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Clinical report
Diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia: Report of two cases
Hiperplasia neuroendocrina difusa pulmonar idiopática: estudio de dos casos
Eva García-Fontána, Montserrat Blanco Ramosa,
Corresponding author
montseblancoramos@hotmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Jose Soro Garcíaa, Rommel Carrascoa, Miguel Ángel Cañizaresa, Ana González Piñeirob
a Thoracic Surgery Department, Alvaro Cunqueiro University Clinical Hospital, EOXI, Vigo, Spain
b Pathology Department, Alvaro Cunqueiro University Clinical Hospital, EOXI, Vigo, Spain
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#40;a&#41; Hematoxylin and eosin staining technique showing the mucosa of a terminal bronchiole with cilia in the epithelium and neuroendocrine cells &#40;asterisk&#41;&#46; &#40;b&#41; The same area showing positivity for CD 56 with immunohistochemistry that corresponds with a neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia &#40;asterisk&#44; objective magnification 60&#215;&#41;&#46; &#40;c&#41; Paratracheal lymph node of case number 1 stained with hematoxylin and eosin technique showing a little focus of neuroendocrine epithelial cells that corresponds with a metastatic typical carcinoid marked with an asterisk &#40;objective magnification 20&#215;&#41;&#46; Insert&#58; immunohistochemical technique using cytokeratins&#44; which highlights the metastatic neuroendocrine cells&#46; &#40;d&#41; CT of case number 2&#46; We can observe a subcentimeter nodule in the middle lobe &#40;arrow&#41; and a bilateral mosaic pattern&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The term diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia &#40;DIPNECH&#41; is a rare disorder commonly misdiagnosed&#46; Aguayo et al&#46; described it for the first time more than 25 years ago&#44; showing a hyperplasia confined to the respiratory epithelium layer without penetration of the basement membrane&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> This entity encompasses symptomatic patients with airway disease as well as asymptomatic patients with neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia associated with multiple tumorlets&#47;carcinoids tumors&#46; The World Health Organization &#40;WHO&#41; in the spectrum of pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors also considers DIPNECH as preneoplastic lesion&#44; because it is commonly observed in patients with peripheral carcinoid tumours&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this paper&#44; we analyze clinical&#44; physiological&#44; radiological and histological features of DIPNECH documenting two new cases&#46;</p><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Case reports</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Case 1</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 71-year-old female patient was referred to our department to perform a lung biopsy because of the suspected diagnosis of a diffuse lung disease&#46; She was a no smoker&#44; suffered a Von Willebrand disease and was diagnosed years before of bronchial asthma and chronic cough&#46; There were no alterations in the physical examination and pulmonary function test was&#58; FEV1 61&#37;&#44; FVC 69&#37; and DLCO 56&#37;&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">CT showed a bilateral mosaic pattern and subcentimeter nodules in right lower lobe&#44; middle lobe&#44; left lower lobe and left upper lobe&#46; There was also a solid lesion in the anterior segment of right upper lobe&#46; We decided to perform a PET because the lesion of the right upper lobe was larger than previous in the last radiological study&#46; PET showed again an interstitial mosaic pattern and a solid lesion with spiculated rims of 1&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm in the anterior segment of the right upper lobe with a SUV of 5&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;ml&#46; The rest of the subcentimeter nodules did not show glucose uptake&#46; Bronchoscopy did not reveal any endobronchial finding&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We performed a right upper lobectomy with systematic lymph node dissection&#46; The histological study of the specimen showed a necrotizing granulomatous inflammation with acid-alcohol resistant bacillus &#40;BAAR&#41; forming a nodular area of 1&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm in the lobe&#46; In the rest of the tissue we only observed a mild focal dilatation of the bronchioles&#44; and a minor peribronchiolar lymphocyte inflammation&#46; We did not find parenchymal fibrosis but we observed three microscopic nodules lesser than 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm made up of low-grade neuroendocrine cells &#40;3 tumorlets&#41;&#46; Despite we did not identify morphological changes of interstitial lung disease&#44; a diffuse neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia was observed in the mucosa of multiple bronchioles&#46; This fact went unnoticed with hematoxylin and eosin staining technique but was clearly recognized in the immunohistochemical work-up &#40;these cells were positive for CD56 and Cytokeratins&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>a and b&#41;&#46; Five peribronchial lymph nodes did not showed granulomas or neoplasm&#46; Nevertheless&#44; in the paratracheal and subcarinal lymph stations we observed two little microscopic nodules &#40;1&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm and 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm respectively&#41; of epithelial neuroendocrine cells that were positive for CD 56 and TTF1&#46; We did not find pleomorphism&#44; neither necrosis and nor significant mitotic activity was observed&#46; Expression of Ki 67 was minor than 2&#37; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>c&#41;&#46; Postoperative evolution elapsed without complications and