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Original article
Effectiveness and safety of tacrolimus treatment for IgA nephropathy: A prospective cohort study
Efectividad y seguridad del tratamiento con tacrólimus para la nefropatía por IgA: estudio de cohorte prospectivo
Zhipeng Yana, Jiang Wanga,b, Tianlun Huanga, Xin Liua, Li Wanga, Gaosi Xua,
Corresponding author
gaosixu@163.com

Corresponding author.
a Department of Nephrology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, China
b Department of Hemodialysis, JiuJiang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">IgA &#40;Immunoglobulin A&#41; nephropathy&#44; the most common primary glomerulonephritis in the world<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> and a common cause of hematuria&#44; is an autoimmune disease&#46; Regarding its pathogenesis&#44; it is generally believed that serum IgA of structure is abnormal in IgA nephropathy patients&#44; which causes the body to be unable to be cleared normally&#44; and abnormal IgA circulates deposits in the mesangial region to form immune complexes&#44; finally&#44; the immune response causes the production of inflammatory factors and activation of complement damages the glomerulus&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;4</span></a> Like many autoimmune diseases&#44; IgA nephrology also has many pathological types&#44; such as mildly diseased glomerulonephritis and focal proliferative glomerulonephritis&#46; However&#44; the Oxford classification of IgA nephropathy is now widely accepted to guide clinical practice&#44; it Mainly include pathological indicators&#58; mesangial hypercellularity&#44; segmental glomerulosclerosis&#44; endocapillary hypercellularity&#44; tubular atrophy or interstitial fibrosis&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> whether we can choose different treatment options based on different pathological types is still unclear&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is still difficult to reach a unified opinion in the treatment of IgA nephropathy in the kidney field&#46; In the 2012 KDIGO guidelines&#44; it was mentioned that corticosteroid therapy can be considered for IgA nephropathy patients with proteinuria<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; if supportive treatment failed&#46; However&#44; a randomized clinical trial has found that oral methylprednisolone &#40;0&#46;6&#8211;0&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;d&#41; was increased risk of serious adverse events after 6 months of treatment&#44; especially infections&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Fortunately&#44; another randomized controlled trial conducted by Liu and colleagues&#44; hydroxychloroquine was found to be effective compared to placebo in the treatment of IgA nephropathy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> In order to improve the prognosis of IgA nephropathy patients&#44; we still need more treatment strategies to delay its progression to end-stage renal disease&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this prospective study&#44; we designed to explore the effectiveness and safety of tacrolimus compare to full-dose glucocorticoid for treatment of IgA nephropathy patients&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Methods</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This prospective cohort study was conducted at a single center&#44; department of Nephrology&#44; the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University&#44; Jiangxi Province&#44; China&#46; All patients enrolled from July 1&#44; 2019 to December 31&#44; 2019&#46; Before starting treatment&#44; we have obtained the patient&#39;s written informed consent and the approval of the Ethics Committee of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University &#40;No 2019YNLZ12008&#41;&#46; Patients have understood the potential risks associated with all the medications they would receive&#46;</p><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Study design and population</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Main criteria for trial inclusion&#58; &#40;1&#41; age of 18&#8211;60 years&#59; &#40;2&#41; biopsy-proven IgA nephropathy within 4 weeks before enrollment&#59; &#40;3&#41; receiving the maximum tolerated dose of RAAS inhibitor for at least 1 months&#44; and 24-h urinary protein excretion still exceeded 2&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;d&#59; &#40;4&#41; estimated glomerular filtration rate &#40;eGFR&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL&#47;min&#47;1&#46;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> &#40;calculated by Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration creatinine equation&#41;&#46; Then&#44; the primary excluded criteria were as follows&#58; &#40;1&#41; current or planned pregnancy or lacation&#44; life-threatening complication&#44; and contraindications for TAC or GC therapy&#59; &#40;2&#41; eGFR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL&#47;min&#47;1&#46;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#59; &#40;3&#41; 24-h urinary protein excretion<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g on 2 consecutive measurements within 1 week&#59; &#40;4&#41; crescentic IgA nephropathy by biopsy-proven &#40;Pathology suggests that percentage of cellular or fibrocellular crescent glomeruli<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30&#37;&#41;&#59; &#40;4&#41; malignancy diabetes mellitus&#44; systemic lupus erythematosus&#44; or any other systemic disease known to be associated with secondary IgA nephropathy&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Treatment procedures</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The design called for an initial 6-months&#44; prospective study&#46; Fifty patients were assigned to receive oral tacrolimus or glucocorticoid at 1&#58;1&#46;5&#46; In the tacrolimus group&#44; patients received tacrolimus according to a dosage of 0&#46;05<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg per day &#40;no more than 0&#46;15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg per day&#41;&#44; and divided into two equal doses every 12-h&#44; according to 3&#8211;6ng&#47;mL to adjust the dose of the whole blood target concentration during 6 months of treatment&#46; Besides&#44; glucocorticoid