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Letter to the Editor
Acute necro-hemorrhagic pancreatitis during SARS-CoV-2 infection
Pancreatitis aguda necrohemorrágica durante la infección por SARS-CoV-2
María José Arche Banzo
Corresponding author
mariajosearchebanzo@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Almudena Matute Guerrero, Sandra Herrero García
Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">COVID-19 has affected more than 145 million people worldwide&#44; with more than three million deaths to date&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The most common presentation is respiratory involvement&#44; although an increasing number of studies reveal the association of systemic effects&#44; including gastrointestinal&#44; pancreatic and biliary involvement&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We report a case of acute pancreatitis related to COVID-19&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Case</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 63-year-old woman&#44; with a history of high blood pressure &#40;HBP&#41;&#44; overweight&#44; dyslipidaemia&#44; and type II diabetes mellitus &#40;DM&#41;&#44; with a positive polymerase chain reaction &#40;PCR&#41; for SARS-CoV-2&#46; She went to the emergency department after presenting with progressive dyspnoea&#46; With a diagnosis of bilateral pneumonia&#44; she was admitted to the ward and received treatment with dexamethasone and remdesivir&#46; The patient&#39;s breathing worsened&#44; and she was admitted to the Intensive Care Unit &#40;ICU&#41;&#44; where orotracheal intubation was performed and prone-supine manoeuvres were started&#46; In addition&#44; hyperimmune plasma and tocilizumab were added to the treatment&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After an initially good respiratory progression&#44; on the 12th&#176; day of admission to the ICU the patient experienced a distributive <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">shock</span>&#46; On examination&#44; she had abdominal distension&#44; absence of peristalsis and a feeling of fullness in the epigastrium&#46; An emergency computed tomography &#40;CT&#41; scan was performed&#44; which showed the presence of pneumoperitoneum and changes suggestive of acute pancreatitis in the pancreatic uncinate process&#46; Amylase and lipase levels were normal &#40;37 IU&#47;L and 42 IU&#47;L&#44; respectively&#41;&#46; An emergency exploratory laparotomy was performed and necro-haemorrhagic pancreatitis in an advanced stage of development was confirmed&#46; During the following hours&#44; the patient developed progressive haemodynamic instability and multi-organ failure&#46; Finally&#44; she passed away 12&#8201;h later&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Infectious pancreatitis is a rare entity&#44; caused mainly by hepatotropic viruses&#44; mumps virus&#44; cytomegalovirus &#40;CMV&#41;&#44; coxsackie B&#44; human immunodeficiency virus &#40;HIV&#41;&#44; varicella zoster virus &#40;VZV&#41; and&#44; less frequently&#44; influenza A&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Acute pancreatitis in COVID-19 patients has been rarely reported&#46; Our patient presented bilateral pneumonia with acute respiratory distress syndrome &#40;ARDS&#41; &#40;PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#47;FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#8201;&#60;&#8201;200&#41; and concomitant acute necro-haemorrhagic pancreatitis&#46; The diagnosis of pancreatitis was based on imaging tests and direct visualization through exploratory laparotomy&#46; The usual aetiologies of acute pancreatitis were ruled out&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">SARS-CoV-2 is introduced into host cells through binding of its peak protein &#40;S&#41; to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 &#40;ACE2&#41;&#44; expressed on the surface of cells in multiple sites&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The pathophysiology of gastrointestinal damage in COVID-19 is probably multifactorial&#58; direct virus-mediated tissue damage is plausible&#44; given the presence of ACE2 in glandular cells of the digestive system&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a> also&#44; the histopathological evidence of diffuse inflammation and mesenteric ischemia suggest the existence of lesions in the microvascularization of the digestive tract&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding pancreatic injury&#44; ACE2 expression in pancreatic cells may be slightly higher than in respiratory epithelial cells&#44; both in exocrine regions and in endocrine pancreatic islets&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in a pancreatic pseudocyst fluid sample in a patient with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia and acute pancreatitis has even been reported&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Cases of acute pancreatic injury have been reported in COVID-19 patients&#44; among others&#44; the study published by Liu et al&#46;&#44; reported that 17&#46;9&#37; and 16&#46;4&#37; of patients had increased levels of amylase and lipase&#44; respectively&#44; and only 7&#46;46&#37; showed pancreatic changes on computed tomography &#40;CT&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The temporal association between acute pancreatitis and COVID-19 is strongly indicative of SARS-CoV-2-induced injury&#46; Our patient received treatment with remdesivir and tocilizumab&#44; of which no adverse effects related to severe acute pancreatitis have been described so far in the SmPC&#44; as well as high-dose corticosteroid therapy&#46; The possibility of attributing some causality to drugs should not be underestimated&#46; The presence of pneumoperitoneum on CT raised the diagnostic hypothesis of complicated diverticulitis&#44; a clinical entity described in patients who have received treatment with tocilizumab&#46; It was finally ruled out by exploratory laparotomy&#46; The origin of the pneumoperitoneum was not found&#46; The possible presence of anaerobic&#44; gas-producing microorganisms was considered&#44; but this was not confirmed because intraoperative cultures were not obtained&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Most reported cases have been diagnosed within a moderate or severe disease process&#44; suggesting that the pathophysiology of pancreatitis could be based on a systemic inflammatory response rather than a direct cytopathological effect caused by SARS-CoV-2&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Funding</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This article has not received any type of funding&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Conflict of interests</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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ISSN: 23870206
Original language: English
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es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos