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Cross-cultural adaptation to Spanish of the Perceived Sensivity to Medicines scale
Adaptación transcultural al español de la Escala de Sensibilidad Percibida a los Medicamentos
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(b) white arrow: nodular pleural thickening; yellow arrow: pleural nodules; (c) white arrow: linear pleural thickening<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm; yellow arrow: pleural mass; (d) white arrow: mediastinal pleural involvement; yellow arrow: nodular pleural thickening; blue arrow: linear pleural thickening<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nodular pleural thickening.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Marc Simó, Oscar Persiva, Leire Sánchez, Bruno Montoro, Ana Vázquez, Irene Sansano, Carmen Alemán" "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Marc" "apellidos" => "Simó" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Oscar" "apellidos" => "Persiva" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Leire" "apellidos" => "Sánchez" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Bruno" "apellidos" => "Montoro" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Ana" "apellidos" => "Vázquez" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Irene" "apellidos" => "Sansano" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Carmen" "apellidos" => "Alemán" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2387020623004527?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/23870206/0000016100000010/v2_202401260941/S2387020623004527/v2_202401260941/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:19 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Brief report</span>" "titulo" => "Cross-cultural adaptation to Spanish of the Perceived Sensivity to Medicines scale" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "429" "paginaFinal" => "431" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Marina Beléndez-Vázquez, Eduardo García-Pachón" "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Marina" "apellidos" => "Beléndez-Vázquez" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Eduardo" "apellidos" => "García-Pachón" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "egpachon@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Departamento de Comunicación y Psicología Social, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Sección de Neumología, Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Elche, Alicante, Spain" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Adaptación transcultural al español de la Escala de Sensibilidad Percibida a los Medicamentos" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1186 "Ancho" => 1508 "Tamanyo" => 90201 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0005" "detalle" => "Fig. " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Degree of understanding of the 5 items of the Perceived Sensitivity to Medicines scale.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The knowledge, attitudes and beliefs that patients have regarding medicines prescribed to them have an important influence on treatment adherence.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> During medical consultations, patients often express beliefs about their sensitivity to medicines and possible side effects. It has been proven that the patients’ perception about their sensitivity to the actions or side effects of drugs influences not only their adherence to treatment but also the demand for medical assistance and other aspects of clinical care.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,3</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In order to quantify this perceived sensitivity, the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Perceived Sensitivity to Medicines</span> (PSM) scale was developed.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> The PSM scale is a self-report measure consisting of five items. Respondents indicate their level of agreement using a response scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Higher scores indicate greater perceived sensitivity to medicines. With the aim of providing a version adapted to the Spanish language, we set out to translate and adapt the PSM scale for use in the Spanish population.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Patients and methods</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Authorisation was first obtained from the authors of the original scale. Then the translation and cultural adaptation were carried out following the steps recommended by the guidelines<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>: 1) initial direct translation, which consisted of two independent translations (T1/T2) from English to Spanish; 2) synthesis of the translations, where a first translation into Spanish was carried out by consensus between the translators (T12); 3) back translation, which involved the independent translation of the Spanish version into English (B-T12); 4) review by a committee of experts, made up of two translators (one of them with English as their native language and both with experience in the health field), two psychology professionals (one of them specialised in clinical and health psychology) and a medical professional. This committee was responsible for reviewing all the previous versions to evaluate the cross-cultural equivalence and consolidate the prefinal version of the scale; and finally, 5) the Spanish version of the PMS scale (in Spanish — Escala de Sensibilidad Percibida a los Medicamentos [SPM]) was pretested, by means of a cognitive interview with patients.</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The cognitive interview was held by the same doctor on 50 patients who attended a hospital’s outpatients’ clinic. The main medical conditions for which patients received treatment were cardiac and respiratory (30 patients) and less frequently neurological (8), osteoarthritic (5 patients), digestive (4), nephrourological (2) and endocrinological (1 patient). The inclusion criteria were the following: over 18 years of age and having Spanish as their mother tongue or normally used. Patients who stated that they lacked reading fluency were excluded. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Department of Health and the participants signed the informed consent form.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The participants were presented with the Spanish PMS scale (SPM) and, in order to evaluate the comprehensibility of the scale, they were asked the following question for each of the five items: “Did you understand the sentence?” The possible answers ranged from 0 (I did not understand anything) to 4 (I understood practically everything).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Values 3 and 4 reflected that understanding was adequate.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Next, the general impression when filling in the scale was evaluated. This referred to the clarity of the item sentences (very clear, quite clear, not at all clear) and the difficulty of filling in the scale (not at all difficult, a little difficult and very difficult).