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Guidelines of the Spanish ITP Group for the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of patients with immune thrombocytopenia
Recomendaciones del Grupo Español de PTI para el diagnóstico, tratamiento y seguimiento de pacientes con trombocitopenia inmune
María L. Lozanoa,
Corresponding author
mllozano@um.es

Corresponding author.
, Miguel A. Sanzb, Vicente Vicentea, Spanish ITP Group - GEPTI
a Grupo de Investigación CB15/00055, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Hospital General Universitario Morales Meseguer, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
b Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto Carlos III, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Primary immune thrombocytopenia</span> &#40;ITP&#44; immune thrombocytopenic purpura&#44; also known as idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura or immune thrombocytopenia&#41; is a complex acquired autoimmune disease in which there is humoral and cellular dysregulation leading to defects in platelet production and increased platelet destruction&#46; The fact that the presentation&#44; characteristics&#44; and clinical course are highly variable and heterogeneous makes decision-making regarding diagnosis&#44; treatment&#44; and follow-up of these patients particularly difficult&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In 2011&#44; a consensus document was prepared for the first time in our country&#44; which became the reference for the diagnosis and treatment of ITP in Spain<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; The introduction of new therapeutic options in the last decade has led to the reissuing of a series of international guidelines for the treatment of these patients in the last 2 years<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#8211;5</span></a>&#46; In our country&#44; promoted by the Spanish ITP Group and the Spanish Society of Haematology and Hemotherapy&#44; we have also updated the guidelines for the diagnosis&#44; treatment&#44; and follow-up of patients with ITP<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#46; The main recommendations of the manual have been included in this document&#44; which aims to serve as a practical tool to facilitate the comprehensive management of the different aspects related to this disease&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We are aware that this is a rapidly evolving field and that the therapeutic approach to the disease is expected to change in the near future&#46; We recognise that guidelines are intended to provide guidance only and that many of the guidelines and recommendations in the Spanish consensus document&#44; as in other available guidelines&#44; are derived from expert opinion and non-comparative studies with a low level of evidence&#46;</p><span id="sec0041" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0101">General concepts&#44; diagnosis and quality of life&#44; and complementary and alternative treatments</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">ITP is defined as a platelet count below 100&#160;&#215;&#160;10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span>&#47;l with no identified cause &#40;primary ITP&#41; or related to other conditions leading to immune-mediated destruction of platelets &#40;secondary ITP&#41;&#46; Its incidence in both adults and children is 2&#8211;4 cases per 100&#44;000 inhabitants-year&#46; Prevalence is higher in adults &#40;10 per 100&#44;000&#41; compared to children &#40;5 per 100&#44;000&#41;&#44; as the disease resolves in most children&#46; Not only does ITP present with haemorrhagic manifestations&#44; when platelet counts are below 20&#8722;30&#160;&#215;&#160;10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span>&#47;l&#44; but fatigue is also a common symptom&#46; A predisposition to thrombotic events&#44; infections and the development of other autoimmune diseases has been observed in some cases&#46; Most children and more than a third of adults will experience a self-limiting disease course&#46; According to the standardised terminology adopted in 2009<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&#44; the following disease stages are defined&#58; &#40;i&#41; newly diagnosed &#40;less than 3 months&#41;&#59; &#40;ii&#41; persistent &#40;3&#8211;12 months since diagnosis&#41;&#59; and &#40;iii&#41; chronic &#40;lasting more than 12 months&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In contrast to the therapeutic advances of the last decade&#44; the diagnosis of the disease has not evolved&#44; with a lack of a reliable biomarker and unequivocal confirmatory tests&#46; The diagnosis remains primarily a clinical one and one of exclusion of other causes of thrombocytopenia&#46; For the typical patient with suspected ITP&#44; the rule of thumb is to restrict testing that is usually going to be non-informative&#44; after confirming that there are no findings on history&#44; physical examination&#44; peripheral blood smear&#44; immunoglobulin levels and viral serologies that may be indicative of another process&#46; Routine bone marrow study is not recommended&#44; except if the response to treatment is inadequate or if there are other abnormalities in the blood smear or in the clinical presentation that raise suspicions for other diagnoses &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; Because of these limitations&#44; it has been estimated that one in every 7 patients may be misdiagnosed with ITP<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#44; so efforts need to be made in this area&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The quality of life of patients with ITP is reduced to levels comparable to those experienced by patients with other chronic diseases such as cancer&#44; arthritis and diabetes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#46; Appropriate treatment of ITP includes not only increasing the platelet count&#44; but also considering that in adults it often behaves as a chronic disease&#44; with a relatively good prognosis in terms of survival&#44; therefore attempts should be made to minimise the impact of the disease on the patient&#39;s quality of life&#46; Patients with ITP often use alternative and complementary treatments<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#59; the lack of information about the safety and interactions of many of these products means that they may need to be monitored more closely&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The key points of the guidelines regarding general concepts&#44; diagnosis and quality of life&#44; and alternative and complementary therapies are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">First-line&#44; second-line and multidrug-resistant patient treatment</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The goal of treatment is to stop any active bleeding and prevent future haemorrhage&#46; Treatment should be initiated in newly diagnosed adult patients with bleeding or platelet counts below 20&#160;&#215;&#160;10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span>&#47;l &#40;less than 30&#160;&#215;&#160;10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span>&#47;l if they are older than 65 years or have predisposing factors for bleeding&#41;&#46; During the course of the disease&#44; these criteria do not necessarily apply to second treatments&#44; when the patient&#39;s decisions become especially important&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">First-line treatment has not changed much&#44; as glucocorticoids remain the primary agent&#44; but the recommended duration of treatment to minimise side-effects has been modified&#46; The initial dose of prednisone &#40;0&#46;5&#8722;1&#160;mg&#47;kg&#47;day&#59; maximum 80&#160;mg&#47;day&#41; should not be maintained for more than 3 weeks &#40;2 weeks if no