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Letter to the Editor
Bickerstaff encephalitis: Case report
Encefalitis de Bickerstaff: presentación de un caso
Raquel Piñar Morales
Corresponding author
rpinarmorales@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Francisco Javier Barrero Hernández
Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bickerstaff&#39;s brainstem encephalitis</span> &#40;BBE&#41; is characterized by ataxia&#44; ophthalmoplegia and altered level of consciousness&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> It is very rare<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> and shares clinical characteristics with Miller Fisher syndrome &#40;MFS&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We report the case of a 27-year-old male with a 3-week history of cough and mucous expectoration&#46; Three days earlier&#44; non-measured fever with increased respiratory secretions were added to the former symptoms&#46; The patient went to the emergency department for general malaise and blurred vision&#44; as well as generalized weakness&#44; predominantly in the left limbs&#46; His condition worsened in the emergency department&#44; developing binocular diplopia&#44; fever up to 38&#46;6&#160;&#176;C and somnolence&#44; requiring orotracheal intubation and admission to the ICU&#46; On examination&#44; the patient showed drowsiness&#44; mild dysarthria&#44; extrinsic ocular motility changes with hypotropia in the right eye&#44; isochoric normoreactive pupils and limitation in the abduction of the left eye with sustained horizontal-torsional nystagmus&#46; He showed mild weakness in the left upper limb with claudication of antigravity activity&#46; Initially&#44; he presented with flexor plantar cutaneous reflex &#40;PCR&#41; and symmetrical non-pathological live deep tendon reflexes &#40;DTR&#41;&#59; subsequently&#44; significant dysarthria&#44; generalized enhanced DTR&#44; and bilateral extensor PCR&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A lumbar puncture was performed with normal cytochemistry and a negative microbiological study&#46; The baseline EEG showed irregular base activity&#44; without epileptiform findings&#46; Cranial magnetic resonance imaging &#40;MRI&#41; was normal&#44; with no further findings&#46; The electromyographic&#47;electroneurographic &#40;EMG&#47;ENG&#41; study performed 2 weeks after the onset of symptoms showed no abnormalities&#46; The blink reflex showed an absence of R2 response&#46; Laboratory tests were positive for anti-ganglioside anti-GM1 and anti-GM3 antibodies &#40;Ab&#41;&#46; The rest of the study&#44; including serologies&#44; serum total protein and antineuronal antibodies&#44; was negative&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Initially treated with intravenous immunoglobulins&#44; in the absence of a favourable progression&#44; treatment with intravenous corticosteroids was added&#46; After a few days&#44; clinical improvement started&#44; intubation could be withdrawn&#44; and functional recovery started&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">BBE is an entity included within the spectrum called anti-GQ1b syndrome&#44; which also includes MFS&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> and is believed to be related to Guillain-Barr&#233; syndrome &#40;GBS&#41; due to similarities in pathogenesis&#44; clinical features&#44; and ancillary test findings&#46; Its incidence is unknown&#44; although some authors have estimated an annual incidence of 0&#46;078&#47;100&#44;000 inhabitants&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">BBE is a monophasic disease characterized by a subacute onset of ataxia and ophthalmoplegia associated with an alteration in the level of consciousness of variable intensity&#44; pyramidal tract signs &#40;more infrequently hiccups or areflexia&#41; and weakness&#46; Other symptoms that may appear are facial weakness&#44; sensory alterations and dysarthria&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Diagnosis is based on clinical suspicion and the exclusion of other diseases with similar manifestations&#44; such as vertebrobasilar stroke&#44; infectious or autoimmune rhombencephalitis&#44; Wernicke encephalopathy&#44; botulism&#44; myasthenia gravis&#44; a brain stem tumour&#44; pituitary gland stroke&#44; acute disseminated encephalomyelitis&#44; multiple sclerosis&#44; neuro-Beh&#231;et&#39;s disease&#44; vasculitis&#44; lymphomas&#44; and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Laboratory findings include albuminocytological dissociation &#40;with elevated cerebrospinal fluid proteins without cellularity&#41;&#44; pathological findings on nerve conduction study using EMG&#47;ENG and&#44; less frequently&#44; signal alteration on MRI&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> The presence of antiganglioside Ab&#44; specifically IgG anti-GQ1b Ab&#44; is quite common&#44; although positive results have also been described for other antiganglioside Ab&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> including GM1&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> as in the case reported&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The pathogenesis is unknown&#44; but it is thought to be an immune-mediated infection-triggered disease&#46; It shares many similarities with MFS&#44; including positive results for anti-GQ1b Aby&#44; the presence of ophthalmoplegia and&#47;or ataxia&#46; Therefore&#44; it is believed that both may be part of a continuum in which BBE affects the central nervous system&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The relationship with GBS is less clear and it is not known whether they are part of the same clinical spectrum or are distinct entities&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are no randomized trials regarding treatment&#59; however&#44; both intravenous immunoglobulins and plasmapheresis have been used&#46; The course is usually monophasic&#44; with a good prognosis&#44; and complete remission usually occurs within the first 6 months&#44; although mild symptoms such as dysesthesia&#44; ataxia&#44; or ophthalmoplegia may persist in some patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This entity must be considered when assessing patients with a low level of consciousness&#44; as the infectious history&#44; clinical examination and the determination of antiganglioside Ab can provide the key to establishing an early diagnosis&#44; thus avoiding unnecessary treatment and a favourable prognosis in most patients&#46;</p></span>"
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ISSN: 23870206
Original language: English
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es en pt

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