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Additionally, the participant’s sociodemographic data was also collected: gender, age and educational level.</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Student’s t tests were used to analyse the differences in comprehensibility scores according to the age of the participants (younger and older than 65 years) and educational level. Data analysis was performed using IBM SPSS 26.0 software (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA).</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Results</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In general terms, no difficulties were found in the different stages of translating and adapting the scale. However, a difference was observed in the translation of item 5 “<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Even very small amounts of medicines can upset my body</span>”, during the second stage of translation synthesis. Specifically, it was decided to translate the expression “<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">can upset my body</span>” as “<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">can make me feel bad</span>”, since it was more colloquial than “they can cause me discomfort”. During the subsequent expert review stage the conclusion was reached that this expression was more natural and appropriate. The translation of the scale items is shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The cognitive interview was carried out in a group of patients made up of 25 women and 25 men, with an average age (± SD) of 59 ± 14 years old (range 29–85). 46% of the patients had reached primary education level and 54% had secondary or higher education.</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding the degree of comprehensibility of the Spanish PMS scale (SPM), the participants found the five items of the scale easy to understand, with an average score of 3.86. ± 0.24 out of 4. No participant gave a score lower than 3 for any of the items, indicating that there were no difficulties in understanding (the data for each item is detailed in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>). There were no differences in the understanding of the items between interviewees over and under 65 years of age (20 and 30 patients, respectively; 3.79 ± 0.32 vs. 3.91 ± 0.15; p = 0.08). Although participants with primary education had a slightly lower score than patients with secondary or higher education (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>), the magnitude of the difference was 0.17 in absolute value and in no case was the score lower than the established level of adequate understanding. In relation to the general impression upon completing the scale, no participant stated that the scale items were unclear or difficult to answer.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Discussion</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The adaptation of the PSM scale for use in the Spanish population was carried out following the sequence of steps recommended for translation, and its understandability was confirmed in a heterogeneous sample. This sample exceeded the recommended minimum of 30–40 participants<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> and was made up of patients seen in consultations of different specialties.</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results indicate that the Spanish version of the scale does not present comprehension difficulties despite differing patient characteristics. Although participants with a primary level of education showed slightly lower scores on some items than those with secondary and higher education, in all cases the scores were within the range of adequate understanding, no patient stated that the scale was unclear or difficult to complete. The sample evaluated included patients of different ages and academic backgrounds, but patients lacking reading fluency were excluded, so it is not applicable to patients with these characteristics.</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Thus, we have the Spanish version of the Perceived Sensitivity to Medicines Scale which allows us to evaluate people’s opinions about the actions and side effects of drugs. After this initial study of cross-cultural adaptation of the scale, future studies are necessary to examine its psychometric properties with a larger sample. Because the PMS scale is short, it stands as an easy-to-apply instrument that can be used for both research and clinical purposes.</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Ethical considerations</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Elche-General Hospital Department (PI 48/2023).</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Funding</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This research received no specific funding from public, commercial or not-for-profit agents.</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:12 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres2080539" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Background and objective" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Materials and methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1774923" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres2080540" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Antecedentes y objetivo" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Materiales y métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1774922" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Patients and methods" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Ethical considerations" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 11 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2023-06-07" "fechaAceptado" => "2023-07-19" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1774923" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Patient experience" 1 => "Medicines" 2 => "Scale" 3 => "Cross-cultural adaptation" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1774922" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Experiencia del paciente" 1 => "Medicamentos" 2 => "Escala" 3 => "Adaptación transcultural" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Background and objective</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Patients’ views regarding the actions and side effects of medicines can be measured with the Perceived Sensitivity to Medicines (PSM) scale. The aim of this study was to translate and adapt the PSM scale for use in the Spanish population.</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Materials and methods</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The translation and cultural adaptation of the PSM scale and a pretest of the Spanish version were carried out with 50 patients receiving outpatient care in various specialties.</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">There were no difficulties in the stages of the translation and adaptation process. In the cognitive interview, participants found the five items easy to understand (mean score of 3.86 ± 0.24 out of 4).