response&#41; and should be discontinued within 8 weeks of initiation after tapering&#46; An alternative is dexamethasone 40&#160;mg&#47;day for 4 days every 2 weeks&#44; for a maximum of 3 cycles&#46; Although the increases in platelet counts after dexamethasone are faster than with prednisone&#44; in the long term there is no difference in response rates between the two agents<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#46; In patients with bleeding or contraindication to steroid treatment&#44; the use of intravenous immunoglobulins &#40;IV Ig&#41; is recommended at a dose of 1&#160;g&#47;kg 1&#8211;2 days&#44; or 0&#46;4&#160;g&#47;kg for 3&#8211;5 days in people over 65 years of age&#46; If severe bleeding is present&#44; in addition to IV Ig&#44; high-dose methylprednisolone&#44; platelet transfusion and consideration of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">thrombopoietin receptor agonists</span> &#40;TPO-RA&#44; &#34;thrombopoietin receptor agonists&#34;&#41; are recommended&#46; There is more experience with romiplostim at doses of 5&#8722;10&#160;&#956;g&#47;kg<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#44; although there is no reason to think that 75&#160;mg&#47;day of eltrombopag would not also be effective&#46; Combination treatments of first-line steroids with rituximab&#44; TPO-RA or immunosuppressants are not recommended&#44; as although they are more effective in the long term&#44; they are also associated with more adverse reactions<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#8211;15</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although initial response rates to glucocorticoids may be high&#44; most adult patients will relapse&#44; with re-exposure to these treatments in non-emergency situations being inappropriate&#46; Second-line treatment presents solid evidence based on randomized studies with TPO-RA &#40;romiplostim and eltrombopag are currently approved in our country&#44; and it is foreseeable that avatrombopag will be approved in the future&#41;&#44; fostamatinib and rituximab&#46; So far&#44; no randomised trials comparing them have been conducted&#46; The mechanism of action of these agents is different in that while rituximab and fostamatinib would reduce platelet destruction by different pathways &#40;decreased autoantibody synthesis and phagocytosis&#44; respectively&#41;&#44; TPO-RAs would promote platelet production&#46; Due to the excellent efficacy and safety profile&#44; and the existing experience of more than a decade&#44; the Spanish guidelines state that the second-line treatment of choice in most patients should be a TPO-RA&#46; With these agents&#44; a response is achieved in more than 80&#37; of patients<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#44;17</span></a>&#44; without showing cross resistance<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>&#46; As will be shown in a later section&#44; a significant percentage of patients will be able to discontinue other treatments and even the TPO-RA themselves&#44; while maintaining platelet counts&#46; If there is resistance to a TPO-RA&#44; switching to another TPO-RA&#44; adding an immunosuppressant&#44; or switching to rituximab&#44; fostamatinib or even performing a splenectomy should be considered&#46; Fostamatinib also produces rapid and long-lasting platelet increases in 40&#8211;45&#37; of patients with previous treatment failure<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&#46; Fostamatinib also produces rapid and long-lasting platelet increases in 40&#8211;45&#37; of patients with failed previous treatments19&#46; Lower responses are seen in heavily pre-treated patients&#44; but efficacy reaches 75&#37; when initiated as the first second-line treatment option<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&#46; Since this is a relatively new agent&#44; there is no robust data on long-term remissions yet&#46; Rituximab has no approved indication in ITP&#44; but there is extensive experience with its use<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a>&#46; Global responses have been reported in 40&#8211;60&#37; of patients&#44; but less than 20&#37; of adults maintain a long-lasting response&#46; The efficacy is remarkably similar between the standard dose of anti-CD20 &#40;375&#160;mg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&#44; and the reduced dose &#40;100&#160;mg&#41; administered in 4 consecutive weeks&#44; although in the second case the cost and adverse reactions are lower<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#46; The main advantages of splenectomy are efficacy and cost&#44; with initial responses in approximately 80&#37; of patients and long-term responses in 50&#8211;60&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a>&#46; The limitations that must be weighed in recommending this treatment are the lifetime risks of thrombosis and serious infections&#46; Splenectomy &#40;ideally laparoscopic&#41; should only be considered in chronic phases of the disease&#44; when at least one second-line drug therapy has failed&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Multidrug-resistant ITP is a serious and life-threatening situation that affects 5&#8722;15&#37; of patients&#46; In these cases&#44; the diagnosis of ITP should be reconsidered&#44; and a bone marrow study is indicated&#44; and a combination of therapeutic agents with different mechanisms of action that promote platelet production and inhibit platelet destruction should be used&#46; These combinations usually include TPO-RA and immunosuppressants<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> &#40;mycophenolate&#44; azathioprine&#44; or rituximab&#41;&#46; If there is significant bleeding and the patient does not respond to IV Ig&#44; a combined treatment with TPO-RA and vinca derivatives &#40;vincristine or vinblastine&#41; may be indicated&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The key points of the guidelines regarding first and second line treatment&#44; as well as the multidrug-resistant patient&#44; are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0042" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0102">Patient follow-up&#44; vaccination&#44; preparation for surgery and treatment discontinuation</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients should be admitted if they present with&#58; &#40;i&#41; bleeding WHO grade <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">ii</span> &#40;moderate&#41; and platelet&#160;&#60;&#160;30&#160;&#215;&#160;10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span>&#47;l&#44; or ii&#41; haemorrhage&#160;&#8805;&#160;iii &#40;requiring red blood cell transfusion&#41; regardless of platelet count&#46; Even in the absence of bleeding episodes&#44; newly diagnosed patients with platelets&#160;&#60;&#160;20&#160;&#215;&#160;10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span>&#47;l &#40;but not those with established ITP&#41; should be hospitalised&#46; This is due to the uncertainty that may initially exist about the diagnosis&#44; the need to assess platelet progression and haemorrhagic complications&#44; as well as to ensure the correct administration of treatment&#46; Patients with established disease and severe thrombocytopenia who are not hospitalised should be informed about the symptoms that warrant medical attention&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Without appropriate vaccination&#44; splenectomised patients have severe bacterial infections up to 50 times more often than those who have not undergone surgery&#44; caused by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Streptococcus pneumoniae</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Haemophilus influenzae</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Neisseria meningitidis</span> in 50&#8211;90&#37;&#44; 5&#8722;15&#37; and 5&#8722;15&#37; of