the patient was discharged seven days after surgery&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Case 2</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 56-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital to perform a lung biopsy in the context of an interstitial lung disease&#46; Se was a smoker of 20 cigarettes per day and suffered epilepsy treated with Carbamazepine that was suspended because of the possible relation with the interstitial pattern&#46; She presented moderate effort dyspnea and chronic cough since youth&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">CT demonstrated a nodule in the middle lobe of 0&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#44; a nodule in the left lower lobe of 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm and a bilateral mosaic pattern &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>d&#41;&#46; It was performed a PET that demonstrated a lower hypermetabolism in both nodules&#46; Pulmonary function test was&#58; FEV1 44&#37;&#44; FVC 60&#37; and KCO 69&#37;&#46; Bronchoscopy did not show any finding&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We performed biopsies of right upper lobe and right lower lobe and a wedge resection to treat the nodule of the middle lobe&#46; The definitive pathology results showed a diffuse neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia with multiple tumorlets in the biopsies from right upper lobe and right lower lobe and a typical carcinoid of 0&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm in the nodule of the middle lobe&#46; Postoperative progress was satisfactory&#46; The patient was discharged 2 days after surgery&#46;</p></span></span></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Discussion</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Neuroendocrine cells in the adult lung are part of the normal epithelial layer of the respiratory tract comprising about 1&#37; of all cells&#46; These specialized cells receive neural impulses and secrete several hormonally substances&#44; mainly under reduced oxygen tension&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Since DIPNECH was reported in 1992&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> several authors have reviewed additional cases&#44; some of them were associated with carcinoids&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Clinical symptoms and radiological findings of DIPNECH are indistinguishable from other diffuse lung diseases&#46; Like in our two cases&#44; the majority of patients appear to be non-smoker women&#44; with an age range of 36&#8211;76 years at diagnosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a> Symptomatic patients can suffer nonproductive cough&#44; dyspnea and&#47;or wheezing with a very slow worsening over several years&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#8211;4</span></a> Moreover&#44; many of them&#44; like one of our cases are diagnosed of asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or gastro-oesophageal reflux&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Physical examination is usually nonspecific and pulmonary function test might be normal or showing an obstructive pattern&#44; however a restrictive or mixed pattern can also be noted&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> The presence of different types of pulmonary function test can be explained by the underlying pathophysiology&#46; Constrictive bronchiolitis resulting in luminal narrowing and mural scarring can be associated with DIPNECH and give rise to obstructive symptoms&#46; By other hand&#44; the secretion of neuropeptides by the same hyperplasic cells can lead to an interstitial fibrosis and restrictive physiology as well&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Conventional chest radiology is not useful to diagnose DIPNECH&#46; CT findings include mosaic attenuation &#40;due to constrictive bronchiolitis&#41;&#44; bronchial wall thickening&#44; bronchiectasis and mucoid impactions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Mosaic pattern with air trapping is characterized by a patchwork of low-attenuation lung that is interposed with normally ventilated higher attenuation lung&#46; In symptomatic patients&#44; like in our cases&#44; evidence of small airway obstruction in the form of mosaicism and the coexistence of multiple pulmonary nodules may be seen in high resolution CT&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a> In asymptomatic patients&#44; the disease is diagnoses incidentally by thoracic imaging performed for other reason&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;3&#44;6</span></a> Single or multiple lung nodules are the most frequent radiological finding in patients with DIPNECH&#46; An octreotide scan is useful for the detection and staging neuroendocrine tumors because they present and over-expression of somatostatine receptors&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> In our cases we did not performed this technique because their physicians did not suspected this disease&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Microscopically&#44; DIPNECH is defined as the presence of a widespread hyperplasia of the pulmonary neuroendocrine cells confined to the bronchiolar epithelium without penetration through the basement membrane&#46; Extension beyond the basement membrane is called tumorlet &#40;&#60;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#41; or carcinoids tumors &#40;&#62;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#41;&#46; The exact frequency of carcinoid tumor development in DIPNECH is unknown&#44; Nasar et al&#46; found 40&#37; in his cases&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> and Koo and cols suggest that this entity represent different stages along a spectrum of neuroendocrine proliferation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Neuroendocrine cells express chromogranin