</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Given its brevity, the Spanish version of the PSM scale represents an easily applicable tool for both research and clinical purposes.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Background and objective" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Materials and methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Antecedentes y objetivo</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Las opiniones de los pacientes sobre las acciones y efectos secundarios de los fármacos pueden evaluarse con la escala <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Perceived Sensivity to Medicines</span> (PSM). El objetivo de este estudio fue traducir y adaptar la escala PSM para su uso en población española.</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Materiales y métodos</span><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se realizó la traducción y adaptación cultural de la escala PSM y un pretest de la versión española con 50 pacientes atendidos en consultas externas de diferentes especialidades.</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Resultados</span><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">No hubo dificultades en las etapas del proceso de traducción y adaptación. En la entrevista cognitiva, los participantes encontraron fácil de entender los 5 ítems (puntuación media de 3,86 ± 0,24 sobre 4).</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Dada su brevedad, la versión española de la escala PSM constituye una herramienta de fácil aplicación tanto para propósitos de investigación como clínicos.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Antecedentes y objetivo" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Materiales y métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1186 "Ancho" => 1508 "Tamanyo" => 90201 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0005" "detalle" => "Fig. " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Degree of understanding of the 5 items of the Perceived Sensitivity to Medicines scale.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0010" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Translated from © Professor Rob Horne, 2013.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Scale items</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>My body is very sensitive to medicines \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>My body overreacts to medicines \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>I usually have stronger reactions to medicines than most people. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>I have had a bad reaction to medicines in the past. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Even very small amounts of medicines can make me feel bad. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab3444879.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Spanish version of the Perceived Sensitivity to Medicines scale.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0015" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Response value range from 0 to 4.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Total \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Primary studies \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Secondary and university studies \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">p Value \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">N = 50 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">N = 23 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">N = 27 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Item 1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.76 ± 0.43 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.61 ± 0.50 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.89 ± 0.32 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.02 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Item 2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.80 ± 0.40 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.65 ± 0.49 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.93 ± 0.27 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.02 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Item 3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.90 ± 0.30 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.87 ± 0.34 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.93 ± 0.27 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.53 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Item 4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.96 ± 0.19 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.91 ± 0.29 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.00 ± 0.00 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Item 5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.90 ± 0.30 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.83 ± 0.39 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.96 ± 0.19 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Average \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.86 ± 0.24 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.77 ± 0.30 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.94 ± 0.14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab3444878.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Degree of comprehensibility of the items of the Perceived Sensitivity to Medicines scale according to educational level.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:6 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Knowledge, attitudes and beliefs of patients and carers regarding medication adherence: a review of qualitative literature" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "M. Kelly" 1 => "S. McCarthy" 2 => "L.J. Sahm" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s00228-014-1761-3" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Eur J Clin Pharmacol" "fecha" => "2014" "volumen" => "70" "paginaInicial" => "1423" "paginaFinal" => "1431" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25277162" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0010" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "High perceived sensitivity to medicines is associated with higher medical care utilisation, increased symptom reporting and greater information-seeking about medication" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "K. Faasse" 1 => "A. Grey" 2 => "R. Horne" 3 => "K.J. Petrie" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1002/pds.3751" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf" "fecha" => "2015" "volumen" => "24" "paginaInicial" => "592" "paginaFinal" => "599" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25851232" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0015" "etiqueta" => "3" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Perceived sensitivity to medicines: a study among chronic medicine users in Norway" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "K. Svensberg" 1 => "H. Nordeng" 2 => "S. Gaffari" 3 => "K. Faasse" 4 => "R. Horne" 5 => "A. 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