cases&#44; respectively<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a>&#46; Vaccines reduce&#44; but do not eliminate&#44; this risk&#59; they should be administered at least 2 weeks before splenectomy and in case of an emergency intervention&#44; they will be vaccinated as soon as possible and up to 2 weeks after surgery&#46; In the follow-up of ITP patients&#44; certain diseases that are over-represented should be monitored&#58; diabetes&#44; renal failure&#44; hypertension&#44; and vascular disease &#40;2 times higher&#41;&#44; thyroid disease &#40;2&#46;5 times&#41;&#44; other autoimmune diseases &#40;5 times&#41; and haematological malignancies &#40;between 6 and 20 times&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">If the patient is to undergo a surgical procedure during follow-up&#44; the optimal platelet target required remains controversial&#46; However&#44; counts above 50&#160;&#215;&#160;10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span>&#47;l are recommended for minor surgery with standard risk of bleeding&#44; but above 80&#8722;100&#160;&#215;&#160;10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span>&#47;l for major surgery and central nervous system interventions&#46; In emergency situations&#44; platelet transfusion along with IV Ig should be considered&#46; The onset of action of Ig iv is approximately 24&#8211;48&#160;h&#44; while glucocorticoids may take 3&#8211;10 days&#46; If a 3-week interval is available before elective surgery&#44; TPO-RA may be a reasonable alternative&#46; The administration of romiplostim &#40;weekly dose of 3&#160;&#956;g&#47;kg&#41; or eltrombopag &#40;conventional doses of 50&#160;mg&#47;day&#41; for 14&#8211;21 days before surgery is effective and safe&#46; For most cases&#44; the limited duration of administration of these drugs does not raise concerns about potential adverse reactions&#44; such as prothrombotic effects&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Except for surgical preparation&#44; TPO-RAs are generally administered as an ongoing treatment&#46; It is currently known that between 20&#8722;30&#37; of patients can maintain a sustained platelet response after tapering and discontinuation of TPO-RA&#46; It is recommended to assess in patients with stable platelet counts &#40;between 50 and 100&#160;&#215;&#160;10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span>&#47;l more than 6 months or &#62;&#160;100&#160;&#215;&#160;10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span>&#47;l maintained for 3 months&#41; the gradual reduction of these agents and eventual discontinuation of treatment&#46; More caution should be exercised in patients with a significant bleeding history&#44; age over 75&#44; common platelet fluctuations&#44; or with concomitant treatments that predispose to bleeding&#46; TPO-RA treatment should not be discontinued abruptly&#46; It is preferred to taper&#44; and if possible&#44; discontinue&#44; the drug progressively over a period of 3&#8211;12 months&#46; The decisive factor in determining the rate at which tapering occurs is the patient&#39;s response to the dose reduction&#46; This discontinuation should be stopped if the platelet count falls between 30 and 50&#160;&#215;&#160;10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span>&#47;l&#59; in this case&#44; patients should resume TPO-RA at the lowest dose capable of inducing a response&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The key points of the guidelines regarding patient follow-up and vaccination&#44; preparation for surgery&#44; and treatment discontinuation are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Immune thrombocytopenia in children&#44; the elderly and pregnant women</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">ITP in children is generally self-limiting&#46; The diagnostic approach is similar to that of adults&#46; Most children with newly diagnosed ITP lack significant bleeding symptoms and do not require treatment&#46; However&#44; it is essential that parents and children with ITP understand the risks of serious or life-threatening bleeding&#46; At the time of diagnosis&#44; hospital admission should be considered in patients with active grade <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">iii</span>-<span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">iv</span> bleeding or bleeding risk factors in addition to the platelet count&#46; Treatment is aimed at preventing&#44; but above all at treating bleeding&#44; with IV Ig and&#47;or glucocorticoids being the most widely used first-line treatments&#46; Steroids are given in higher doses and in much shorter regimens than in adults&#46; In second-line treatment&#44; in case of a haemorrhagic emergency&#44; IV Ig and&#47;or glucocorticoids will be administered&#44; but if the patient requires maintenance treatment&#44; TPO-RA is the treatment of choice&#46; In multidrug-resistant patients&#44; in addition to performing a bone marrow study&#44; hereditary thrombocytopenia must be ruled out&#46; If the diagnosis of ITP is confirmed&#44; additional treatments in this situation would include rituximab&#44; splenectomy or immunosuppressants such as mycophenolate mofetil&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The incidence of ITP in adults increases with age&#44; reaching 9&#47;100&#44;000 person-years in men&#160;&#62;&#160;75 years of age<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26&#44;27</span></a>&#46; Isolated thrombocytopenia may be the consequence of a myelodysplastic syndrome in this population&#59; if there are reasonable diagnostic doubts&#44; it is recommended to consider performing a bone marrow study that includes cytogenetics and flow cytometry&#46; Elderly patients with ITP are at increased risk of bleeding&#44; thrombosis&#44; and infections&#44; have more adverse reactions related to ITP treatments&#44; and require more concomitant therapies such as antiplatelet or anticoagulant agents&#46; A more active therapeutic strategy may be considered in clinical practice for a platelet count between 30&#8722;50&#160;&#215;&#160;10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span>&#47;l in&#160;&#8805;&#160;65 years with comorbidities or a history of bleeding&#46; The possibility of modulating the dose of first-line treatments should be considered in older patients&#46; Dexamethasone will be avoided&#44; and prednisone will be increased to 0&#46;5&#160;mg&#47;kg&#47;day or Ig IV at 0&#46;4&#160;g&#47;kg&#47;day for 5 days with abundant hydration before and after infusion&#44; and renal function monitoring&#46; Second line splenectomy is not recommended except in exceptional situations due to the greater thrombotic and infectious risk&#46; Infectious complications are also somewhat more common than in young patients after B-cell depletion with rituximab&#44; although it is not contraindicated&#46; TPO-RAs have a good safety and efficacy profile in the elderly and have become the main second-line therapeutic option in this group of patients&#44; even if their use is associated with a possible increased risk of thrombosis&#46; This increased risk of vascular phenomena is partly justified by the significantly more unfavourable prothrombotic conditions prior to its administration&#46; Other drugs&#44; such as dapsone and danazol&#44; have a well-known efficacy and safety profile and could be a valid option among elderly patients with moderate disease&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In pregnant women with suspected ITP&#44; other causes of thrombocytopenia due to specific pregnancy conditions should also be ruled out&#46; About 80&#37; of cases of thrombocytopenia during pregnancy are attributed to gestational thrombocytopenia&#44; characterised by a gradual decrease in platelet count that usually begins in the mid-second trimester and lasts into the third trimester&#46; If platelet counts decrease before this time or if thrombocytopenia is severe and abrupt &#40;platelets&#160;&#60;&#160;30&#8722;50&#160;&#215;&#160;10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span>&#47;l&#41;&#44; in 9&#37; of cases it is due to hypertensive disorders and in a similar percentage to immune conditions&#46; Glucocorticoids and IV Ig are the basis of ITP treatment in pregnancy&#46; Rituximab is not recommended in this period&#44; and mycophenolate mofetil or vinca alkaloids are contraindicated&#46; Azathioprine &#40;although it has a slow onset of action&#41; or cyclosporine &#40;with blood pressure monitoring&#41; could be used instead&#46; Data on the safety and efficacy of splenectomy during pregnancy are limited&#46; In exceptional situations&#44; the use of TPO-RA may be considered&#46; There are preliminary data that support that the temporary and off-label use of these agents in severe or refractory disease is safe for the mother and the new-born&#44; especially if they are administered in the third trimester<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a>&#46; In women who cannot maintain a stable platelet count above 30&#160;&#215;&#160;10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span>&#47;l with standard treatment or if there is a history of previous pregnancies with severe thrombocytopenia in the new-born&#44; future pregnancies are contraindicated&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The type of delivery recommended in pregnancies of women with ITP should be based only on obstetric considerations&#46; Spinal or epidural anaesthesia is considered acceptable with stable platelet counts greater than or equal to 70&#160;&#215;&#160;10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span>&#47;l&#46; Neonatal involvement is rare&#44; and the course is generally very good&#46; After delivery&#44; a platelet count should be performed as soon as possible in every new-born of a woman with ITP&#46; The frequency of determinations depends on the progression of the figures&#46; The neonate counts are less than 50&#160;&#215;&#160;10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span>&#47;l&#44; imaging techniques should be performed to rule out intracranial haemorrhage&#44; and if they are less than 30&#160;&#215;&#160;10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span>&#47;l&#44; even in the absence of haemorrhage&#44; IV Ig should be administered&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The key points of the guidelines regarding ITP in children&#44; the elderly and pregnant women are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0043" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0103">Special Situations&#58; thrombosis&#44; other immune thrombocytopenia and ITP&#44; and COVID-19</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients with ITP have a 2-fold increased risk of venous thrombosis&#44; with a lower predisposition to arterial episodes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a>&#59; thrombocytopenia does not protect against vascular complications&#46; The first-line treatment for subjects with thrombotic events prior to the diagnosis of ITP would continue to be glucocorticoids&#46; The use of agents that are not prothrombotic&#44; such as rituximab&#44; dapsone&#44; hydroxychloroquine&#44; or fostamatinib&#44; should be considered as second-line&#46; However&#44; due to its thrombogenicity&#44; splenectomy should be avoided&#46; If the patient is unable to receive these treatments&#44; is unresponsive&#44; or is already receiving antithrombotic treatment&#44; TPO-RA may be administered&#46; Caution should be exercised with the use of TPO-RA after venous episodes in patients with lupus anticoagulants or active cancer&#44; especially if they are not receiving anticoagulation&#46; Antithrombotic treatment should be individualized based on previous bleeding history and thrombotic risk&#46; Aspirin may in some cases be recommended in a patient experiencing an acute arterial event with platelet counts above 10&#8722;20&#160;&#215;&#160;10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span>&#47;l&#46; There are no specific studies that have evaluated the safety and efficacy of anticoagulant therapy in patients with ITP&#44; although it is generally accepted that therapeutic doses of anticoagulants can be administered with platelet counts above 50&#160;&#215;&#160;10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span>&#47;l&#44; and 50&#37; of the dose of low molecular weight heparin with counts between 20-50&#160;&#215;&#160;10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span>&#47;l&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Secondary forms of immune thrombocytopenia account for approximately 20&#37; of all ITP cases in adulthood&#44; and this rate increases with age<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a>&#46; Some causes can influence both the prognosis and the treatment of the disease&#46; Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia&#44; B-lymphomas&#44; systemic autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus &#40;SLE&#41;&#44; or primary immunodeficiencies mainly represented by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">common variable immunodeficiency</span> &#40;CVID&#41; are the most frequent causes of secondary ITP in adults&#44; in addition to vaccinations or infections&#44; the latter being the most common causes in children&#46; Others include <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome</span> &#40;ALPS&#41;&#44; immune thrombocytopenia following allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation&#44; and also those associated with drugs&#44; including the particular case of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia&#46; It is essential that in drug-induced thrombocytopenia the triggering agent is withdrawn&#44; but in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia the triggering agent must be replaced by another anticoagulant&#46; While the first-line treatment used in most cases of secondary and primary ITP is usually similar and based mainly on glucocorticoids with or without immunoglobulins&#44; the second-line treatment must consider the underlying disease&#46; The benefit-risk ratio of TPO-RA&#44; as well as that of splenectomy&#44; should be well assessed in cases of ITP secondary to SLE or antiphospholipid syndrome&#44; and also the use of rituximab in the context of CVID&#46; The treatment of choice for ALPS-related thrombocytopenia will be mycophenolate mofetil or sirolimus&#59; in the case of ITP secondary to lymphoproliferative syndromes or SLE&#44; control of the underlying disease generally improves platelet counts&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The COVID-19 pandemic has raised concern about the use of possible immunosuppressive treatments in ITP&#44; although clinical evidence has not identified that this disease confers an increased risk&#46; During the health alert for this infection&#44; the first-line treatment in adults newly diagnosed with ITP without COVID-19 would continue to be glucocorticoids &#40;consider initial dose of 0&#46;5&#160;mg&#47;kg&#47;day&#41;&#44; keeping them to the minimum necessary and remembering that they should be withdrawn within a maximum of 8 weeks&#46; In this context&#44; non-immunosuppressive treatments such as IV Ig and&#47;or TPO-RA can also be considered&#46; In a pandemic situation&#44; the second lines do not vary&#44; except for the recommendation to avoid the use of rituximab due to the possible reduction in antibody generation&#46; In stable patients&#44; no therapeutic changes should be made&#44; and splenectomised patients should be informed that the risk of COVID-19 severity is not higher&#46; In case of COVID-19 disease and thrombocytopenia&#160;&#60;&#160;20&#160;&#215;&#160;10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span>&#47;l&#44; the treatment of choice is IV