was initially administered at 15&#8211;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg daily for 4 months in the tacrolimus group&#44; then the daily dose was 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg until the end of the trial&#46; In the glucocorticoid group&#44; patients received glucocorticoid at a dose of 0&#46;8&#8211;1&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg per day&#47;kg in initial 2 months&#44; then decreased by 20&#37; every month for the next 4 months&#46; During the 6 months of treatment&#44; RAAS inhibitor&#44; &#946;-blockers&#44; calcium channel blockers was allowed to treat patients with hypertension &#40;systolic blood pressure<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>140<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg or diastolic blood pressure<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#41;&#46; Serum creatinine was higher than 30&#37; of the basic level&#44; the dose of tacrolimus needs to be reduced aid to drop the whole blood target concentration&#44; which was generally reduced by half for the second time every day&#44; if serum creatinine was still elevated&#44; the trial would to be terminated&#46; Patient visits were assessed at baseline and months 2&#44; 4 and 6&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Endpoints</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The primary endpoint was the rate of complete remission after 6 months treatment&#44; and secondary endpoints included the rate of complete remission at 2&#44; 4 months&#44; the rate of remission &#40;complete and partial remission&#41; at 2&#44; 4&#44; 6 months and relapse rate&#46; Creatinine level was included in the exploratory analysis&#46; Clinical laboratory testing as well as from the start of treatment to follow-up recording of adverse events incidence and severity to assess safety&#46; Complete remission &#40;CR&#41; was a 24-h urine protein excretion &#8804;0&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#44; and the serum creatinine level was stable &#40;defined as not<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30&#37; above the baseline&#41;&#46; Partial remission &#40;PR&#41; was 24-h urine protein excretion &#62;0&#46;4 and &#8804;1&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#44; and the serum creatinine level stabilized&#46; No response was the 24-h urine protein excretion<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#46; Relapse was the remission followed by 24-h urine protein excretion<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g on 2 consecutive measurements within one week&#46; Renal insufficiency was that serum creatinine level from baseline elevated at<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30&#37;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All analyzes were exploratory&#46; All participants who receive any dose of treatment were included in the safety population and analysis&#46; The effectiveness and safety presented analysis was based on participants receiving tacrolimus treatment compared to participants receiving full-dose glucocorticoid treatment&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>standard deviation and median with interquartile range &#40;IQR&#41; were used for continuous variables&#46; Chi-square test or Fisher exact tests was used for categorical variables&#46; Creatinine levels from baseline to 6 months were using paired <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>-test&#46; The exact method was used to estimate binomial confidence intervals &#40;CI&#41;&#46; Survival data were analyzed by the Kaplan&#8211;Meier&#44; and the two-groups difference was compared using log-rank test&#46; The missing main result data was filled by making a final observation&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The reported <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> value was bidirectional&#44; and a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> value<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05 was defined as statistically significant&#46; All data were used SPSS &#40;version 26&#46;0&#41; software and GraphPad Prism &#40;version 8&#46;0&#41; software to analyze&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Results</span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Participants of baseline characteristics</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">From July 1&#44; 2019 to December 31&#44; 2019&#44; a total of 50 patients were recruited &#40;twenty participants allocated in the tacrolimus group and thirty participants allocated in the GC group&#41;&#46; Two participants in the tacrolimus group and three participants in the glucocorticoid group discontinued the intervention &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>A&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The baseline characteristics of the two groups were basically similar &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; 24-h urine proteinuria was 3&#46;1 &#40;IQR&#44; 2&#46;6&#44; 3&#46;5&#41; g&#47;d in the TAC group and 3&#46;0 &#40;IQR&#44; 2&#46;5&#44; 3&#46;2&#41; g&#47;d in the glucocorticoid group at baseline&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Efficacy</span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">The primary endpoint</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After 6 months treatment&#44; seven participants achieved CR in the tacrolimus group and twelve participants in the glucocorticoid group&#44; the CR rate was 35&#37; &#40;95&#37; CI&#44; 15&#8211;59&#37;&#41; and 40&#37; &#40;95&#37; CI&#44; 23&#8211;59&#37;&#41;&#44; respectively&#46; There was no significant difference between two groups &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;7&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46; There was not significantly different between the tacrolimus and the GC group by Kaplan-Meier analysis for the probability of CR &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;6&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>B&#44; C&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">The secondary endpoint</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the secondary endpoint analysis&#44; the CR rates were 25&#37; &#40;95&#37;CI&#44; 9&#8211;49&#37;&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41; vs 