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Brief report
Dexamethasone versus weight-adjusted methylprednisolone in patients with moderate-severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia
Dexametasona frente a metilprednisolona ajustada al peso en pacientes con neumonía moderada-grave por SARS-CoV-2
Ismael F. Aomar-Millána,f,
Corresponding author
iaomarmillan@hotmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Geoorgette Fatoul-del Pinoa, Úrsula Torres-Parejob, Laura Pérez Fernándezc, Silvia Martínez-Dizd, Juan Salvatierrae,f
a Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain
b Departamento de Estadística, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
c Centro de Salud de la Zubia, La Zubia, Granada, Spain
d Servicio de Medicina Preventiva, Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain
e Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain
f Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.Granada, Granada, Spain
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dexamethasone &#40;DXM&#41; has been shown to reduce mortality in patients with moderate&#47;severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia requiring oxygen therapy&#44; which has led to its widespread use as initial treatment in most protocols&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The hyperinflammatory phase in these patients results from dysregulation of the immune response with a significant increase in acute phase reactants leading to clinical worsening&#44; usually on the sixth to tenth day after symptom onset&#46; Corticosteroids are adjusted to the patient&#39;s weight in the treatment of many inflammatory diseases and this was done during the early months of the pandemic&#46; Evidence of lower mortality associated with the use of high-dose methylprednisolone &#40;MTP&#41; has been available since March 2020&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> After the publication of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Randomised evaluation of COVID-19 therapy</span> &#40;RECOVERY&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> this protocol was modified to recommend administration of fixed doses of 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;day of dexamethasone for ten days&#46; Following this change&#44; our impression in clinical practice was that in many patients this dose of dexamethasone was insufficient and led to a worse outcome&#46; We therefore set out to analyse the 30-day clinical outcome &#40;mortality and&#47;or ICU admission&#41; of the first 65 patients who received dexamethasone compared to a historical cohort who had received weight-adjusted methylprednisolone&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Methods</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Between 1 and 31 December 2020 we retrospectively collected data on 65 elderly patients admitted to the Hospital Cl&#237;nico de Granada with moderate&#47;severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia confirmed by nasopharyngeal swab PCR requiring oxygen therapy who received 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;day dexamethasone within the first 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h of admission in addition to standard treatment including remdesivir if criteria were met and low molecular weight heparin &#40;LMWH&#41; at therapeutic doses&#46; They were compared with a historical cohort of patients admitted to our hospital between 15 March and 15 May 2020 treated within the first 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h of admission with weight-adjusted MTP together with standard treatment consisting of azithromycin&#44; hydroxychloroquine&#44; lopinavir&#47;ritonavir and LMWH&#46; Our protocol in this period included the use of weight-adjusted methylprednisolone with tapering over 15 days &#40;1&#8722;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;day IV of MTP for three to five days&#59; then 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;day for three days&#44; 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;day for three days&#44; 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;day for three days and finally 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;day for three days&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A total of 129 patients were admitted in the first period and 91 in the second&#46; Patients admitted directly to the Intensive Care Unit &#40;ICU&#41; were excluded from the study&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On admission&#44; all patients had a duration from symptom onset between six and 11 days &#40;median 7 and interquartile range 5&#8211;10 days&#41;&#46; Comorbidities and SO2&#47;FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> on admission were collected and CURB-65 and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">quick sepsis related organ failure assessment</span> &#40;qSOFA&#41; indices were calculated&#46; Laboratory data analysed were ferritin&#44; CRP&#44; fibrinogen&#44; D-dimer and procalcitonin&#46; We analysed the extent of pneumonia based on chest X-ray or computed tomography &#40;CT&#41;&#44; according to the guidelines of the British Society of Thoracic Imaging &#40;BSTI&#41; classification system&#46; The clinical outcome was compared between both groups at 30 days&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After the descriptive analysis&#44; differences between the variables were studied&#46; For the qualitative variables&#44; the &#967;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> test was used to compare proportions&#46; The normal distribution of the quantitative variables was analysed by means of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test&#46; The Mann&#8211;Whitney <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U</span> test was used to estimate significant differences in those variables derived from independent populations that did not have a normal distribution and Student&#39;s <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span> test to compare the means of independent populations in variables that had a normal distribution&#46; The Wilcoxon test was used to compare paired samples from non-normal populations&#46; Two Cox regressions were performed separately to calculate the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">hazard ratio</span> for mortality and ICU admission of one group compared to another&#46; These were corrected for age&#44; gender and CRP at admission&#44; adding Kaplan&#8211;Meier survival curves&#46; The statistical <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">software</span> used was SPSS Version 23 &#40;IBM Corp&#46;&#44; Armonk&#44; NY&#44; USA&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki declaration&#44; obtaining the favourable opinion of the IRB&#47;IEC of the Granada