Ig&#44; and dexamethasone should be considered&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The key points of the guidelines on thrombosis&#44; other immune thrombocytopenia and ITP&#44; and COVID-19 are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">Table 5</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0025"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Conflict of interests</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">MLL has received grant funding or consultancy fees from <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs0005">Amgen</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs0010">Novartis</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs0015">Terumo S&#46; A&#46;</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs0020">Macopharma</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs0025">Sobi</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs0030">UCB Pharma</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs0035">Grifols S&#46; A&#46;</span>&#44; which are independent of this work&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">MAS has received consultancy fees from <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs0040">Teva Pharmaceutical Industries</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs0045">Daiichi Sankyo</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs0050">Orsenix</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs0055">AbbVie</span>&#44; Novartis&#44; and <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs0060">Pfizer</span>&#44; which are independent of this work&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">VV has received consultancy fees from Amgen&#44; Novartis&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs0065">Boehringer-Ingelheim</span>&#44; Pfizer&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs0070">Bayer</span>&#44; and Daiichi Sankyo&#44; which are independent of this work&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Lozano ML&#44; Sanz MA&#44; Vicente V&#44; Grupo Espa&#241;ol de PTI &#40;GEPTI&#41;&#44; Recomendaciones del Grupo Espa&#241;ol de PTI para el diagn&#243;stico&#44; tratamiento y seguimiento de pacientes con trombocitopenia immune&#46; Med Clin &#40;Barc&#41;&#46; 2021&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0005" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medcli.2021.03.017">https&#58;&#47;&#47;doi&#46;org&#47;10&#46;1016&#47;j&#46;medcli&#46;2021&#46;03&#46;017</span></p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">PTI&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">primary immune thrombocytopenia</span>&#44; also known as immune thrombocytopenic purpura&#44; idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura&#44; or immune thrombocytopenia&#46;</p><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Recommendations of the Working Group of the Spanish Society of Haematology and Hemotherapy &#40;SEHH&#41; and the Spanish ITP Group &#40;GEPTI&#41;&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#41; The terminology adopted in this document is consistent with the PTI international working group consensus statement published in 2009<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&#46; Given that there are several limitations to the definitions in that document&#44; work is currently underway to undertake new terminology in a future consensus document&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#41; The incidence of ITP in both adults and children is 0&#46;2&#8722;0&#46;4 cases per 10&#44;000 person-years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#41; The main manifestations associated with ITP are hemorrhagic&#44; although an increased risk of thrombosis&#44; asthenia &#40;sometimes independent of platelet counts&#41; and a tendency to infections can also be observed&#46; Patients can have numerous adverse reactions related to the treatments administered&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#41; Although the introduction of new therapeutic agents in the last decade has led to a change in the prognosis of ITP patients&#44; the impact on the rate and causes of ITP mortality is unknown&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead rowgroup " rowspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Diagnosis</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#41; The diagnosis of ITP is made by systematic exclusion of other causes of thrombocytopenia and is based&#44; above all&#44; on the clinical history&#44; physical examination&#44; blood count and peripheral blood smear&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#41; Observation of the peripheral blood smear is essential in the diagnosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#41; Complementary studies should be requested based on the presentation and clinical course of the disease&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#41; The determination of anti-platelet antibodies is not routinely indicated&#44; although they may be helpful in difficult cases&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#41; The bone marrow study should not be performed routinely&#46; In the event that there is resistance to the treatments&#44; or the existence of another disease is suspected&#44; the bone marrow study is recommended&#44; which should include aspirate and biopsy&#44; immunophenotyping by flow cytometry&#44; cytogenetics&#44; and molecular biology&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead rowgroup " rowspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Quality of life and alternative treatments</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#41; ITP patients have an impaired quality of life&#44; especially in the early phase of the disease&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#41; Assessment of quality-of-life parameters in ITP patients&#44; before and during the treatment of the disease&#44; using the ITP-specific scales is recommended&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#41; The most widely used tool to assess the quality of life in adult patients with ITP is the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura-Patient Assessment Questionnaire</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#41; Patients&#39; use of alternative treatments has not been shown to be therapeutically useful&#46; Closer follow-up is recommended when patients start taking alternative treatments&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#41; The patient should be provided with detailed information on the heterogeneity of the course of ITP in its clinical manifestations and the limited value of the platelet count&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Key points of the guidelines for the diagnosis&#44; treatment and follow-up of primary immune thrombocytopenia concerning general concepts&#44; diagnosis and quality of life&#44; and complementary and alternative treatments&#46;</p>"
        ]