23&#37; &#40;95&#37;CI&#44; 10&#8211;42&#37;&#41;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;9 at 2 months and 30&#37; &#40;95&#37;CI&#44; 6&#8211;44&#37;&#41; vs 30&#37; &#40;95&#37;CI&#44; 15&#8211;49&#37;&#41;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;0 at 4 months between two groups&#46; At 6 months&#44; the remission &#40;CR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PR&#41; rate in the TAC group was 65&#37; &#40;13 of 20 participants&#59; 95&#37;CI&#44; 41&#8211;85&#37;&#41; and in the glucocorticoid group was 70&#37; &#40;21 of 30 participants&#59; 95&#37;CI&#44; 51&#8211;85&#37;&#41;&#46; There was no significant difference between the 2 groups &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;7&#41;&#46; No people in the tacrolimus group and three people in the glucocorticoid group relapsed &#40;0 vs 10&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;2&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Creatinine level</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At baseline&#44; the mean serum creatinine level was 89&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>40&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;mol&#47;L in the tacrolimus group and 92&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>42&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;mol&#47;L in the glucocorticoid group&#46; At 6 months&#44; the change from baseline was 13<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;mol&#47;L in the tacrolimus group and &#8722;8&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;mol&#47;L in the glucocorticoid group&#44; the difference between groups was 18&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;mol&#47;L &#40;95&#37;CI&#59; &#8722;7&#46;2 to 24&#46;3&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;04&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>A&#44; B&#41;&#46; After 6-months treatment&#44; the change of eGFR is shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>C&#8211;E reflected the changes during treatment of blood pressure&#46; However&#44; we found that patients in the tacrolimus group had a significant decrease in creatinine level at 3 months after stopping to receive tacrolimus&#44; with an average of 90&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>41&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;mol&#47;L&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Safety</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A total of 7 of 20 patients &#40;35&#37;&#41; in the tacrolimus group and 14 of 30 patients &#40;46&#46;7&#37;&#41; in the glucocorticoid group reported at least one adverse event during treatment &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46; The most frequently reported event was infection&#44; which occurred in three patients &#40;15&#37;&#41; in the tacrolimus group and in seven patients &#40;23&#46;3&#37;&#41; in the glucocorticoid group&#46; A serious adverse event occurred in the tacrolimus group that terminated the trial due to serum creatinine&#44; and a serious adverse event occurred that was stomach of heavy bleeding in the glucocorticoid group&#46; In addition&#44; there were more patients with renal insufficiency in the tacrolimus group than in the glucocorticoid group &#40;25&#37; vs 3&#46;3&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;03&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Discussion</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Proteinuria is a common clinical symptom of IgA nephropathy&#44; which seriously affects the prognosis of patients&#46; This 6-month&#44; prospective cohort study showed the noninferiority of the oral tacrolimus compared to full-dose glucocorticoid in the IgA nephropathy treatment of anti-proteinuria &#40;based on 24-h urinary protein excretion<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#41; in Chinese patients&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressant which can selectively inhibit T helper cells and T cytotoxic cells to treat immune-related renal diseases&#46; Researchers has found that membranous nephropathy patients who orally tacrolimus greatly decrease in proteinuria compared to the placebo group&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> There have been clinical trials to observe the effect of tacrolimus in the treatment of IgA nephropathy&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;10</span></a> and some Mate-analyses had pointed out that tacrolimus was effective in reducing proteinuria for IgA nephropathy patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#8211;13</span></a> However&#44; this study was the firstly to compare the efficacy and safety of tacrolimus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs</span> full-dose glucocorticoid in the treatment IgA nephropathy patients&#46; We observed no significant difference in treatment response and the CR rate between two groups &#40;35&#37; vs 40&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;7&#41; at 6 months&#46; In the 2012 KDIGO guidelines&#44; it was pointed out that proteinuria<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h was beneficial to the prognosis of the kidney&#46; In this experiment&#44; a total of 13 of 20 participants in the tacrolimus group and 21 of 30 participants in the GC group achieved proteinuria<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h after 6 months of treatment&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We observed that the creatinine of tacrolimus group increased significantly during the treatment period&#44; but the creatinine of glucocorticoid group showed a downward trend&#46; We thought that ACEI inhibitors may have an effect on it&#44; compared with the entering arterioles&#44; ACEI inhibitors can significantly dilate the exiting arterioles to lead to a decrease in effective filtration pressure&#46; Of course&#44; the main cause of the increase in creatinine was related to the nephrotoxicity of tacrolimus&#44; tacrolimus as a calcineurin inhibitor can stimulate renal sympathetic nerves to release vasoconstrictors &#40;such as endothelin&#41;&#44; and then cause a decrease in eGFR to elevated creatinine&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#8211;20</span></a> Then&#44; it has found that many non-kidney transplant patients would develop renal insufficiency after taking tacrolimus for a long time&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> It was later confirmed that chronic ischemia of the nephron caused by the narrowing of the vascular lumen caused by the accumulation of glass-like deposits in the wall of the arterioles and the vasoconstriction of the prolonged afferent arterioles&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> Besides&#44; Scott&#39;s article pointed out that tacrolimus could down-regulate insulin gene expression and enhance the body&#39;s insulin resistance in an earlier study&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> and researchers also found that insulin can promote muscle absorption of creatinine&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> can we speculate that tacrolimus may affect the level of serum insulin and reduce the absorption of creatinine by muscles&#44; thereby increasing blood creatinine&#63; In addition&#44; insulin reduction or resistance may increase serum glucose&#44; numerous glucoses may convert the production of creatine or phosphocreatine that is the precursor of creatinine due to the body&#39;s own regulation to maintain the dynamic balance of serum glucose&#46; Accumulated or produced creatinine and tacrolimus damage to the kidneys may easily increase serum creatinine &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46; Problem still needs further studies to prove which insulin that tacrolimus affects causes increasing creatinine&#46; Yet&#44; after the end of our experiment&#44; we followed up patients in the tacrolimus group for 3 months and found that the creatinine level of this group of patients decreased significantly&#46; Therefore&#44; it can be explained that the increase in creatinine was related to the side effects of tacrolimus drugs&#44; rather than due to disease progression&#46; Certainly&#44; this needs more research and further research to confirm&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study has the limitations of insufficient follow-up time&#44; non-random and small sample size&#46; Thus&#44; Larger clinical studies are needed to observe the remission rate and creatinine level after 12 months of tacrolimus treatment&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; Tacrolimus was noninferior to full-dose glucocorticoid in inducing proteinuria remission at 6 months&#46; This suggested that those IgA nephropathy patients who are unwilling to full-dose glucocorticoid could consider tacrolimus&#44; but need to pay attention to the impact on renal function&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Authors&#8217; contributions</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Zhipeng Yan performed the data analysis&#44; wrote the manuscript&#44; and reviewed articles&#46; Jiang Wang performed the data analysis&#46; Tianlun Huang&#44; Xin Liu and Li Wang completed the data collection and provided the second views during the manuscript preparation&#46; Gaosi Xu devised the study and revised the manuscript&#46; All authors have read and approved the manuscript&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0145">Ethics approval and consent to participate</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study obtained the patient&#39;s written informed consent and obtained the approval of the Ethics Committee of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University&#44; conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki&#44;</p></span><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0150">Consent for publication</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Not applicable&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0090" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0155">Availability of data and material</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The datasets generated during the current study are not publicly available due to involve patient privacy but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0095" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0160">Funding</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This work was supported by the Nature Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province &#40;No&#46; 20202BABL206025&#41;&#44; the National Natural Science Foundation of China &#40;No&#46; 81970583 and No&#46; 82060138&#41; and Clinical Research of the Second Q2 Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University &#40;No&#46; 2019YNLZ12008&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0100" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0165">Conflict of interests</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have declared that no conflict of interest exists&#46;</p></span></span>"
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              "identificador" => "abst0015"
              "titulo" => "Results"
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              "identificador" => "abst0020"
              "titulo" => "Conclusions"
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        1 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1533256"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
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        2 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1533255"
          "titulo" => "Abbreviations"
        ]
        3 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "xres1738146"
          "titulo" => "Resumen"
          "secciones" => array:4 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0025"
              "titulo" => "Antecedentes"
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              "identificador" => "abst0030"
              "titulo" => "M&#233;todos"
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            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0035"
              "titulo" => "Resultados"
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            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0040"
              "titulo" => "Conclusiones"
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          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
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        5 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0005"
          "titulo" => "Introduction"
