylsalicylic acid 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#44; carvedilol 6&#46;25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg and dutasteride<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>tamsulosin&#46; Admitted in Internal Medicine due to a heart failure exacerbation&#44; initiating treatment with intravenous furosemide&#46; Systematic lab tests showed a significant hypocalcemia &#40;corrected calcium 5&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl&#59; NV 8&#46;1&#8211;10&#46;4&#41; with high phosphorus &#40;8&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl&#59; NV 2&#8211;5&#41; normal magnesium &#40;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl&#59; NV 1&#46;6&#8211;2&#46;6&#41;&#44; along with a marked elevation of alkaline phosphatase &#40;AP 8&#46;050<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>U&#47;l&#59; NV 40&#8211;117 and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">prostate specific antigen</span> &#40;PSA&#41; 526<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;ml&#59; NV less than 4&#41;&#59; normocytic anaemia was also evident &#40;Hb 9&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;dl&#44; MCV 89<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>fl&#41;&#44; low albumin &#40;26<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;l&#44; NV 34&#8211;48&#41; and impaired renal function &#40;creatinine 1&#46;26<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl&#44; estimated glomerular filtration rate 52<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;min&#47;1&#46;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&#46; The complementary lab study showed high levels of parathyroid hormone &#40;PTH 91&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pg&#47;ml&#59; NV 14&#8211;72&#41;&#44; 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency &#40;19&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;ml&#59; NV 30&#8211;100&#41; with normal values of 1&#44;25-dihydroxyvitamin D &#40;76&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pg&#47;ml&#59; NV 26&#46;1&#8211;86&#46;5&#41;&#46; Venous blood gases and levels of ferritin&#44; folate and vitamin B<span class="elsevierStyleInf">12</span> were normal&#44; and negative for transglutaminase antibodies&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient reported a general syndrome with loss of 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg plus lumbago&#44; muscle weakness&#44; and paresthesias in acral areas&#46; Trousseau and Chvostek signs were negative&#46; The ECG showed a prolonged QTc interval &#40;549<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ms&#41;&#46; Thoracoabdominal CT showed extensive infiltration of the whole skeleton at the expense of many blastic metastases&#44; and a heterogeneous prostate gland&#46; Bone scintigraphy showed radiotracer hyperfixation throughout the whole skeleton&#46; Oral intake of calcium was initiated &#40;calcium carbonate 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;day&#41;&#44; intravenous calcium infusion &#40;calcium gluconate 736<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;day&#41; and calcitriol &#40;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;day&#41;&#46; After evaluation by Urology and with the clinical diagnosis of metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma&#44; treatment was initiated with bicalutamide and leuprolide&#46; Within 20 days from the start of treatment&#44; lab results showed persistence of hypocalcemia &#40;calcium corrected 7&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl&#41;&#44; normalization of phosphorus values &#40;3&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl&#41;&#44; PTH close to normal &#40;74<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pg&#47;ml&#41;&#44; with marked decrease of AP &#40;5&#46;086<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl&#41; and PSA &#40;281<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl&#41;&#46; Given the hypocalcemia treatment resistance&#44; the dose of calcium and calcitriol was progressively increased up to 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g of oral calcium&#44; 1472<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg of intravenous calcium &#40;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;h&#41; and 2&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g of calcitriol&#44; achieving normal calcium levels after 25 days of treatment&#46; During hospitalization&#44; the patient had an episode of atrial flutter and another of atrial fibrillation&#46; He died a month after admission from respiratory failure in relation to a worsening of his congestive heart failure&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hypocalcemia associated with malignancy is caused by an imbalance between bone formation and resorption&#44; with stimulus of the first one&#46; Excessive osteoclast activity produces a massive deposition of calcium in the newly formed bone&#59; low levels of calcium stimulate PTH secretion&#44; generating a secondary hyperparathyroidism&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> The usual lab test profile is low calcium in blood and urine&#44; hyperparathyroidism and elevated bone resorption markers&#44; such as AP&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8211;5</span></a> The treatment consists of high doses of oral calcium &#40;1&#8211;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;day&#41;&#44; intravenous calcium &#40;0&#46;5&#8211;1&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;h&#41; and oral calcitriol &#40;0&#46;5&#8211;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;day&#41; plus antitumor treatment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;5</span></a> The androgen deprivation therapy helps to reduce disease activity&#44; inducing a decrease of calcium deposition in the bone&#44; which contributes to the correction of hypocalcemia&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The case reported corresponds to severe hypocalcemia associated with secondary hyperparathyroidism&#44; in a patient with multiple osteoblastic metastases due to prostate adenocarcinoma&#46; High doses of calcium and calcitriol were required for its correction in addition to hormone-blocking treatment for almost a month&#46;</p></span>"
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