A&#44; synaptophysin&#44; neuron specific enolase and CD56&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> They can also show a weak positivity for TTF-1&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The management of patients with DIPNECH is predominantly close surveillance&#46; Most patients with DIPNECH have a stable clinical course&#46; Treatment with bronchodilators and inhaled corticosteroids provide symptomatic relief&#46; Systemic steroids have been shown to be beneficial in some cases by possibly reducing the inflammatory response induced by secretions of neuroendocrine cells&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Azithromycin has also shown benefit in stabilizing the clinical course in some cases possibly due to its immunomodulatory effects&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> Therapy with somatostatin analogs has been shown to improve the symptoms in some patients with DIPNECH&#44; possible by reducing the hyperplasia and fibrosis by suppression of peptide production&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> In our cases&#44; the patient number one did not receive any treatment for DIPNECH because first she is being treated of tuberculosis&#46; The second patient received oral corticosteroids and after reducing them&#44; she is receiving nowadays somatostatin analogs&#46; The role of surgery is not clearly defined&#46; However&#44; the treatment principle remains surgical intervention for early disease and predominantly palliative therapy in metastatic disease&#46; Curiously&#44; progressive disease with obliterative bronchiolitis requiring lung transplantation has been reported&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Contributions</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">&#40;I&#41; Conception and design&#58; all authors&#59; &#40;II&#41; Administrative support&#58; none&#59; &#40;III&#41; Provision of study materials or patients&#58; all authors&#59; &#40;IV&#41; Collection and assembly of data&#58; E&#46; Garc&#237;a-Font&#225;n and M Blanco&#59; &#40;V&#41; Data analysis and interpretation&#58; all authors&#59; &#40;VI&#41; Manuscript writing&#58; all authors&#59; &#40;VII&#41; Final approval of manuscript&#58; all authors&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Conflict of interests</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare no conflict of interests&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia &#40;DIPNECH&#41; is a rare disorder characterized by a proliferation of neuroendocrine cells within the lung&#46; It is classically described as a disease with persistent cough&#44; dyspnea and wheezing in non-smoker middle aged females&#46; CT of the chest reveals diffuse air trapping with mosaic pattern&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Patients and methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We present two cases of DIPNECH that were sent to our department to perform a lung biopsy with the diagnostic suspicion of diffuse interstitial disease&#46; Both cases were women with a history of chronic cough and moderate effort dyspnea&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results and discussion</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The aim of this paper is that physicians take into account this diagnostic entity before treating as an asthmatic a patient with these characteristics&#44; not forgetting that they are prenoplastic lesions&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La hiperplasia neuroendocrina difusa pulmonar idiop&#225;tica &#40;HNDPI&#41; es una patolog&#237;a poco frecuente que se caracteriza por la proliferaci&#243;n de c&#233;lulas neuroendocrinas en el par&#233;nquima pulmonar&#46; Se describe cl&#225;sicamente como una enfermedad que afecta a mujeres de mediana edad no fumadoras y que presentan tos persistente&#44; disnea y sibilancias&#46; La TC muestra una imagen de patr&#243;n en mosaico como resultado del atrapamiento a&#233;reo&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Pacientes y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Presentamos dos casos de HNDPI que fueron enviados a nuestro servicio para realizar una biopsia pulmonar con la sospecha diagn&#243;stica de enfermedad intersticial difusa&#46; Ambos casos fueron mujeres con antecedentes de tos cr&#243;nica y disnea de esfuerzo moderado&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Resultados y discusi&#243;n</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El objetivo de este documento es que los facultativos tengan en cuenta este diagn&#243;stico antes de tratar como asm&#225;tica a una paciente con estas caracter&#237;sticas&#44; no olvidando adem&#225;s que son lesiones preneopl&#225;sicas&#46;</p></span>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#40;a&#41; Hematoxylin and eosin staining technique showing the mucosa of a terminal bronchiole with cilia in the epithelium and neuroendocrine cells &#40;asterisk&#41;&#46; &#40;b&#41; The same area showing positivity for CD 56 with immunohistochemistry that corresponds with a neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia &#40;asterisk&#44; objective magnification 60&#215;&#41;&#46; &#40;c&#41; Paratracheal lymph node of case number 1 stained with hematoxylin and eosin technique showing a little focus of neuroendocrine epithelial cells that corresponds with a metastatic typical carcinoid marked with an asterisk &#40;objective magnification 20&#215;&#41;&#46; Insert&#58; immunohistochemical technique using cytokeratins&#44; which highlights the metastatic neuroendocrine cells&#46; &#40;d&#41; CT of case number 2&#46; We can observe a subcentimeter nodule in the middle lobe &#40;arrow&#41; and a bilateral mosaic pattern&#46;</p>"
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Article information
ISSN: 23870206
Original language: English
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es en pt

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