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      1 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">IV Ig&#58; intravenous immunoglobulins&#59; TPO-RA&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">thrombopoietin receptor agonists&#46;</span></p><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Recommendations of the Working Group of the Spanish Society of Haematology and Hemotherapy &#40;SEHH&#41; and Spanish ITP Group &#40;GEPTI&#41;&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead rowgroup " rowspan="6" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">First-line treatment</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#41; The decision to start treatment is based mainly on the hemorrhagic manifestations and the platelet count &#40;&#60;&#160;20&#160;&#215;&#160;10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span>&#47;l&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#41; First-line treatment consists of glucocorticoids &#40;prednisone 0&#46;5&#8722;1&#160;mg&#47;kg or dexamethasone 40&#160;mg&#47;day for 4 days&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#41; The duration of prednisone treatment consists of a maximum of 8 weeks and dexamethasone treatment consists of 3 cycles&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#41; The addition of IV Ig is reserved for patients with severe bleeding or contraindications to steroids&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#41; In a situation of severe bleeding&#44; combined treatment should be considered &#40;IVIG&#44; high-dose methylprednisolone&#44; platelet transfusion and whether it is necessary to add antifibrinolytics and&#47;or TPO-RA&#41;&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#41; Hospital admission for at least 48&#8722;72&#160;h is recommended for a newly diagnosed patient with platelet counts &#60;&#160;20&#160;&#215;&#160;10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span>&#47;l&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead rowgroup " rowspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Second-line treatment</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#41; The second-line treatment of choice is TPO-RA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#41; The choice of TPO-RA should be based on the route of administration&#44; the patient&#39;s wishes&#44; and possible complications&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#41; For rituximab&#44; 375&#160;mg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> weekly &#40;4 doses&#41; is the most commonly used dose&#44; although lower doses &#40;100&#160;mg&#160;&#215;&#160;4&#41; have similar efficacy and may be safer&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#41; Laparoscopic splenectomy is recommended over laparotomy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#41; Splenectomy should be considered in chronic phases of the disease&#44; when at least one second-line pharmacological treatment has failed&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead rowgroup " rowspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Other second-line treatments&#46; Refractory patients</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#41; In patients who are resistant to conventional second-line treatments&#44; the best treatment option is not well established&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#41; Compared to monotherapy&#44; combination therapies are more effective in patients with refractory disease&#44; preferably choosing agents with different mechanisms of action&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#41; If one treatment is not effective&#44; rather than discontinuing it and starting another&#44; it may be better to add the new agent while continuing with the current one&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#41; In multidrug-resistant patients&#44; other diagnoses should be considered&#44; such as drug-induced thrombocytopenia&#44; myelodysplastic syndrome&#44; or hereditary thrombocytopenia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Key points of the guidelines for the diagnosis&#44; treatment&#44; and follow-up of primary immune thrombocytopenia regarding the treatment of first-line&#44; second-line and multidrug-resistant patients&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      2 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0015"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at0015"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">IV Ig&#58; intravenous immunoglobulins&#59; PTI&#58; primary immune thrombocytopenia&#59; TPO-RA&#58; thrombopoietin receptor agonists&#46;</p><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Recommendations of the Working Group of the Spanish Society of Haematology and Hemotherapy &#40;SEHH&#41; and the Spanish ITP Group &#40;GEPTI&#41;&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead rowgroup " rowspan="7" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Follow-up&#46; Vaccination</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#41; Hospital admission is recommended for adults with newly diagnosed ITP and platelet count less than 20&#160;&#215;&#160;10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span>&#47;l&#44; even when asymptomatic or with minimal mucocutaneous bleeding&#46; If these circumstances occur in patients with established ITP&#44; treatment will be on an outpatient basis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#41; Regardless of the time of diagnosis and platelet counts&#44; patients with&#58; a&#41; grade <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">ii</span> haemorrhage and platelets&#160;&#60;&#160;30&#160;&#215;&#160;10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span>&#47;l&#44; or b&#41; haemorrhage&#160;&#8805;&#160;<span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">iii</span> regardless of platelet count&#44; should be hospitalized&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#41; To prevent severe post-splenectomy infection&#44; vaccinations should be administered according to the recommendations of each country&#46; Ideally&#44; these vaccinations should be administered at least 2 weeks prior to surgery &#40;if this is not possible&#44; it will be done after surgery&#41;&#44; and the patient will follow the recommended revaccination schedule&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#41; If the patient is receiving immunosuppressive treatment&#44; it is advisable to avoid live-attenuated vaccines&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#41; Diabetes&#44; renal failure&#44; hypertension&#44; and vascular disease are reported to have a 2-fold higher incidence among patients diagnosed with ITP&#46; Also&#44; thyroid disease is especially prevalent&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#41; Among patients with ITP&#44; the incidence of hematologic malignancies&#44; such as lymphomas and leukemias&#44; is higher&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#41; Up to 16&#37; of patients with ITP will be recognised as having ITP secondary to connective tissue diseases during their follow-up &#40;sometimes more than 10 years after diagnosis&#41;&#44; with systemic lupus erythematosus being the most common&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead rowgroup " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Surgery</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#41; In cases of emergency surgery&#44; consider treatment with IV Ig with&#47;without dexamethasone or methylprednisolone at high doses&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#41; Platelet transfusion continues to be a complementary option in extremely serious or life-threatening situations&#46; The combination of platelet transfusion with Ig iv and transfusion immediately before and&#47;or during the procedure is recommended&#44; as the destruction of the transfused platelets is much faster than usual and thus ensures the haemostatic levels of these cells during surgery&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#41; In preparation for elective surgery in poor responders to steroids&#44; there is an increasing trend to replace the administration of IV Ig with TPO-RA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead rowgroup " rowspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Discontinuation of ITP treatment</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#41; A high proportion of patients maintain platelet response after discontinuation of TPO-RA&#44; regardless of the stage of the disease&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#41; Patients with persistent or chronic ITP who achieve stable platelet counts&#160;&#62;&#160;50&#8722;100&#160;&#215;&#160;10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span>&#47;l over several months may be considered candidates for tapering with the goal of a maintained response in the absence of treatment&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#41; A tapering strategy from 2 to 6 months and regular monitoring of platelet counts is recommended&#44; with gradual increases in the monitoring intervals once an adequate&#44; stable&#44; and untreated platelet count is achieved&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#41; If the platelet count drops to 20&#8722;50&#160;&#215;&#160;10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span>&#47;l&#44; treatment can be restored with the same TPO-RA and the possible addition of immunosuppression&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Key points of the guidelines for the diagnosis&#44; treatment&#44; and follow-up of primary immune thrombocytopenia about patient follow-up and vaccination&#44; surgery preparation and treatment discontinuation&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      3 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0020"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 4"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">IV Ig&#58; intravenous immunoglobulins&#59; PTI&#58; primary immune thrombocytopenia&#59; TPO-RA&#58; thrombopoietin receptor agonists&#46;</p><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Recommendations of the Working Group of the Spanish Society of Haematology and Hemotherapy &#40;SEHH&#41; and the Spanish ITP Group &#40;GEPTI&#41;&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead rowgroup " rowspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ITP in children</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#41; The highest incidence of ITP in children occurs between the ages of 2 and 8&#46; The disease tends to have a spontaneous remission&#44; even after 2 years of progression&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#41; With a longer projection of years and life expectancy&#44; it is especially important to assess the adverse reactions and possible sequelae of the various approaches in its management&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#41; A clinical assessment of severity is proposed based on haemorrhagic manifestations and indicators or risk factors which&#44; together with the platelet count&#44; determine the specific therapeutic recommendation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#41; Diagnosis is based on clinical history and a complete blood count with morphology that excludes other causes of thrombocytopenia&#46; A bone marrow aspirate is recommended in cases of atypical presentation or with progression to chronicity&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#41; High-dose short-term glucocorticoids and IV Ig are the first-line treatment&#46; It is recommended that second-line treatments and those of refractory patients are indicated and controlled in specialized centres for the indication and control of new&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead rowgroup " rowspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ITP in the elderly</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#41; The incidence of ITP increases with age&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#41; Elderly patients with ITP show greater medical complexity due to comorbidities&#44; age&#44; and other treatments&#46; These patients are at higher risk of bleeding and thrombosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#41; Diagnosis is often difficult due to the coexistence of other diseases and possible drug interference&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#41; The therapeutic strategy may differ from what is recommended in the guidelines for younger patients&#46; Age can influence efficacy and treatment-related toxicities&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#41; It is important that these patients are cared for in a way that allows them to return to their daily lives as soon as possible&#44; with as little iatrogenesis as possible and maintaining safe platelet counts&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead rowgroup " rowspan="13" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ITP in pregnancy</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#41; Gestational thrombocytopenia is a benign disorder and the most common cause of thrombocytopenia in pregnancy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#41; In pregnant women with platelet counts below 70&#8722;80&#160;&#215;&#160;10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span>&#47;l&#44; other possible causes of thrombocytopenia should be considered&#58; some additional tests&#44; such as blood pressure control&#44; coagulation study&#44; liver function tests&#44; determination of antiphospholipid antibodies or protein in urine can be especially useful for differential diagnosis&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#41; The incidence of neonatal thrombocytopenia and haemorrhagic complications is low and does not correlate with maternal platelet counts&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#41; Pregnant women with platelet counts&#160;&#62;&#160;20&#8722;30&#160;&#215;&#160;10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span>&#47;l do not require systematic treatment&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#41; The first line of treatment in pregnancy are glucocorticoids and IV Ig&#46; In pregnancy&#44; treatment is initiated with lower than usual doses of glucocorticoids to avoid toxicity&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#41; As IV Igs induce a rapid response&#44; they are of choice in severe bleeding or before performing invasive procedures&#46; Splenectomy should be performed only in severe cases&#44; as should rituximab or TPO-RA administration&#46; Other immunosuppressive agents other than azathioprine or cyclosporine should be avoided during pregnancy due to their possible teratogenicity and because this indication is not approved in the SmPC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#41; The recommended platelet count for vaginal deliveries should be 50&#160;&#62;50&#160;&#215;&#160;10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span>&#47;l and for caesarean section or epidural anaesthesia 70&#160;&#215;&#160;10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span>&#47;l&#46; The indication for caesarean section should be based solely on obstetric criteria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&#41; Invasive procedures such as scalp blood sampling&#44; cordocentesis&#44; and assisted deliveries should be avoided&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#41; After delivery&#44; a platelet count from a postnatal cord sample is recommended and&#44; if low &#40;less than 100&#160;&#215;&#160;10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span>&#47;l&#41;&#44; it should be repeated daily&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&#41; If the platelet count is&#60;&#160;&#60;&#160;50&#160;&#215;&#160;10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span>&#47;l&#44; the neonate should undergo a cranial ultrasound and&#44; in the case of bleeding&#44; administer IV Ig and steroids &#40;minimum dose and limited time&#41; with the aim of reaching 100&#160;&#215;&#160;10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span>&#47;l&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11&#41; In neonates with hemorrhagic symptoms or platelet counts&#160;&#60;&#160;30&#160;&#215;&#160;10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span>&#47;l administration of a single dose of IV Ig induces rapid response&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&#41; Although breastfeeding is not contraindicated as a general rule&#44; if thrombocytopenia persists in the new-born&#44; breastfeeding should be discontinued&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13&#41; Women who have previously given birth to a child with thrombocytopenia should be counselled about the high probability of this recurring in future pregnancies&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Key points of the guidelines for the diagnosis&#44; treatment&#44; and follow-up of primary immune thrombocytopenia regarding ITP in children&#44; the elderly and pregnant women&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      4 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0025"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 5"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