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          "titulo" => "Methods"
          "secciones" => array:4 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0015"
              "titulo" => "Study design and population"
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            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0020"
              "titulo" => "Treatment procedures"
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            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0025"
              "titulo" => "Endpoints"
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            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0030"
              "titulo" => "Statistical analysis"
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          "identificador" => "sec0035"
          "titulo" => "Results"
          "secciones" => array:4 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0040"
              "titulo" => "Participants of baseline characteristics"
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            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "sec0045"
              "titulo" => "Efficacy"
              "secciones" => array:2 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "identificador" => "sec0050"
                  "titulo" => "The primary endpoint"
                ]
                1 => array:2 [
                  "identificador" => "sec0055"
                  "titulo" => "The secondary endpoint"
                ]
              ]
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0060"
              "titulo" => "Creatinine level"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0065"
              "titulo" => "Safety"
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          ]
        ]
        8 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0070"
          "titulo" => "Discussion"
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        9 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0075"
          "titulo" => "Authors&#8217; contributions"
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        10 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0080"
          "titulo" => "Ethics approval and consent to participate"
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        11 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0085"
          "titulo" => "Consent for publication"
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        12 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0090"
          "titulo" => "Availability of data and material"
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        13 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0095"
          "titulo" => "Funding"
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        14 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0100"
          "titulo" => "Conflict of interests"
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        15 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "References"
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    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2021-04-16"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2021-07-14"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
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        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1533256"
          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "IgA nephropathy"
            1 => "Prospective study"
            2 => "Tacrolimus"
            3 => "Glucocorticoid"
          ]
        ]
        1 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "abr"
          "titulo" => "Abbreviations"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1533255"
          "palabras" => array:13 [
            0 => "IgA"
            1 => "RAAS"
            2 => "CR"
            3 => "PR"
            4 => "ACEI"
            5 => "ARB"
            6 => "eGFR"
            7 => "CI"
            8 => "IQR"
            9 => "h"
            10 => "Scr"
            11 => "SAEs"
            12 => "AEs"
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          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1533257"
          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Nefropat&#237;a por IgA"
            1 => "Estudio prospectivo"
            2 => "Tacr&#243;limus"
            3 => "Glucocorticoide"
          ]
        ]
      ]
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    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Background</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">There is no a unified opinion in the treatment of IgA nephropathy&#46; This prospective cohort study was to explore the effectiveness and safety of tacrolimus for treatment of IgA &#40;Immunoglobulin A&#41; nephropathy patients&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">In this study&#44; we assigned 50 patients with biopsy-proven IgA nephropathy in a 1&#58;1&#46;5 ratio to receive oral tacrolimus or full-dose glucocorticoid for 6 months&#46; All the patients had 24-h urine protein excretion<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h and estimated glomerular filtration rate<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL&#47;min&#47;1&#46;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#46; Primary endpoint was rate of complete remission&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">After 6 months of treatment&#44; seven participants achieved complete remission in the tacrolimus group and twelve participants in the glucocorticoid group&#44; the complete remission rate was 35&#37; and 40&#37;&#44; respectively&#46; There were not significantly differences between two groups &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;7&#41;&#46; However&#44; the serum creatinine level from baseline was an increase of 13<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;mol&#47;L in the tacrolimus group and a decrease of 8&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;mol&#47;L in the glucocorticoid group&#46; When patients stopped taking tacrolimus for 3 months&#44; creatinine level can almost fall to normal level&#46; Thus&#44; patients with renal insufficiency have a high incidence in the tacrolimus group&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Tacrolimus was noninferior to full-dose glucocorticoid in inducing proteinuria remission at 6 months&#46; This suggested that those IgA nephropathy patients who are unwilling to full-dose glucocorticoid could consider tacrolimus&#44; but need to pay attention to the impact on renal function&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Background"
