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Letter to the Editor
SARS-CoV-2 induced necrotizing pancreatitis
Pancreatitis necrotizante inducida por SARS-CoV-2
Rami George Maaloufa,1,
Corresponding author
ramigeorges.maalouf@outlook.com

Corresponding author.
, Karim Kozhayaa,1, Aline El Zakhemb
a American University of Beirut Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Lebanon
b American University of Beirut Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Lebanon
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Acute pancreatitis diagnosis is a combination of clinical&#44; laboratory and imaging findings&#46; Common etiologies are alcohol&#44; biliary obstruction&#47;gall stones&#44; drugs&#44; trauma&#44; and severe hypertriglyceridemia&#46; While viral pancreatitis by HIV &#40;human immunodeficiency virus&#41;&#44; Cytomegalovirus&#44; Coxsackievirus B&#44; EBV &#40;Epstein-Barr virus&#41;&#44; Mumps and Influenza A &#40;H1N1&#41; has been reported&#44; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 &#40;SARS-CoV-2&#41; induced pancreatitis was rarely reported in the literature&#46; We here-below present such a case&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 62-year-old male presented to the Emergency Department complaining of shortness of breath at rest&#44; watery diarrhea&#44; vomiting and associated decrease in oral intake of two weeks&#8217; duration&#46; His past medical history is significant for hypertension&#44; type 2 diabetes mellitus and end stage renal disease status post kidney transplant four years ago&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Vital signs&#44; including temperature&#44; were within normal range&#46; Physical exam was unremarkable except for decreased bilateral air entry&#46; Initial blood tests were only suggestive of mild leukopenia with a white blood cell count &#40;WBC&#41; of 3600&#47;cu&#46;mm &#40;reference range 4000&#8211;11&#44;000&#47;cu&#46;mm&#41; and acute kidney injury with creatinine level of 2&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL compared to a baseline of 1&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL &#40;normal range&#41;&#46; C-reactive peptide &#40;CRP&#41; was 58<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;L &#40;reference range 0&#8211;2&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;L&#41; and pro-calcitonin level was 0&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;mL &#40;reference range &#60;0&#46;05<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;mL&#41;&#46; Patient tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 on polymerase chain reaction &#40;PCR&#41;&#46; The patient was admitted to the SARS-CoV-2 unit at our institution&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On the second day&#44; he reported severe epigastric pain radiating to the back&#46; Physical exam revealed a soft abdomen with epigastric tenderness&#46; Laboratory tests were significant for elevated lipase levels reaching 4361<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>U&#47;L &#40;reference range 13&#8211;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>U&#47;L&#41;&#46; Thus&#44; the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis was made&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On further history&#44; patient denied trauma&#44; alcohol or steroid intake&#44; scorpion sting&#44; recent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography &#40;ERCP&#41; or previous pancreatitis&#46; Medications were carefully reviewed with none associated with pancreatitis except for saxagliptin in less than one percent of cases&#46; Saxagliptin was thus discontinued&#46; Abdominal ultrasound showed no acute finding of cholelithiasis or cholecystitis&#44; with no evidence of gallstones&#46; Triglyceride level and liver function tests were unremarkable&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Epigastric pain failed to improve a week later despite treatment with perfalgan&#44; hydration and cessation of saxagliptin&#46; Resonance imaging &#40;MRI&#41; of the abdomen with gadolinium was positive for acute necrotizing pancreatitis involving the peripancreatic tissue with an acute necrotic collection supero-anterior to the pancreatic tail&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the setting of worsening inflammatory markers&#44; we opted to empirically treat with meropenem for a total of 6 days without CT-guided fine needle aspiration&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At the end of the antibiotic course&#44; inflammatory markers trended down and epigastric pain resolved&#46; By exclusion&#44; and since the patient worsened despite cessation of saxagliptin&#44; SARS-CoV-2 was attributed as a cause of the acute necrotizing pancreatitis&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">SARS-CoV-2 induced pancreatitis was rarely described in case reports&#46; Wang et al&#46; reported mild pancreatic injury in 17&#37; of patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia&#46; This was attributed to either direct viral involvement of the pancreas&#44; or secondary to severe illness without substantial pancreatic injury&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> In a large cohort study&#44; Inamdar et al&#46; showed a low prevalent association between SARS-CoV-2 and acute pancreatitis with a 0&#46;43&#37; incidence compared to 0&#46;27&#37; in patients without SARS-CoV-2&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> As per the authors&#44; the etiology of pancreatitis was undetermined in a significant proportion of SARS-CoV-2 patients&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 induced pancreatic injury is thought to be related to the increased expression of angiotensin converting enzyme-2 &#40;ACE-2&#41; in the pancreatic islet cells of affected individuals&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> SARS-CoV-2 has high binding affinity to transmembrane ACE-2 and uses a wide array of host proteases include transmembrane protease serine 2 &#40;TMPRSS2&#41; to facilitate cell entry following receptor binding&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> ACE-2 mediated anti-oxidant&#44; anti-hypertrophic and vasodilatory effects are lost following endocytosis to the enzyme along with SARS-CoV-2&#46; In a cohort of SARS-CoV-2 patients&#44; circulating angiotensin II &#40;pro-inflammatory mediator&#41; levels were markedly elevated compared to healthy control and markedly correlated to the viral load&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Indeed&#44; ischemia&#44; inflammation and pancreatic edema induced by SARS-CoV-2 ACE-2 blockade could be the culprits of this entity&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; SARS-CoV-2 is a newly described cause of acute necrotizing pancreatitis&#46; Given the overall low prevalence of pancreatitis compared to other gastrointestinal manifestations&#44; this entity has mainly been reported in case reports&#46; We suggest including pancreatitis in the list of SARS-CoV-2 gastrointestinal complications&#46;</p></span>"
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es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos