Letter to the Editor
Acute acalculous cholecystitis due to Q fever
Colecistitis aguda alitiásica por fiebre Q
Laura Rubio López
, Silvia Benito Barbero, Javier Páramo Zunzunegui
Corresponding author
Servicio de Cirugía General y del Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario de Móstoles, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
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Acute QF usually manifests as a febrile syndrome, which can be associated with pneumonia and/or hepatitis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Acute acalculous cholecystitis is a rare clinical manifestation of QF.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2–4</span></a> We report the case of a patient with fever of unknown origin, associated with liver dysfunction, who is diagnosed with acute acalculous cholecystitis due to QF.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 28-year-old male patient, with no medical or surgical history of interest, who came to the emergency department with a 4-day history of fever of up to 40 °C. The patient reports travelling occasionally to rural areas in the south-west of the Iberian Peninsula. Physical examination revealed mild abdominal pain on palpation in the right hypochondrium. Laboratory tests showed elevated C-reactive protein (170 mgl), plasma procalcitonin (3.31 ng/ml) and elevated liver enzymes: GPT (352 U/l), GOT (426 U/l), LDH (665 U/l), GGT (93 U/l) and AP (121 U/l). Chest X-ray, electrocardiogram, urine study and lumbar puncture, without pathological findings.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient was hospitalised and started on empirical antibiotic treatment with intravenous ceftriaxone, with rapid improvement. Given the abdominal symptoms and the laboratory pattern of hepatic cytolysis, an abdominal ultrasound was performed, showing a distended gallbladder with oedematous walls. Lithiasis and biliary sludge are not visible. The radiological findings were suggestive of acute acalculous cholecystitis. The diagnosis was confirmed by abdominal computed tomography (CT). Given the good clinical and laboratory progress of the patient, and while awaiting the microbiological results, it was decided to maintain conservative antibiotic treatment with ceftriaxone.</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The microbiological study was negative in urine, stool, blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and bone marrow cultures. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Salmonella typhy</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">paratyphy</span> was negative. Serologies for HIV as well as for hepatotropic viruses were negative. Serological study using indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. burnetti</span> showed elevated IgG against 1/3200 phase II antigens. The diagnosis of acute acalculous cholecystitis due to QF was established. Antibiotic regimen with oral ciprofloxacin was completed on an outpatient basis for 14 days. Currently, one year after the onset of the disease, the patient is asymptomatic and has no laboratory abnormalities.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Acute acalculous cholecystitis consists of inflammation of the gallbladder in the absence of stones. Represents 5%–10% of all acute cholecystitis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> It usually affects critically ill hospitalised patients; however, it can also be diagnosed in non-hospitalised patients without risk factors, as in the case of the patient reported here. In these cases, the etiopathogenesis is usually related to a primary infection.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Few cases of QF associated with acute cholecystitis have been described in the literature,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2–4</span></a> with Rolain et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> being the largest series published. The gradual development of symptoms and their intensity differ from the form of presentation of cases with a calculous aetiology. Therefore, as reported by González Delgado et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> cases of acalculous cholecystitis may have been missed in some cases of QF without apparent abdominal focality.</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The diagnosis of acute cholecystitis is established by abdominal ultrasound, in some cases in association with abdominal CT. The diagnostic <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">gold standard</span> for QF is IIF and can also be established by PCR. The serological diagnosis of acute QF is made by detecting phase II antigens, which are detectable 7–15 days after the onset of the condition, with significant IgG ≥ 1/128 and IgM ≥ 1/32 titers.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> IgG antibodies to phase II antigens > 1/3200 were detected in our patient, establishing the diagnosis of acute QF.</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The treatment of choice for QF is doxycycline (200 mg/day/orally/for 14 days). Fluoroquinolones and macrolides have also shown efficacy.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> An excellent clinical response was observed in our patient with empirical broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy, with intravenous ceftriaxone. Therefore, we agree with Reina-Serrano et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> although the treatment of acute cholecystitis is surgical, when infection by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Coxiella burnetii</span> is suspected, conservative management by antibiotic therapy can be applied, and cholecystectomy should be indicated in case of failure.</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. burnetii</span> infection should be considered in the etiological diagnosis of acute acalculous cholecystitis.</p></span>" "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: Rubio López L, Benito Barbero S, Páramo Zunzunegui J. Colecistitis aguda alitiásica por fiebre Q. Med Clin (Barc). 2021;157:258–259.</p>" ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:5 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "From Q fever to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Coxiella burnetii</span> infection: a paradigm change" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "C. Eldin" 1 => "C. Mélenotte" 2 => "O. Mediannikov" 3 => "E. Ghigo" 4 => "M. Million" 5 => "S. 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