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          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "Methods"
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          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0015"
            "titulo" => "Results"
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          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0020"
            "titulo" => "Conclusions"
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        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Antecedentes</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">No existe una opini&#243;n generalizada en el tratamiento de la nefropat&#237;a IgA&#46; El objetivo del presente estudio fue explorar la eficacia y seguridad de tacr&#243;limus en el tratamiento de pacientes con nefropat&#237;a por IgA&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se incluy&#243; a 50 pacientes con nefropat&#237;a por IgA comprobada por biopsia en una proporci&#243;n de 1&#58;1&#44;5 para recibir tacr&#243;limus oral o glucocorticoides en dosis completa durante 6 meses&#46; Todos los pacientes ten&#237;an una excreci&#243;n de prote&#237;nas en orina de 24 horas &#8805;2&#44;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g y una tasa de filtraci&#243;n glomerular estimada &#8805;50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;min&#47;1&#44;73 m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#46; El criterio de valoraci&#243;n principal fue la tasa de remisi&#243;n completa&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Despu&#233;s de 6 meses de tratamiento&#44; 7 pacientes lograron una remisi&#243;n completa en el grupo de tacr&#243;limus y 12 participantes en el grupo que recibi&#243; glucocorticoides&#59; la tasa de remisi&#243;n completa fue del 35&#37; y del 40&#37;&#44; respectivamente &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;7&#41;&#46; Sin embargo&#44; el nivel de creatinina s&#233;rica desde el inicio aument&#243; 13<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;mol&#47;L en el grupo de tacr&#243;limus y disminuy&#243; 8&#44;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;mol&#47;L en el grupo con glucocorticoides&#46; Cuando los pacientes dejaron de tomar tacr&#243;limus durante 3 meses&#44; el nivel de creatinina casi descendi&#243; al nivel normal&#46; Por consiguiente&#44; en el grupo de tacr&#243;limus hubo una alta incidencia de insuficiencia renal&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El tacr&#243;limus no fue inferior a los glucocorticoides en dosis completa para inducir la remisi&#243;n de la proteinuria a los 6 meses&#46; Esto indica que en aquellos pacientes con nefropat&#237;a por IgA a los que no se les pueda administrar glucocorticoides en dosis completas se podr&#237;a considerar el uso de tacr&#243;limus&#44; aunque con especial atenci&#243;n al posible impacto en la funci&#243;n renal&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
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            "identificador" => "abst0025"
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            "identificador" => "abst0030"
            "titulo" => "M&#233;todos"
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          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0035"
            "titulo" => "Resultados"
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            "titulo" => "Conclusiones"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A shows that flow chart of involvement of participants&#46; B and C show the probability of complete remission and remission &#40;complete remission and partial remission&#41; rate for the TAC group <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs</span> the GC group&#46; TAC&#44; tacrolimus&#59; GC&#44; glucocorticoid&#59; RAAS&#44; renin&#8211;angiotensin&#8211;aldosterone system&#59; IgA&#44; Immunoglobulin A&#59; SAE&#44; serious adverse event&#59; eGFR&#58; estimated glomerular filtration rate&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A and B show that mean serum creatine levels and mean change from baseline at 6 months&#44; mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>standard deviation was used&#46; C show that mean eGFR change from baseline at 6 months&#44; D and E indicate that the line graphs for systolic BP and diastolic BP&#46; BP&#44; blood pressure&#46;</p>"
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        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 3"
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        "figura" => array:1 [
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Diagram of the mechanism of calcineurin inhibitors causing increased creatinine&#46;</p>"
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      3 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
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          0 => array:3 [
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Note&#58; Date were expressed as Mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>standard deviation&#44; median with interquartile range &#40;IQR&#41; and Chi-square test or Fisher exact tests&#46; Differences were considered statistically significant when the two- sided <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> value was<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#46;</p><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">TAC&#44; tacrolimus&#59; GC&#44; glucocorticoid&#59; BP&#44; blood pressure&#59; eGFR&#44; estimated glomerular filtration rate&#59; Scr&#44; serum creatinine&#59; C2&#44; Pathology suggests that percentage of cellular or fibrocellular crescent glomeruli<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30&#37; and<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#37;&#44; RAAS&#44; renin&#8211;angiotensin&#8211;aldosterone system&#44; ARB&#44; angiotensin II receptor blocker&#59; ACEI&#44; angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t">30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">114&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">116&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Diastolic BP&#44; mmHg</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">76&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">77&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">eGFR&#44; mL&#47;min&#47;1&#46;73</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">m</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2</span></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">81&#46;3 &#91;69&#46;2&#8211;91&#46;4&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">81&#46;1 &#91;65&#46;77&#8211;108&#46;1&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Scr&#44; &#956;mol&#47;L</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">89&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>40&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">92&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>42&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Serum albumin&#44; g&#47;L</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">39&#46;1 &#91;35&#46;1&#8211;41&#46;9&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">36&#46;3 &#91;33&#46;1&#8211;37&#46;7&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Total cholesterol&#44; mmol&#47;L</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;5 &#91;4&#46;2&#8211;5&#46;1&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;6 &#91;4&#46;3&#8211;5&#46;2&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Triglycerides&#44; mmol&#47;L</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;4 &#91;1&#46;2&#8211;2&#46;3&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;5 &#91;1&#46;2&#8211;2&#46;4&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Baseline proteinuria&#44; g&#47;L</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;1 &#91;2&#46;6&#8211;3&#46;5&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;0 &#91;2&#46;5&#8211;3&#46;2&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hematuria</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18 &#40;90&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">24 &#40;80&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Oxford histologic score</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>M</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8 &#40;40&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13 &#40;43&#46;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12 &#40;60&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">17 &#40;56&#46;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>E</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18 &#40;90&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25 &#40;83&#46;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;10&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;16&#46;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>S</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8 &#40;40&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18 &#40;60&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12 &#40;60&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12 &#40;40&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Complete remission&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">6&#47;20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">30&#37; &#40;6&#8211;44&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Remission&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">6 months follow-up</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Complete remission&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#47;20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">35&#37; &#40;15&#8211;59&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&#47;30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">40&#37; &#40;23&#8211;59&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  """
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      5 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0015"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0095" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Note&#58; Data were shown as counts &#40;percentage&#41;&#44; Chi-square test or Fisher exact tests for categorical variables&#44; the reported <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> value was bidirectional&#44; &#60;0&#46;05 is regarded as statistically significant&#46;</p><p id="spar0100" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">TAC&#44; tacrolimus&#59; GC&#44; glucocorticoid&#59; SAEs&#44; serious adverse events&#59; AEs&#44; adverse events&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;3&#46;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Infection&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;15&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7 &#40;23&#46;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Abnormal blood glucose&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;3&#46;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Gastrointestinal symptoms&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;13&#46;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Skin Disease&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Renal insufficiency&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;03&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Adverse events in the TAC group and the GC group&#46;</p>"
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                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Lai KN&#44; Tang SC&#44; Schena FP&#44; Novak J&#44; Tomino Y&#44; Fogo AB&#44; et al&#46; IgA nephropathy&#46; Nat Rev Dis Primers&#46; 2016&#59;2&#58;16001"
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                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Working Group of the International Ig ANN&#44; the Renal Pathology S&#44; Cattran DC&#44; Coppo R&#44; Cook HT&#44; Feehally J&#44; et al&#46; The Oxford classification of IgA nephropathy&#58; rationale&#44; clinicopathological correlations&#44; and classification&#46; Kidney Int&#46; 2009&#59;76&#58;534-45"
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Article information
ISSN: 23870206
Original language: English
DOI:10.1016/j.medcle.2021.07.020
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