County&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Results</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Baseline characteristics&#44; comorbidities&#44; radiographic involvement&#44; qSOFA&#44; CURB-65 are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46; The laboratory data and clinical outcome are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Twenty-one &#40;32&#46;3&#37;&#41; patients in the DXM group died vs&#46; eight &#40;10&#37;&#41; in the MTP group &#40;p-value<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;000&#41;&#59; 29 &#40;44&#46;6&#37;&#41; in the DXM group required ICU admission vs&#46; two &#40;2&#46;5&#37;&#41; in the MTP group &#40;p-value<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;000&#41;&#59; 34 &#40;52&#46;3&#37;&#41; in the DXM group required rescue therapy for respiratory worsening vs&#46; two &#40;2&#46;5&#37;&#41; in the MTP group&#46; There was no association between the clinical outcome and the rescue therapy used&#46; Of the rescued patients in the DXM group&#44; 23 &#40;67&#46;6&#37;&#41; were discharged after 30 days and 11 &#40;32&#46;4&#37;&#41; died&#46; The two rescued patients from the MTP group were discharged&#46; The mean cumulative dose of MTP received by patients in the MTP group was 756<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cox regression for mortality and ICU admission adjusted for treatment group&#44; age&#44; sex and CRP at admission gave a hazard ratio of 2&#46;189 &#40;1&#46;082&#8211;4&#46;426&#44; 95&#37; CI&#41; and 10&#46;589 &#40;2&#46;139&#8211;48&#46;347&#44; 95&#37; CI&#41; respectively for the DXM group over the MTP group &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; Patients treated with dexamethasone are more than twice as likely to die and more than ten times as likely to be admitted to the ICU than those treated with MTP&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Discussion</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Immunomodulatory drugs such as anakinra&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> tocilizumab&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> baricitinib&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> corticosteroids or immunoglobulins<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7</span></a> are used to control the hyperinflammatory phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Clinical trials like CoDEX<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> and RECOVERY<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> have shown a reduction in mortality with the use of dexamethasone&#46; In RECOVERY&#44; this reduction in the group of patients with oxygen therapy without invasive mechanical ventilation was 23&#46;3&#37; vs&#46; 26&#46;2&#37;&#59; in those with mechanical ventilation the reduction was greater &#40;29&#46;3&#37; vs&#46; 41&#46;4&#37;&#41;&#46; The fact that all patients in our study met the criteria for hyperinflammation probably contributed to the higher mortality in the DXM group &#40;32&#37;&#41; compared to RECOVERY &#40;23&#46;3&#37;&#41; which did not consider this aspect&#46; The great difference observed in mortality &#40;22&#37;&#41; between our historical cohort treated with methylprednisolone<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> and the DXM group makes us reflect on the possible negative impact in terms of mortality due to the modification of treatment protocols after the RECOVERY trial&#44; given that many hospitals replaced high-dose methylprednisolone with fixed-dose dexamethasone&#46; It is interesting to note the separation of the survival curves from the sixth to the eighth day&#44; which could be a consequence of a more effective early blockade of the cytokine storm -&#34;window of opportunity&#34; - in the MTPN group&#46; Similar to the literature&#44; the factors associated with worse prognosis in our study were age&#44; elevated CRP and ferritin levels at admission&#46; Although CRP at admission was higher in the DXM group&#44; and this could explain a moderate increase in mortality&#44; all other laboratory characteristics and SO2&#47;FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> at admission were similar between the two groups&#46; Comorbidities were evenly distributed&#44; except for high blood pressure &#40;HBP&#41;&#44; which was higher in the DXM group&#44; and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease &#40;COPD&#41;&#44; which was higher in the MTP group&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our data are consistent with a recently published study&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> in which administration of i&#46;v&#46; methylprednisolone for three days followed by an oral tapering regimen of prednisone for 14 days was superior to 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;day of dexamethasone with a 30-day survival of 92&#46;6 vs&#46; 63&#46;1&#37;&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The limitations of this study lie in its single-centre nature&#44; its small sample size and the intrinsic characteristics of observational studies&#46; We consider the application of the same therapeutic protocol in each time period to be a strength&#44; especially since the MTP group&#39;s protocol included drugs with no benefit or even possible harmful effects&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; our study suggests a worse outcome with fixed-dose 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;day dexamethasone compared to weight-adjusted methylprednisolone in patients with moderate-severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia and hyperinflammation&#46; A randomized clinical trial comparing both treatment arms would be necessary to confirm these differences&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Funding</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study has not received any funding&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Conflict of interests</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2022-04-16"
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            0 => "Dexamethasone"
            1 => "Methylprednisolone"
            2 => "COVID-19"
            3 => "Pneumonia"
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            0 => "Dexametasona"
            1 => "Metilprednisolona"