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            "identificador" => "at0025"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">IV Ig&#58; intravenous immunoglobulins&#59; PTI&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">primary immune thrombocytopenia</span> &#40;also known as immune thrombocytopenic purpura&#44; idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura&#44; or immune thrombocytopenia&#41;&#59; TPO-RA&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">thrombopoietin receptor agonists</span>&#59; HCV&#58; hepatitis C virus&#59; HIV&#58; human immunodeficiency virus&#46;</p><p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Recommendations of the Working Group of the Spanish Society of Haematology and Hemotherapy &#40;SEHH&#41; and the Spanish ITP Group &#40;GEPTI&#41;&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead rowgroup " rowspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Special situations&#46; Thrombosis</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#41; There is a risk of both venous thromboembolism and arterial thrombosis in patients with ITP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#41; It is important to improve modifiable personal risk factors for thrombosis&#44; especially in patients over 60 years of age&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#41; Splenectomy increases the risk of venous thromboembolism&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#41; TPO-RA increase the risk of venous thromboembolism and arterial thrombosis in patients with ITP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#41; For patients requiring chronic antiplatelet and&#47;or anticoagulant therapy&#44; the threshold for a safe platelet count should be&#160;&#62;&#160;30&#8722;50&#160;&#215;&#160;10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span>&#47;l and these treatments should be restarted promptly when this platelet level is reached&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead rowgroup " rowspan="6" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Other immune thrombocytopenia</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#41; Thrombocytopenia of non-primary immune origin can accompany a wide range of clinical situations&#58; autoimmune diseases&#44; immunodeficiencies&#44; lymphoproliferative syndromes and in cases of post-haematopoietic transplantation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#41; Considering the association between immune thrombocytopenia and infectious diseases &#40;HCV&#44; HIV&#44; cytomegalovirus&#44; Epstein-Barr&#44; varicella zoster&#44; Zika and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Helicobacter pylori</span>&#41;&#44; the presence of these conditions should be ruled out if there is clinical suspicion when establishing the diagnosis of ITP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#41; Immune-mediated cases may also occur during the postvaccination period&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#41; There is immune-mediated thrombocytopenia associated with heparin administration&#44; both unfractionated and&#44; to a lesser extent&#44; low molecular weight &#40;heparin-induced thrombocytopenia&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#41; They are also observed with the use of anti-GPIIb&#47;IIIa monoclonal antibodies&#44; which are used in the field of cardiovascular disease &#40;abciximab&#44; eptifibatide&#44; tirofiban&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#41; A wide range of drugs have been described as being responsible for transient thrombocytopenia due to an immune-mediated mechanism&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead rowgroup " rowspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ITP and COVID-19</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#41; Like any infection&#58; i&#41; SARS-CoV-2 may precede a diagnosis of ITP&#44; and ii&#41; if a patient with ITP is infected with SARS-CoV-2 it may lead to decreased platelet counts&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#41; In an emergency health situation&#44; patients with newly diagnosed ITP should be considered for prednisone initiation at 0&#46;5&#160;mg&#47;kg&#47;day&#44; and steroids should be discontinued within a maximum of 8 weeks&#46; If the patient&#39;s risk due to comorbidities is high&#44; non-immunosuppressive agents&#44; such as Ig iv or TPO-RA&#44; may be used&#46; However&#44; the absence of immunosuppression must be weighed against the need for more hospital control with TPO-RA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#41; Rituximab should be avoided because it may decrease the formation of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">de novo antibodies</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#41; There is no evidence that patients who have undergone a splenectomy are more vulnerable to COVID-19&#46; In case of fever&#44; the treatment of a splenectomised patient should be the same as without COVID-19 infection&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#41; If a patient with ITP develops severe COVID-19 disease&#44; prophylactic anticoagulation should be sought&#44; and platelet counts should be maintained above 30&#160;&#215;&#160;10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span>&#47;l&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Key Points of the primary immune thrombocytopenia diagnosis&#44; treatment&#44; and follow-up guidelines concerning special situations&#58; thrombosis&#44; other immune thrombocytopenia and ITP&#44; and COVID-19&#46;</p>"
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        "texto" => "<p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We wish to thank the authors of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Guidelines for the diagnosis&#44; treatment&#44; and follow-up of ITP&#46; The</span> SEHH <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">and GEPTI Working Group recommendations&#44;</span> for their contribution to this article&#58; M&#46;T&#46; &#193;lvarez Rom&#225;n&#44; R&#46; Berrueco Moreno&#44; M&#46; Canaro Hirnyk&#44; L&#46; Entrena Ure&#241;a&#44; F&#46; Fern&#225;ndez Fuertes&#44; T&#46;J&#46; Gonz&#225;lez L&#243;pez&#44; J&#46;R&#46; Gonz&#225;lez Porras&#44; C&#46; Grande Garc&#237;a&#44; J&#46;M&#46; Guinea de Castro&#44; I&#46; Jarque Ramos&#44; R&#46; Jim&#233;nez B&#225;rcenas&#44; M&#46;F&#46; L&#243;pez Fern&#225;ndez&#44; R&#46; Mart&#237;nez&#44; M&#46;E&#46; Mingot Castellano&#44; E&#46; Monteagudo Montesinos&#44; C&#46; Pascual Izquierdo&#44; M&#46;M&#46; Perera &#193;lvarez&#44; J&#46;M&#46; Ribera Santasusana&#44; B&#46; S&#225;nchez Gonz&#225;lez&#44; D&#46; Valc&#225;rcel Ferreira&#46; We acknowledge and appreciate the help of the Spanish Society of Haematology and Hemotherapy&#44; especially Ana Carolina Madrid&#44; Carmen Gonz&#225;lez and Carlos Fern&#225;ndez&#44; for the technical support provided for the development of the guidelines&#46;</p>"
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Article information
ISSN: 23870206
Original language: English
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es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos