Effectiveness of statins in patients with stroke due to cervical artery dissection: A preliminary study

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"documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Med Clin. 2021;157:318-24" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "en" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Original article" "titulo" => "Prognostic factors at admission on patients with cancer and COVID-19: Analysis of HOPE registry data" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "318" "paginaFinal" => "324" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Factores pronósticos en pacientes oncológicos con COVID-19 a su llegada a urgencias: Análisis de los datos del registro internacional HOPE" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 3751 "Ancho" => 2925 "Tamanyo" => 310534 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Forest Plot of factors associated with mortality in oncologic patients in multivariate analysis." ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Pedro Pérez-Segura, M. Paz-Cabezas, I.J. Núñez-Gil, R. Arroyo-Espliguero, C. Maroun Eid, R. Romero, I. Fernández Rozas, A. Uribarri, V.M. Becerra-Muñoz, M. García Aguado, J. Huang, E. Rondano, E. Cerrato, E. Alfonso Rodríguez, M.E. Ortega-Armas, S. Raposeiras Roubin, M. Pepe, G. Feltes, A. Gonzalez, B. Cortese, L. Buzón, I. El-Battrawy, V. Estrada" "autores" => array:23 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Pedro" "apellidos" => "Pérez-Segura" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Paz-Cabezas" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "I.J." "apellidos" => "Núñez-Gil" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "R." "apellidos" => "Arroyo-Espliguero" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "C." "apellidos" => "Maroun Eid" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "R." "apellidos" => "Romero" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "I." "apellidos" => "Fernández Rozas" ] 7 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "Uribarri" ] 8 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "V.M." "apellidos" => "Becerra-Muñoz" ] 9 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "García Aguado" ] 10 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J." "apellidos" => "Huang" ] 11 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "E." "apellidos" => "Rondano" ] 12 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "E." "apellidos" => "Cerrato" ] 13 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "E. Alfonso" "apellidos" => "Rodríguez" ] 14 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M.E." "apellidos" => "Ortega-Armas" ] 15 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "S." "apellidos" => "Raposeiras Roubin" ] 16 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Pepe" ] 17 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "G." "apellidos" => "Feltes" ] 18 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "Gonzalez" ] 19 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "B." "apellidos" => "Cortese" ] 20 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "L." "apellidos" => "Buzón" ] 21 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "I." "apellidos" => "El-Battrawy" ] 22 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "V." "apellidos" => "Estrada" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S238702062100485X?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/23870206/0000015700000007/v1_202110050801/S238702062100485X/v1_202110050801/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:19 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Original article" "titulo" => "Effectiveness of statins in patients with stroke due to cervical artery dissection: A preliminary study" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "313" "paginaFinal" => "317" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Bruno Kusznir Vitturi, Rubens José Gagliardi" "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Bruno Kusznir" "apellidos" => "Vitturi" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "z_azul@hotmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Rubens José" "apellidos" => "Gagliardi" ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Department of Neurology, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, Dr. Cesário Motta Júnior Street 112, 01221-020 São Paulo, Brazil" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Efectividad de las estatinas en pacientes con ictus debido a disección arterial cervical: un estudio preliminar" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 769 "Ancho" => 1341 "Tamanyo" => 77009 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Functional outcome of patients over 2 years after ischemic stroke due to cervical artery dissection according to statin subgroups." ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "IntroductionStatin therapy has become the most important advance in stroke prevention since the introduction of aspirin and blood pressure-lowering therapies.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160">1</a> Some clinical trials have evaluated the efficacy and safety of statins after a stroke and their positive results led to an increase in the use of statins for these patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165">2</a> Nevertheless, patients with stroke due to cervical artery dissection (CAD) were never included in most of these studies. In secondary prevention of stroke, statins are highly recommended for patients with atherothrombotic stroke (class I, level A)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170">3</a> and with lacunar stroke.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175">4</a> Currently, statin therapy in patients with CAD has not been supported by clinical evidence yet.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180">5</a>The heterogeneity of stroke subtypes is also important to guide stroke treatment. Ischemic stroke is the most common type of secondary brain vascular disease in CAD patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185">6</a> CAD accounts for only 1–2% of all ischemic strokes, but in young and middle-aged people it accounts for 10–25% of strokes.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185">6</a> Recently, the prevalence of CAD has attracted increasing clinical attention due to the continuous development of imaging technologies.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190">7</a> Therefore, clarifying whether statins are beneficial in patients with CAD would assist with a common management dilemma. Based on this knowledge, we investigated the effect of statins for secondary prevention in stroke due to CAD.Materials and methodsStudy design and cohort populationWe carried out a prospective cohort study composed of consecutive patients admitted to the Department of Neurology of a university-affiliated, tertiary referral hospital, who were under regular clinical follow-up between January 2014 and August 2018. Patients aged 18 years or older with a first-ever ischemic stroke due to CAD were considered eligible for the study. Stroke was defined by World Health Organization criteria as a sudden focal neurologic deficit persisting longer than 24h and confirmed by brain CT or MRI. Imaging evidence of dissection had to be by MRI or magnetic resonance angiography, CT angiography, or intra-arterial angiography.We excluded patients who used other lipid-lowering drugs and those that were followed up for <24 months for any reason. Patients were followed up by telephone interviews and face-to-face assessments in the outpatient department for a period of 2 years. The interviews were conducted by senior neurologists who were completely blinded to the study. All participants provided written informed consent before inclusion and the research protocol was approved by our local ethics committee.Baseline measures and comorbiditiesBaseline characteristics of stroke patients were recorded on admission. When the patient was discharged, information about stroke subtype, treatment in hospital, complications, laboratory tests, and CT and/or MRI findings were recorded. The data collectors were not aware of the study. Stroke severity was measured using the NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score on hospital admission.Statins were prescribed without consideration of the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level. Consecutive patients were distinguished into 4 groups according to the particularities of statin therapy. One group consisted of patients receiving simvastatin 20mg per day and another group, receiving simvastatin 40mg per day. Patients receiving atorvastatin 40mg per day or rosuvastatin 10mg per day were regarded as receiving high-intensity statin therapy. The high-potency statin group was defined by patients who have prescribed a dose and type of statin that was expected to reduce the initial low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level >50%.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195">8</a> Patients who did not use statins were included in a separate group as well. Statin use onset was registered for each patient. Previous statin treatment referred to regular use of statins at least 1 month before the stroke. Treatment in the acute phase was defined as statins initiated within 72h after stroke onset and late-onset treatment were defined as when it was initiated 3 days after stroke onset. Adherence to statin treatment was evaluated using the 8-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200">9</a> Total scores range from 0 to 8 and patients were considered adherent only with scores greater than 6.Main outcomes measuresThe individuals were followed until death or until 2 years after the stroke onset. If no clinical evaluation could be performed during this period, first the patient was searched in the National Registry of Death to detect a possible death before being excluded from the analysis. The primary outcome was the post-stroke functional limitations, which were assessed using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at 7 days, 30 days, 6 months and 2 years after hospital admission for ischemic stroke. An unfavorable outcome was defined as an mRS score ≥3 and a favorable outcome was defined as mRS score ≤2. Each patient had the mRS calculated by two different doctors, one of whom was blind to the study. In case of discrepancy, the opinion of the head of the stroke outpatient clinic was consulted. Secondary outcomes included all-cause mortality, stroke recurrence (ischemic or hemorrhagic) and major cardiovascular events.Statistical analysisCategorical variables were analyzed using the chi-square test or Fisher's exact test and differences in continuous variables were assessed using the Student's t-test (parametric test) or the Mann–Whitney test (non-parametric test). Odds ratios (ORs) were derived from a multivariable logistic regression with each outcome categorized by statin exposure. Confounding variables included age, sex, stroke severity, medications, smoking, and other comorbidities.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205">10</a> The limit for significance was set at 2-tailed p=0.05. All analyses were conducted using SPSS, version 23.0.ResultsThe crude cohort consisted of 523 patients of all stroke types. After the etiological investigation, 61 were classified as CAD-related strokes. We sequentially excluded 7 patients who fulfilled the exclusion criteria or lost of follow-up (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>). Finally, data from 54 patients were analyzed (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>). There were no differences in baseline characteristics between participants and those patients who were lost to follow-up. The mean age of the participants was 44.4 (SD 15.3) years and 29 (53.7%) were female. There were 16 (29.6%) patients without statins, 22 (40.7%) with simvastatin 20mg, 12 (22.2%) with simvastatin 40mg and 4 (7.5%) with high-potency statins. Most enrolled patients were pre-stroke statin non-users (n=52, 96.3%). Only 20 (37.0%) of subjects begun statin treatment at stroke onset. Among statin users, there were 5 (13.1%) cases of statin withdrawal and 17 (44.7%) patients presented satisfactory adherence to the treatment.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia>There was no registered death during follow-up and 3 patients had major cardiovascular events (one using simvastatin 40mg and others simvastatin 20mg). There was no case of hemorrhagic stroke as well. Concerning recurrent stroke, 4 patients had a recurrence (2 from the nonstatin group, 1 from the simvastatin 20mg group, and 1 from the simvastatin 40mg) during follow-up. A detailed description of the profile of the patient who had another stroke is represented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>. The median mRS was 2 and 34 (63.0%) had a favorable functional outcome. There were no statistical differences related to the therapeutic response to statins (risk of recurrence and functional performance) considering sex and the presence of hypertension.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia>Patients who received high-potency statins presented significant lower mRS (0.5±1.0) at the end of 2-years after stroke compared to those without statins (2.0±1.1) (p=0.02). Besides, those who received simvastatin 40mg had the best long-term functional recovery compared to other subgroups (p<0.01) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>). Discontinuing statin therapy was associated with increased odds of having a poor functional outcome (OR=0.12, 0.01–0.98; p=0.01) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>). Furthermore, patients that presented a satisfactory adherence to treatment were more likely to have a good functional outcome (OR=7.10, 1.42–35.5; p=0.02). There were no differences among the statin subgroups concerning the incidence of recurrent stroke or major cardiovascular events.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia>DiscussionVarious aspects of the beneficial effect of statin therapy in patients with previous stroke have been previously reported. However, it should be noted that patients in statins clinical studies were primarily at risk of atherosclerotic carotid or coronary vascular disease. In the Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels (SPARCL) trial,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210">11</a> patients with CAD were not necessarily included and therefore the benefits of statin therapy should not be generalized to nonatherosclerotic stroke patients. Other several observational studies have also shown a beneficial effect of statin therapy on stroke recurrence, mortality, and functional outcome in patients with acute ischemic stroke.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215">12</a> However, these studies included patients with all stroke subtypes. As a consequence, currently, it is not clear whether patients who suffered a stroke due to CAD should be treated with a statin.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220">13</a> There are no randomized controlled trials or observational studies dedicated to assessing the role of statins in secondary prevention of stroke after CAD. It is reckless and irresponsible to reflexively initiate statin therapy in all patients with stroke without first carefully considering the potential risks and benefits to the individual.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225">14</a> The results from the present study may shed light on this question. Defining whether it is beneficial to prescribe statins for CAD patients can either save them from the costs and adverse effects of medication or ensure that they take advantage of the effects already evident in patients with other types of stroke. Also, our study allows us to describe for the first time the statin prescription pattern for these patients.Long-term treatment with statin improves stroke outcomes, even though hypercholesterolemia is not a strong risk factor for stroke.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170">3</a> An explanation for this apparent paradox is becoming clear as the role of statins on neuroprotection is being elucidated. This group of drugs is proven to exert multidirectional effects, and theoretically, they could have effects both at the site of the vessel where there was the dissection and in the region of the brain victim of the infarction, as statins interfere with reactive oxygen species development, clot formation, endothelial function, and brain plasticity.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230">15,16</a> Therefore, despite the primary interest and research in statin therapy being about the atherosclerotic pathomechanism of stroke, there has been emerging evidence of potential beneficial effects of this group of drugs in patients with stroke of various etiologies. Even so, it is not so unusual that CAD is accompanied by atherosclerosis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240">17</a> Previous studies have also suggested a potential role of statins and dyslipidemia in arterial vascular wall diseases. Stein et al. comprehensively analyzed 1560 patients with thoracic aortic aneurysms in 2013 and noted that statins played a positive role in the prognosis of aortic aneurysms.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245">18</a> Yamada et al. demonstrated that dyslipidemia is implicated in the vascular repair of cervical artery dissection.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250">19</a>Regarding post-stroke functional impairment, our results are in agreement with previous studies that showed that statin therapy at stroke onset is associated with improved functional outcomes.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255">20</a> This is the first study that proves that statin can be beneficial for CAD-related stroke patients. Furthermore, high-intensity statin and high dosages of simvastatin proved to be the most effective treatment modality in reducing long-term functional limitations.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260">21</a> Particularly, simvastatin in double dose showed the greatest ability to recover functional gain in these population. There were no differences in baseline clinical characteristics that may have influenced stroke prognosis. Therefore, reinforced by multivariate analysis, the most logical explanation for the observed difference in neurological outcomes between the groups is the effect of statins. In addition, the functional outcome after CAD does not seem to be better than in other types of ischemic strokes in young individuals,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265">22</a> which strengthens the importance of our finding.In our study, statins were ineffective in preventing cardiovascular events or stroke recurrence. A possible reason comes from that recurrent ischemic event in the CAD stroke population is rare. The rate of ischemic recurrences has been estimated to be between 0% and 13.3% at 1 year.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0270">23,24</a> Thus, the continuous use of statins for 2 years would not be justified (and would not be cost-effective) due to the inherently low risk of stroke recurrence. Moreover, a common assumption is that patients with CAD have few or no vascular risk factors<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280">25</a> and this would limit the range of action of these drugs in preventing new thromboembolic phenomena. Some studies have already proved that the prognosis of stroke patients can differ according to sex and the presence of systemic arterial hypertension, the main risk factor for stroke.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0285">26,27</a> In our study, there were no statistical differences related to the therapeutic response to statins considering these two variables. One possible explanation comes from the size of our sample.Our study has also shown that only proper and continuous use of statins can offer any benefit in patients with stroke after CAD. This is in line with previous studies that demonstrated that the suboptimal use of statin in all stroke patients could interrupt the beneficial effects. A recent prospective study demonstrated that adherent use of statin had substantial long-term benefits on the prevention of adverse events after acute ischemic stroke.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295">28</a> This is especially important due to the high unsatisfactory adherence rate observed, which is consistent with the rates of a recent study.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300">29</a> Besides, we observed that statin therapy discontinuation may imply an increased risk of poor functional outcomes. Indeed, statin withdrawal was already associated with increased risk of early neurological deterioration, dependency after stroke and all-cause mortality.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0305">30,31</a> Blanco et al. indicated that statin withdrawal not only suppresses brain protection of previous treatment but causes deleterious effects in comparison with the lack of statin-linked protection at stroke onset.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305">30</a>The strengths of this study include that our study cohort was prospectively followed up and details could be acquired by a comprehensive review of their medical records, by telephone interviews and by face-to-face assessments with neurologists. Also, investigators who prescribed statins and those who verified the outcomes were blinded to the study. In our cohort, patients could receive statins regardless of having dyslipidemia. Many previous observational studies that investigated the effects of statins in stroke were biased due to the selection criteria of patients which compromises the impact of the study. Furthermore, we could perform detailed monitoring of multiple potential confounding factors in our research and rigorous definitions of outcomes were applied. We also compared different doses and types of statin treatments, which is different from many previous studies that just consider the patient “with or without statin”. Again, this paper provides the first evidence related to the use of statins in patients with CAD.This study has also some limitations that need to be acknowledged to better interpret the results. Although the incidence of CAD in the general population is low, the size of the group could have limited the analysis of the secondary outcomes of our study. Because our study is a single-center, hospital-based study, rather than a community-based study, it is unclear to what extent findings can be generalized. Nevertheless, there are no restrictions to be admitted to our hospital, and we included all consecutive cases admitted. Besides, the prospective and single-center design allowed us to collect information systematically and to uniformly verify both the qualifying event as well as follow-up information in all patients, which reduces the risk of information bias. The biases inherent in an observational study are also applicable to our research. However, conducting a randomized clinical trial would not currently be possible because of the already existing evidence of the benefit of statin therapy for stroke patients.ConclusionsThe etiology of stroke should always be considered for the adoption of effective secondary prevention strategies. The use of statins in patients with CAD-related ischemic stroke should be considered when aiming to improve functional outcomes. Good adherence to statin therapy, not interrupting treatment, is critical. Statins do not appear to interfere with the risk of stroke recurrence and major cardiovascular events. The recommendation to start on statin treatment after a stroke due to CAD needs to be investigated in further randomized clinical trials.FundingNone declared.Conflicts of interestThe authors declare that they have no competing interests." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:12 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1582916" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Background" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1424658" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1582915" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Introducción" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Discusión" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1424659" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Materials and methods" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Study design and cohort population" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Baseline measures and comorbidities" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Main outcomes measures" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Statistical analysis" ] ] ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 11 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2020-01-31" "fechaAceptado" => "2020-06-01" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1424658" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Statins" 1 => "Cervical artery dissection" 2 => "Ischaemic stroke" 3 => "Outcomes" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1424659" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Estatinas" 1 => "Disección arterial cervical" 2 => "Ictus isquémico" 3 => "Resultados" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "BackgroundStatin therapy has become one of the most important advances in stroke secondary prevention. Nevertheless, statin therapy in patients who present an ischemic stroke following cervical artery dissection (CAD) has not yet been supported by clinical evidence. This study aimed to investigate the effect of statins on neurological outcomes after a stroke due to CAD. MethodsWe conducted a prospective cohort study including consecutive patients diagnosed with a stroke due to CAD. Subjects were classified into non-statin, simvastatin 20mg, simvastatin 40mg, and high-potency statin groups. After 2 years, the functional outcome, stroke recurrence, major cardiovascular events, and mortality were assessed. ResultsAmong the 54 patients included in our cohort, there were 16 (29.6%) patients without statins, 22 (40.7%) with simvastatin 20mg, 12 (22.2%) with simvastatin 40mg and 4 (7.5%) with high-potency statins. Using simvastatin 40mg was associated with a significantly lower incidence of stroke recurrence. Patients with simvastatin 40mg and high-potency statins presented the best functional recovery throughout the follow-up (p<.01). DiscussionThe use of statins in patients with CAD-related stroke may improve functional outcomes in specific cases. Statins do not prevent stroke recurrence and major cardiovascular events in this type of stroke." "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Background" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "IntroducciónLa terapia con estatinas se ha convertido en uno de los avances más importantes en la prevención secundaria del ictus. Sin embargo, la terapia con estatinas en pacientes que presentan un ictus isquémico después de la disección arterial cervical (CAD) aún no ha sido respaldada por evidencia clínica. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar el efecto de las estatinas en los resultados neurológicos después de un ictus debido a CAD. MétodosRealizamos un estudio de cohorte prospectivo que incluyó pacientes consecutivos diagnosticados con un ictus debido a CAD. Los sujetos se clasificaron en: sin estatina, simvastatina 20mg, simvastatina 40mg y grupos de estatina de alta potencia. Después de 2 años se evaluaron el resultado funcional, la recurrencia del ictus, los principales eventos cardiovasculares y la mortalidad. ResultadosEntre los 54 pacientes incluidos en nuestra cohorte había 16 (29,6%) pacientes sin estatinas, 22 (40,7%) con simvastatina 20mg, 12 (22,2%) con simvastatina 40mg y 4 (7,5%) con estatinas de alta potencia. El uso de simvastatina 40mg se asoció con una incidencia significativamente menor de recurrencia de accidente cerebrovascular menor. Los pacientes con simvastatina 40mg y estatinas de alta potencia presentaron la mejor recuperación funcional durante todo el seguimiento (p<0,01). DiscusiónEl uso de estatinas en pacientes con ictus relacionado con CAD puede mejorar los resultados funcionales en casos específicos. Las estatinas no previenen la recurrencia del ictus y los principales eventos cardiovasculares en este tipo de ictus." "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Introducción" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Discusión" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:4 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1557 "Ancho" => 2175 "Tamanyo" => 203756 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Flow chart illustrating study design and number of patients." ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 769 "Ancho" => 1341 "Tamanyo" => 77009 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Functional outcome of patients over 2 years after ischemic stroke due to cervical artery dissection according to statin subgroups." ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total (n.o., %) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Without statin (no., %) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Simvastatin 20mg (no., %) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Simvastatin 40mg (no., %) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">High-potency statin (no., %) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p-Value \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Number \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">54 (100) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">16 (100) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">22 (100) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12 (100) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4 (100) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Age, years, mean, SD \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">44.4, 15.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">38.0, 13.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">48.2, 15.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">48.6, 11.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">48.7, 10.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Female sex \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">29 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Hypertension \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">25 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.81 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Diabetes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.23 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Coronary artery disease \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.96 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Previous stroke \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.23 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Dyslipidemia \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.97 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Smoking \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.77 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Alcohol abuse \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.46 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Congestive cardiac failure \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.94 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Thrombolysis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.17 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Anticoagulation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.19 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Antiplatelet therapy \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">40 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Carotid stenosis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.005 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">NIHSS, median, (min–max) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 (0–24) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6 (0–24) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 (0–21) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6 (0–20) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8 (2–18) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.69 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Early onset \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">N/A<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">*</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.61 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Previous use \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Good adherence \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">17 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">N/A \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.06 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Discontinuation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">N/A \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.51 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2711489.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0005" "etiqueta" => "*" "nota" => "Not applicable." ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Baseline and clinical characteristics of patients according to statin subgroups." ] ] 3 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at2" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Favorable functional outcomes</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Prevalence (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">OR (95% CI) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p-Value \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Without statin \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10 (29.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.97 (0.29–3.25) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.79 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Simvastatin 20mg \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12 (35.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.54 (0.17–1.67) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.43 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Simvastatin 40mg \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8 (23.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.23 (0.31–4.75) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.97 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">High-potency statin \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4 (11.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">*</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.29 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Previous use \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 (5.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">*</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.71 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Discontinuation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 (2.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.12 (0.01–0.98) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Early onset \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">14 (41.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.63 (0.50–5.29) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.59 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Good adherence \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">15 (44.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.10 (1.42–35.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.02 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2711488.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0010" "etiqueta" => "*" "nota" => "Impossible to calculate due to prevalence of 0% and/or 100%." ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Multivariable analysis of the independent clinical predictors of stroke recurrence and good functional outcome expressed in odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI)." ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:31 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0160" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Lipid management in the prevention of stroke: review and updated meta-analysis of statins for stroke prevention" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "P. Amarenco" 1 => "J. Labreuche" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70058-4" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Lancet Neurol" "fecha" => "2009" "volumen" => "8" "paginaInicial" => "453" "paginaFinal" => "463" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19375663" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0165" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Statins for acute ischemic stroke" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "A. Squizzato" 1 => "E. Romualdi" 2 => "F. Dentali" 3 => "W. Ageno" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1002/14651858.CD007551.pub2" "Revista" => array:3 [ "tituloSerie" => "Cochrane Database Syst Rev" "fecha" => "2011" "paginaInicial" => "CD007551" ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0170" "etiqueta" => "3" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Statins in ischemic stroke prevention: what have we learned in the post-SPARCL (The Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels) Decade?" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "L. Castilla-Guerra" 1 => "M. del Carmen Fernandez-Moreno" 2 => "D. Leon-Jimenez" 3 => "M.A. Rico-Corral" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s11940-019-0563-4" "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Curr Treat Options Neurol" "fecha" => "2019" "volumen" => "21" "paginaInicial" => "22" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30957208" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0175" "etiqueta" => "4" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Advancements in understanding the mechanisms of symptomatic lacunar ischemic stroke: translation of knowledge to prevention strategies" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "A. Arboix" 1 => "L. Blanco-Rojas" 2 => "J.L. Martí-Vilalta" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1586/14737175.2014.884926" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Expert Rev Neurother" "fecha" => "2014" "volumen" => "14" "paginaInicial" => "261" "paginaFinal" => "276" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24490992" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0180" "etiqueta" => "5" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Cervical arterial dissections and association with cervical manipulative therapy: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "J. Biller" 1 => "R.L. Sacco" 2 => "F.C. Albuquerque" 3 => "B.M. Demaerschalk" 4 => "P. Fayad" 5 => "P.H.. 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Original article

Effectiveness of statins in patients with stroke due to cervical artery dissection: A preliminary study

Efectividad de las estatinas en pacientes con ictus debido a disección arterial cervical: un estudio preliminar

Bruno Kusznir Vitturi

Corresponding author

z_azul@hotmail.com

Corresponding author.

, Rubens José Gagliardi

Department of Neurology, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, Dr. Cesário Motta Júnior Street 112, 01221-020 São Paulo, Brazil

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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Statin therapy has become the most important advance in stroke prevention since the introduction of aspirin and blood pressure-lowering therapies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Some clinical trials have evaluated the efficacy and safety of statins after a stroke and their positive results led to an increase in the use of statins for these patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Nevertheless&#44; patients with stroke due to cervical artery dissection &#40;CAD&#41; were never included in most of these studies&#46; In secondary prevention of stroke&#44; statins are highly recommended for patients with atherothrombotic stroke &#40;class I&#44; level A&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> and with lacunar stroke&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Currently&#44; statin therapy in patients with CAD has not been supported by clinical evidence yet&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The heterogeneity of stroke subtypes is also important to guide stroke treatment&#46; Ischemic stroke is the most common type of secondary brain vascular disease in CAD patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> CAD accounts for only 1&#8211;2&#37; of all ischemic strokes&#44; but in young and middle-aged people it accounts for 10&#8211;25&#37; of strokes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Recently&#44; the prevalence of CAD has attracted increasing clinical attention due to the continuous development of imaging technologies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Therefore&#44; clarifying whether statins are beneficial in patients with CAD would assist with a common management dilemma&#46; Based on this knowledge&#44; we investigated the effect of statins for secondary prevention in stroke due to CAD&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Materials and methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Study design and cohort population</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We carried out a prospective cohort study composed of consecutive patients admitted to the Department of Neurology of a university-affiliated&#44; tertiary referral hospital&#44; who were under regular clinical follow-up between January 2014 and August 2018&#46; Patients aged 18 years or older with a first-ever ischemic stroke due to CAD were considered eligible for the study&#46; Stroke was defined by World Health Organization criteria as a sudden focal neurologic deficit persisting longer than 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h and confirmed by brain CT or MRI&#46; Imaging evidence of dissection had to be by MRI or magnetic resonance angiography&#44; CT angiography&#44; or intra-arterial angiography&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We excluded patients who used other lipid-lowering drugs and those that were followed up for &#60;24 months for any reason&#46; Patients were followed up by telephone interviews and face-to-face assessments in the outpatient department for a period of 2 years&#46; The interviews were conducted by senior neurologists who were completely blinded to the study&#46; All participants provided written informed consent before inclusion and the research protocol was approved by our local ethics committee&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Baseline measures and comorbidities</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Baseline characteristics of stroke patients were recorded on admission&#46; When the patient was discharged&#44; information about stroke subtype&#44; treatment in hospital&#44; complications&#44; laboratory tests&#44; and CT and&#47;or MRI findings were recorded&#46; The data collectors were not aware of the study&#46; Stroke severity was measured using the NIH Stroke Scale &#40;NIHSS&#41; score on hospital admission&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Statins were prescribed without consideration of the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level&#46; Consecutive patients were distinguished into 4 groups according to the particularities of statin therapy&#46; One group consisted of patients receiving simvastatin 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg per day and another group&#44; receiving simvastatin 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg per day&#46; Patients receiving atorvastatin 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg per day or rosuvastatin 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg per day were regarded as receiving high-intensity statin therapy&#46; The high-potency statin group was defined by patients who have prescribed a dose and type of statin that was expected to reduce the initial low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level &#62;50&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Patients who did not use statins were included in a separate group as well&#46; Statin use onset was registered for each patient&#46; Previous statin treatment referred to regular use of statins at least 1 month before the stroke&#46; Treatment in the acute phase was defined as statins initiated within 72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h after stroke onset and late-onset treatment were defined as when it was initiated 3 days after stroke onset&#46; Adherence to statin treatment was evaluated using the 8-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale &#40;MMAS-8&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> Total scores range from 0 to 8 and patients were considered adherent only with scores greater than 6&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Main outcomes measures</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The individuals were followed until death or until 2 years after the stroke onset&#46; If no clinical evaluation could be performed during this period&#44; first the patient was searched in the National Registry of Death to detect a possible death before being excluded from the analysis&#46; The primary outcome was the post-stroke functional limitations&#44; which were assessed using the modified Rankin Scale &#40;mRS&#41; at 7 days&#44; 30 days&#44; 6 months and 2 years after hospital admission for ischemic stroke&#46; An unfavorable outcome was defined as an mRS score &#8805;3 and a favorable outcome was defined as mRS score &#8804;2&#46; Each patient had the mRS calculated by two different doctors&#44; one of whom was blind to the study&#46; In case of discrepancy&#44; the opinion of the head of the stroke outpatient clinic was consulted&#46; Secondary outcomes included all-cause mortality&#44; stroke recurrence &#40;ischemic or hemorrhagic&#41; and major cardiovascular events&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Categorical variables were analyzed using the chi-square test or Fisher&#39;s exact test and differences in continuous variables were assessed using the Student&#39;s <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>-test &#40;parametric test&#41; or the Mann&#8211;Whitney test &#40;non-parametric test&#41;&#46; Odds ratios &#40;ORs&#41; were derived from a multivariable logistic regression with each outcome categorized by statin exposure&#46; Confounding variables included age&#44; sex&#44; stroke severity&#44; medications&#44; smoking&#44; and other comorbidities&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> The limit for significance was set at 2-tailed <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#46; All analyses were conducted using SPSS&#44; version 23&#46;0&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Results</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The crude cohort consisted of 523 patients of all stroke types&#46; After the etiological investigation&#44; 61 were classified as CAD-related strokes&#46; We sequentially excluded 7 patients who fulfilled the exclusion criteria or lost of follow-up &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; Finally&#44; data from 54 patients were analyzed &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; There were no differences in baseline characteristics between participants and those patients who were lost to follow-up&#46; The mean age of the participants was 44&#46;4 &#40;SD 15&#46;3&#41; years and 29 &#40;53&#46;7&#37;&#41; were female&#46; There were 16 &#40;29&#46;6&#37;&#41; patients without statins&#44; 22 &#40;40&#46;7&#37;&#41; with simvastatin 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#44; 12 &#40;22&#46;2&#37;&#41; with simvastatin 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg and 4 &#40;7&#46;5&#37;&#41; with high-potency statins&#46; Most enrolled patients were pre-stroke statin non-users &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>52&#44; 96&#46;3&#37;&#41;&#46; Only 20 &#40;37&#46;0&#37;&#41; of subjects begun statin treatment at stroke onset&#46; Among statin users&#44; there were 5 &#40;13&#46;1&#37;&#41; cases of statin withdrawal and 17 &#40;44&#46;7&#37;&#41; patients presented satisfactory adherence to the treatment&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There was no registered death during follow-up and 3 patients had major cardiovascular events &#40;one using simvastatin 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg and others simvastatin 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#41;&#46; There was no case of hemorrhagic stroke as well&#46; Concerning recurrent stroke&#44; 4 patients had a recurrence &#40;2 from the nonstatin group&#44; 1 from the simvastatin 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg group&#44; and 1 from the simvastatin 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#41; during follow-up&#46; A detailed description of the profile of the patient who had another stroke is represented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#46; The median mRS was 2 and 34 &#40;63&#46;0&#37;&#41; had a favorable functional outcome&#46; There were no statistical differences related to the therapeutic response to statins &#40;risk of recurrence and functional performance&#41; considering sex and the presence of hypertension&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients who received high-potency statins presented significant lower mRS &#40;0&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;0&#41; at the end of 2-years after stroke compared to those without statins &#40;2&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;1&#41; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;02&#41;&#46; Besides&#44; those who received simvastatin 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg had the best long-term functional recovery compared to other subgroups &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;01&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; Discontinuing statin therapy was associated with increased odds of having a poor functional outcome &#40;OR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;12&#44; 0&#46;01&#8211;0&#46;98&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;01&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46; Furthermore&#44; patients that presented a satisfactory adherence to treatment were more likely to have a good functional outcome &#40;OR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#46;10&#44; 1&#46;42&#8211;35&#46;5&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;02&#41;&#46; There were no differences among the statin subgroups concerning the incidence of recurrent stroke or major cardiovascular events&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Discussion</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Various aspects of the beneficial effect of statin therapy in patients with previous stroke have been previously reported&#46; However&#44; it should be noted that patients in statins clinical studies were primarily at risk of atherosclerotic carotid or coronary vascular disease&#46; In the Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels &#40;SPARCL&#41; trial&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> patients with CAD were not necessarily included and therefore the benefits of statin therapy should not be generalized to nonatherosclerotic stroke patients&#46; Other several observational studies have also shown a beneficial effect of statin therapy on stroke recurrence&#44; mortality&#44; and functional outcome in patients with acute ischemic stroke&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> However&#44; these studies included patients with all stroke subtypes&#46; As a consequence&#44; currently&#44; it is not clear whether patients who suffered a stroke due to CAD should be treated with a statin&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> There are no randomized controlled trials or observational studies dedicated to assessing the role of statins in secondary prevention of stroke after CAD&#46; It is reckless and irresponsible to reflexively initiate statin therapy in all patients with stroke without first carefully considering the potential risks and benefits to the individual&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> The results from the present study may shed light on this question&#46; Defining whether it is beneficial to prescribe statins for CAD patients can either save them from the costs and adverse effects of medication or ensure that they take advantage of the effects already evident in patients with other types of stroke&#46; Also&#44; our study allows us to describe for the first time the statin prescription pattern for these patients&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Long-term treatment with statin improves stroke outcomes&#44; even though hypercholesterolemia is not a strong risk factor for stroke&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> An explanation for this apparent paradox is becoming clear as the role of statins on neuroprotection is being elucidated&#46; This group of drugs is proven to exert multidirectional effects&#44; and theoretically&#44; they could have effects both at the site of the vessel where there was the dissection and in the region of the brain victim of the infarction&#44; as statins interfere with reactive oxygen species development&#44; clot formation&#44; endothelial function&#44; and brain plasticity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;16</span></a> Therefore&#44; despite the primary interest and research in statin therapy being about the atherosclerotic pathomechanism of stroke&#44; there has been emerging evidence of potential beneficial effects of this group of drugs in patients with stroke of various etiologies&#46; Even so&#44; it is not so unusual that CAD is accompanied by atherosclerosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> Previous studies have also suggested a potential role of statins and dyslipidemia in arterial vascular wall diseases&#46; Stein et al&#46; comprehensively analyzed 1560 patients with thoracic aortic aneurysms in 2013 and noted that statins played a positive role in the prognosis of aortic aneurysms&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> Yamada et al&#46; demonstrated that dyslipidemia is implicated in the vascular repair of cervical artery dissection&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a></p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding post-stroke functional impairment&#44; our results are in agreement with previous studies that showed that statin therapy at stroke onset is associated with improved functional outcomes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> This is the first study that proves that statin can be beneficial for CAD-related stroke patients&#46; Furthermore&#44; high-intensity statin and high dosages of simvastatin proved to be the most effective treatment modality in reducing long-term functional limitations&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> Particularly&#44; simvastatin in double dose showed the greatest ability to recover functional gain in these population&#46; There were no differences in baseline clinical characteristics that may have influenced stroke prognosis&#46; Therefore&#44; reinforced by multivariate analysis&#44; the most logical explanation for the observed difference in neurological outcomes between the groups is the effect of statins&#46; In addition&#44; the functional outcome after CAD does not seem to be better than in other types of ischemic strokes in young individuals&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> which strengthens the importance of our finding&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our study&#44; statins were ineffective in preventing cardiovascular events or stroke recurrence&#46; A possible reason comes from that recurrent ischemic event in the CAD stroke population is rare&#46; The rate of ischemic recurrences has been estimated to be between 0&#37; and 13&#46;3&#37; at 1 year&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23&#44;24</span></a> Thus&#44; the continuous use of statins for 2 years would not be justified &#40;and would not be cost-effective&#41; due to the inherently low risk of stroke recurrence&#46; Moreover&#44; a common assumption is that patients with CAD have few or no vascular risk factors<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> and this would limit the range of action of these drugs in preventing new thromboembolic phenomena&#46; Some studies have already proved that the prognosis of stroke patients can differ according to sex and the presence of systemic arterial hypertension&#44; the main risk factor for stroke&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26&#44;27</span></a> In our study&#44; there were no statistical differences related to the therapeutic response to statins considering these two variables&#46; One possible explanation comes from the size of our sample&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our study has also shown that only proper and continuous use of statins can offer any benefit in patients with stroke after CAD&#46; This is in line with previous studies that demonstrated that the suboptimal use of statin in all stroke patients could interrupt the beneficial effects&#46; A recent prospective study demonstrated that adherent use of statin had substantial long-term benefits on the prevention of adverse events after acute ischemic stroke&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> This is especially important due to the high unsatisfactory adherence rate observed&#44; which is consistent with the rates of a recent study&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> Besides&#44; we observed that statin therapy discontinuation may imply an increased risk of poor functional outcomes&#46; Indeed&#44; statin withdrawal was already associated with increased risk of early neurological deterioration&#44; dependency after stroke and all-cause mortality&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30&#44;31</span></a> Blanco et al&#46; indicated that statin withdrawal not only suppresses brain protection of previous treatment but causes deleterious effects in comparison with the lack of statin-linked protection at stroke onset&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a></p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The strengths of this study include that our study cohort was prospectively followed up and details could be acquired by a comprehensive review of their medical records&#44; by telephone interviews and by face-to-face assessments with neurologists&#46; Also&#44; investigators who prescribed statins and those who verified the outcomes were blinded to the study&#46; In our cohort&#44; patients could receive statins regardless of having dyslipidemia&#46; Many previous observational studies that investigated the effects of statins in stroke were biased due to the selection criteria of patients which compromises the impact of the study&#46; Furthermore&#44; we could perform detailed monitoring of multiple potential confounding factors in our research and rigorous definitions of outcomes were applied&#46; We also compared different doses and types of statin treatments&#44; which is different from many previous studies that just consider the patient &#8220;with or without statin&#8221;&#46; Again&#44; this paper provides the first evidence related to the use of statins in patients with CAD&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study has also some limitations that need to be acknowledged to better interpret the results&#46; Although the incidence of CAD in the general population is low&#44; the size of the group could have limited the analysis of the secondary outcomes of our study&#46; Because our study is a single-center&#44; hospital-based study&#44; rather than a community-based study&#44; it is unclear to what extent findings can be generalized&#46; Nevertheless&#44; there are no restrictions to be admitted to our hospital&#44; and we included all consecutive cases admitted&#46; Besides&#44; the prospective and single-center design allowed us to collect information systematically and to uniformly verify both the qualifying event as well as follow-up information in all patients&#44; which reduces the risk of information bias&#46; The biases inherent in an observational study are also applicable to our research&#46; However&#44; conducting a randomized clinical trial would not currently be possible because of the already existing evidence of the benefit of statin therapy for stroke patients&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Conclusions</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The etiology of stroke should always be considered for the adoption of effective secondary prevention strategies&#46; The use of statins in patients with CAD-related ischemic stroke should be considered when aiming to improve functional outcomes&#46; Good adherence to statin therapy&#44; not interrupting treatment&#44; is critical&#46; Statins do not appear to interfere with the risk of stroke recurrence and major cardiovascular events&#46; The recommendation to start on statin treatment after a stroke due to CAD needs to be investigated in further randomized clinical trials&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Funding</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no competing interests&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "titulo" => "Abstract"
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          "titulo" => "Resumen"
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          "titulo" => "Introduction"
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          "titulo" => "Materials and methods"
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              "titulo" => "Study design and cohort population"
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              "titulo" => "Baseline measures and comorbidities"
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              "titulo" => "Main outcomes measures"
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    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2020-01-31"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2020-06-01"
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          "clase" => "keyword"
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          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Statins"
            1 => "Cervical artery dissection"
            2 => "Ischaemic stroke"
            3 => "Outcomes"
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        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
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          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Estatinas"
            1 => "Disecci&#243;n arterial cervical"
            2 => "Ictus isqu&#233;mico"
            3 => "Resultados"
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    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Background</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Statin therapy has become one of the most important advances in stroke secondary prevention&#46; Nevertheless&#44; statin therapy in patients who present an ischemic stroke following cervical artery dissection &#40;CAD&#41; has not yet been supported by clinical evidence&#46; This study aimed to investigate the effect of statins on neurological outcomes after a stroke due to CAD&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We conducted a prospective cohort study including consecutive patients diagnosed with a stroke due to CAD&#46; Subjects were classified into non-statin&#44; simvastatin 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#44; simvastatin 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#44; and high-potency statin groups&#46; After 2 years&#44; the functional outcome&#44; stroke recurrence&#44; major cardiovascular events&#44; and mortality were assessed&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Among the 54 patients included in our cohort&#44; there were 16 &#40;29&#46;6&#37;&#41; patients without statins&#44; 22 &#40;40&#46;7&#37;&#41; with simvastatin 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#44; 12 &#40;22&#46;2&#37;&#41; with simvastatin 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg and 4 &#40;7&#46;5&#37;&#41; with high-potency statins&#46; Using simvastatin 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg was associated with a significantly lower incidence of stroke recurrence&#46; Patients with simvastatin 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg and high-potency statins presented the best functional recovery throughout the follow-up &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;01&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Discussion</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The use of statins in patients with CAD-related stroke may improve functional outcomes in specific cases&#46; Statins do not prevent stroke recurrence and major cardiovascular events in this type of stroke&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
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            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Background"
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          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "Methods"
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          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0015"
            "titulo" => "Results"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La terapia con estatinas se ha convertido en uno de los avances m&#225;s importantes en la prevenci&#243;n secundaria del ictus&#46; Sin embargo&#44; la terapia con estatinas en pacientes que presentan un ictus isqu&#233;mico despu&#233;s de la disecci&#243;n arterial cervical &#40;CAD&#41; a&#250;n no ha sido respaldada por evidencia cl&#237;nica&#46; Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar el efecto de las estatinas en los resultados neurol&#243;gicos despu&#233;s de un ictus debido a CAD&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Realizamos un estudio de cohorte prospectivo que incluy&#243; pacientes consecutivos diagnosticados con un ictus debido a CAD&#46; Los sujetos se clasificaron en&#58; sin estatina&#44; simvastatina 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#44; simvastatina 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg y grupos de estatina de alta potencia&#46; Despu&#233;s de 2 a&#241;os se evaluaron el resultado funcional&#44; la recurrencia del ictus&#44; los principales eventos cardiovasculares y la mortalidad&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Entre los 54 pacientes incluidos en nuestra cohorte hab&#237;a 16 &#40;29&#44;6&#37;&#41; pacientes sin estatinas&#44; 22 &#40;40&#44;7&#37;&#41; con simvastatina 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#44; 12 &#40;22&#44;2&#37;&#41; con simvastatina 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg y 4 &#40;7&#44;5&#37;&#41; con estatinas de alta potencia&#46; El uso de simvastatina 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg se asoci&#243; con una incidencia significativamente menor de recurrencia de accidente cerebrovascular menor&#46; Los pacientes con simvastatina 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg y estatinas de alta potencia presentaron la mejor recuperaci&#243;n funcional durante todo el seguimiento &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;01&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Discusi&#243;n</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El uso de estatinas en pacientes con ictus relacionado con CAD puede mejorar los resultados funcionales en casos espec&#237;ficos&#46; Las estatinas no previenen la recurrencia del ictus y los principales eventos cardiovasculares en este tipo de ictus&#46;</p></span>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Functional outcome of patients over 2 years after ischemic stroke due to cervical artery dissection according to statin subgroups&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total &#40;n&#46;o&#46;&#44; &#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Without statin &#40;no&#46;&#44; &#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Simvastatin 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg &#40;no&#46;&#44; &#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Simvastatin 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg &#40;no&#46;&#44; &#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">High-potency statin &#40;no&#46;&#44; &#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-Value&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Number&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">54 &#40;100&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">16 &#40;100&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">22 &#40;100&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12 &#40;100&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;100&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Age&#44; years&#44; mean&#44; SD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">44&#46;4&#44; 15&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">38&#46;0&#44; 13&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">48&#46;2&#44; 15&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">48&#46;6&#44; 11&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">48&#46;7&#44; 10&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Female sex&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">29&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Hypertension&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;81&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Diabetes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;23&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Coronary artery disease&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;96&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Previous stroke&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;23&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Dyslipidemia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;97&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Smoking&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;77&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Alcohol abuse&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;46&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Congestive cardiac failure&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;94&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Thrombolysis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Anticoagulation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Antiplatelet therapy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Carotid stenosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;005&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NIHSS&#44; median&#44; &#40;min&#8211;max&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;0&#8211;24&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6 &#40;0&#8211;24&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;0&#8211;21&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6 &#40;0&#8211;20&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8 &#40;2&#8211;18&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;69&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Early onset&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">N&#47;A<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;61&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Previous use&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Good adherence&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">N&#47;A&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Discontinuation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">N&#47;A&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;51&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab2711489.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          "notaPie" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0005"
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        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Baseline and clinical characteristics of patients according to statin subgroups&#46;</p>"
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      3 => array:8 [
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            "identificador" => "at2"
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            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Favorable functional outcomes</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Prevalence &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">OR &#40;95&#37; CI&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-Value&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Without statin&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;97 &#40;0&#46;29&#8211;3&#46;25&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Simvastatin 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">12 &#40;35&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;54 &#40;0&#46;17&#8211;1&#46;67&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Simvastatin 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">8 &#40;23&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;97&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">High-potency statin&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;11&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;29&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;5&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Discontinuation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;2&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;12 &#40;0&#46;01&#8211;0&#46;98&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">14 &#40;41&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;63 &#40;0&#46;50&#8211;5&#46;29&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">15 &#40;44&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;10 &#40;1&#46;42&#8211;35&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Lipid management in the prevention of stroke&#58; review and updated meta-analysis of statins for stroke prevention"
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
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                        "paginaFinal" => "463"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
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                      "titulo" => "Statins for acute ischemic stroke"
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "A&#46; Squizzato"
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                      "doi" => "10.1002/14651858.CD007551.pub2"
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                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
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                      "titulo" => "Statins in ischemic stroke prevention&#58; what have we learned in the post-SPARCL &#40;The Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels&#41; Decade&#63;"
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
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                      "titulo" => "Advancements in understanding the mechanisms of symptomatic lacunar ischemic stroke&#58; translation of knowledge to prevention strategies"
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                          "etal" => false
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                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
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                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
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                            1 => "Z&#46; Liu"
                            2 => "C&#46; Luo"
                            3 => "L&#46; Chen"
                            4 => "X&#46; Hou"
                            5 => "Xiao Li&#46;"
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Article information

ISSN: 23870206
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.medcle.2020.06.060

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