            2 => "COVID-19"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objectives</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To compare the 30-day outcome &#40;mortality and&#47;or ICU admission&#41; of patients admitted for moderate-severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia treated with dexamethasone after the Recovery study versus those treated with weight-adjusted methylprednisolone&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Retrospective cohort study of 65 patients with moderate-severe pneumonia who received dexamethasone 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;day &#40;DXM group&#41; versus 80 treated with weight-adjusted methylprednisolone &#40;MTPN group&#41;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">21 &#40;32&#46;3&#37;&#41; patients in the DXM group died vs 8 &#40;10&#37;&#41; in the MTPN group &#40;p-value &#60; 0&#46;001&#41; and 29 &#40;44&#46;6&#37;&#41; in the DXM group required ICU admission vs 2 &#40;2&#44;5&#37;&#41; of the MTPN group &#40;p-value &#60;0&#46;001&#41;&#46; There were no baseline differences regarding sociodemographic characteristics with a higher mean qSOFA in the MTPN group&#46; The hazard ratio for mortality and ICU admission adjusted for age&#44; sex&#44; and admission CRP was 2&#46;189 &#40;1&#46;082&#8211;4&#46;426&#59; 95&#37; CI&#41; and 10&#46;589 &#40;2&#46;139&#8211;48&#46;347&#59; 95&#37; CI&#41; for the DXM group&#44; respectively&#44; vs&#46; MTPN group&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Mortality and admission to the ICU were lower in patients treated with weight-adjusted methylprednisolone compared to those treated with dexamethasone&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivos</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Comparar el desenlace cl&#237;nico &#40;mortalidad y&#47;o ingreso en UCI&#41; a 30 d&#237;as de los pacientes ingresados por neumon&#237;a moderada-grave por SARS-CoV-2 tratados con dexametasona tras el estudio Recovery frente aquellos tratados con metilprednisolona ajustada al peso&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio de cohortes retrospectivo de 65 pacientes con neumon&#237;a moderada-grave que recibieron 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;d&#237;a de dexametasona &#40;grupo DXM&#41; frente a 80 tratados con metilprednisolona ajustada al peso &#40;grupo MTPN&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Fallecieron 21 &#40;32&#44;3&#37;&#41; pacientes del grupo DXM vs 8 &#40;10&#37;&#41; del grupo MTPN &#40;p-valor<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41; y 29 &#40;44&#44;6&#37;&#41; del grupo DXM requirieron ingreso en UCI vs 2 &#40;2&#44;5&#37;&#41; del grupo MTPN &#40;p-valor<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#46; No hubo diferencias basales respecto a caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas con un qSOFA medio superior en el grupo MTPN&#46; La raz&#243;n de riesgo para la mortalidad y el ingreso en UCI ajustada por edad&#44; sexo y PCR al ingreso fue de 2&#44;189 &#40;1&#44;082&#8722;4&#44;426&#59; IC 95&#37;&#41; y 10&#44;589 &#40;2&#44;139&#8722;48&#44;347&#59; IC 95&#37;&#41; para el grupo DXM&#44; respectivamente&#44; vs grupo MTPN&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La mortalidad e ingreso en UCI fue menor en pacientes tratados con metilprednisolona ajustada al peso frente a los tratados con dexametasona&#46;</p></span>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">HBP&#44; high blood pressure&#59; COPD&#44; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease&#59; CT&#44; computed tomography&#59; CURB-65&#44; mortality prediction scale used in patients with community-acquired pneumonia&#59; qSOFA&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">quick sequential organ failure assessment</span>&#59; Min&#58; minimum value&#59; Max&#44; maximum value&#59; Q1&#44; first quartile&#59; Q2&#44; median or second quartile&#59; Q3&#44; third quartile&#44; x&#175;&#44; mean&#59; S<span class="elsevierStyleInf">x</span>&#44; standard deviation&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Dexamethasone &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>65&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#967;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> &#40;p-value&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Baseline characteristics</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Age &#40;&#62; 65&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">40 &#40;61&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">49 &#40;61&#46;25&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;001 &#40;0&#46;972&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Sex &#40;male&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">28 &#40;43&#46;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">45 &#40;56&#46;25&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;489 &#40;0&#46;115&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">HBP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">44 &#40;67&#46;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">39 &#40;48&#46;75&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#44;525 &#40;0&#44;022<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">&#42;</a>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">COPD&#47;asthma&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6 &#40;9&#46;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18 &#40;22&#46;50&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#44;572 &#40;0&#44;033<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">&#42;</a>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Obesity&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">17 &#40;26&#46;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">33 &#40;41&#46;25&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;618 &#40;0&#46;057&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Isch&#46; heart disease&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;6&#46;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;092 &#40;0&#46;762&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Heart failure&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10 &#40;7&#46;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8 &#40;10&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Diabetes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">19 &#40;29&#46;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13 &#40;16&#46;25&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;514 &#40;0&#46;061&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Renal I&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10 &#40;15&#46;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11 &#40;13&#46;75&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;077 &#40;0&#46;781&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Multilobar infiltrate&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">50 &#40;76&#46;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">61 &#40;76&#46;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;391 &#40;0&#46;068&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">TC involvement &#40;moderate or severe&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25 &#40;86&#46;2&#37;&#41; n &#61; 25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">28 &#40;75&#46;7&#37;&#41; n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>37&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Anticoagulation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6 &#40;16&#46;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6 &#47;7&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;249 &#40;0&#46;134&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr></tbody></table>
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Min&#44; Max&#44; Q1&#44; Q2&#44; Q3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Min&#44; Max&#44; Q1&#44; Q2&#44; Q3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">OR</span> Mann-Whitney test &#40;p value&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">CURB-65&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44; 3&#44; 1&#44; 2&#44; 2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44; 5&#44; 1&#44; 2&#44; 2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#44;382&#46;500 &#40;0&#46;341&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">qSOFA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44; 7&#44; 1&#44; 2&#44; 3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44; 3&#44; 0&#44; 0&#44; 1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">556&#46;000 &#40;0&#46;000<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">&#42;&#42;</a>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
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            "identificador" => "at0070"
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            "rol" => "short"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Pre&#44; pre-treatment&#59; Post&#44; post-treatment&#59; PCT&#44; procalcitonin&#59; Min&#44; minimum value&#59; Max&#44; maximum value&#59; Q1&#44; first quartile&#59; Q2&#44; median or second quartile&#59; Q3&#44; third quartile&#59; x&#175;&#44; mean&#59; S<span class="elsevierStyleInf">x</span>&#44; standard deviation&#46;</p>"
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            0 => array:1 [
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Dexamethasone &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>65&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Methylprednisolone &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>80&#41;</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Group comparison&#58; dexamethasone&#47;methylprednisolone</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Primary outcomes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"></td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#967;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> &#40;p-value&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ICU admission&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">29 &#40;44&#46;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;2&#46;5&#37;&#41;</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">37&#46;843 &#40;0&#46;000&#42;&#42;&#42;&#41;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Intubation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">23 &#40;35&#46;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;2&#46;5&#37;&#41;</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">27&#46;179 &#40;0&#46;000&#42;&#42;&#42;&#41;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Death</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">21 &#40;32&#46;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8 &#40;10&#37;&#41;</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15&#46;347 &#40;0&#46;000&#42;&#42;&#42;&#41;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"></td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Student&#39;s t</span> test &#40;p-value&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Average hospital stay&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">x&#175;sx&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13&#46;029 &#40;7&#46;469&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14&#46;722 &#40;6&#46;174&#41;</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;1&#46;230 &#40;0&#46;221&#41;</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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            1 => array:1 [
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Laboratory characteristics&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Pre&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Pre&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Post</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mann-Whitney&#39;s U</span> test &#40;p value&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ferritin Min</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">80&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">52&#46;800&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">105&#46;900&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">79&#46;000</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Pre&#58; 1&#44;804&#46;500 &#40;0&#46;002&#42;&#42;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Max&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4&#44;450&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#44;500&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3&#44;772&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#44;332&#46;400</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Post&#58; 2&#44;032&#46;000 &#40;0&#46;034&#42;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Q1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">214&#46;950&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">250&#46;950&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">472&#46;200&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">539&#46;650</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Q2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">442&#46;900&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">558&#46;550&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">686&#46;200&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">702&#46;550</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Q3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">830&#46;100&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;2&#46;053 &#40;0&#46;040<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">&#42;</a>&#41; post<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pre</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Q3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Min&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Pre&#58; 2&#44;114&#46;500 &#40;0&#46;054&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Max&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Q1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Q2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Q3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Wilcoxon&#8217;s Z &#40;p-value&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Q3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Original language: English
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