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Sensitization to indoor aeroallergens in children who attended the Allergy Service of the “Dr. José Eleuterio González” University Hospital of Monterrey, Mexico
S.. González-Díaza, A.. Arias-Cruza, I. V.. Yáñez-Péreza, L.. Rangel-Garzaa, H.. Hernández-Sáncheza, A.. Macías-Weinmanna, C.. Gallego-Corellaa
a Regional Center of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (CRAIC), “Dr. José Eleuterio González” University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico
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    "textoCompleto" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Introduction </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> The prevalence of organ-specific allergic diseases&#44; such as allergic rhinitis&#44; asthma and atopic dermatitis is on the rise worldwide&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span> There is substantial evidence associating allergic sensitization and a hike in allergy and asthma morbidity to early exposure to environmental allergens&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> Atopic children usually begin with monosensitization &#40;sensitization to a single allergen&#41;&#44; however&#44; with time they begin sensitizing to other allergens&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span> Identification during the early stages of life is required in order to start a specific treatment and be able to modify the allergic disease&#8217;s natural history&#46; Skin tests are used to assess Ige-mediated hypersensitivity&#44; and confirm clinical sensitivity induced by allergens and other agents&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> The objective of this study was to identify the most frequent indoor aeroallergens which cause sensitization in children who attend the allergy outpatient clinic of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#8220;Dr&#46; Jos&#233; Eleuterio Gonz&#225;lez&#8221;</span> University Hospital of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Universidad Aut&#243;noma de Nuevo Le&#243;n </span>&#40;UANL&#44; by its Spanish acronym&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Methods </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> We conducted an observational and descriptive study&#46; We reviewed the results of the skin tests for the most common indoor aeroallergens on children under 16 who went for a consult at the Allergy and Immunology Regional Center Clinic of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#8220;Dr&#46; Jos&#233; Eleuterio Gonz&#225;lez&#8221;</span> University Hospital of the UANL&#44; Mexico between 2011 and 2012&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> We collected demographic data&#58; age&#44; gender&#44; clinical diagnosis and skin test results for 6 common indoor aeroallergens&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Dermatophagoides farinae </span>&#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">D&#46; farinae</span>&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#44; Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus </span>&#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">D&#46; pteronyssinus</span>&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#44; Canis familiaris </span>&#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; familiaris</span>&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#44; Felis domesticus </span>&#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F&#46; domesticus</span>&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#44; Blattella germanica </span>&#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; germanica</span>&#41; and<span class="elsevierStyleItalic"> Periplaneta americana </span>&#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P&#46; americana</span>&#41;&#46; Skin prick tests were performed using commercial allergen extracts&#44; Duotip-Test<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> &#40;Lincoln Diagnostics&#44; Decatur&#44; IL&#41; or Multi-Test<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> &#40;Lincoln Diagnostics&#44; Decatur&#44; IL&#41;&#44; as well as a negative control with a saline solution of 0&#46;9&#37; and a positive one with 10 mg&#47;mL of histamine&#46; We considered a positive test that which caused a &#8805; 3 mm wheal compared to the negative control&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> The collected data was analyzed using Statistical Product and Service Solutions 17 &#40;SPSS<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> Statistics v&#46; 17&#46;0&#41;&#46; We evaluated nominal and ordinal variables&#44; and determined frequencies and percentages&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Results </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> We evaluated a total of 439 skin tests to indoor aeroallergens in children under 16&#46; The 57&#46;6&#37; of children were male and 42&#46;4&#37; female &#40;Table 1&#41;&#46; The most utilized device for skin tests was Multi-Test<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> &#40;58&#46;5&#37;&#41;&#46; On the other hand&#44; Duotip-Test<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> was used in 41&#46;5&#37; of the cases&#46; There were no reports of complications with either device&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img alt="Table 1 Demographic data&#46;" src="304v16n64-90367587fig1.jpg"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> The clinical diagnoses included&#58; allergic rhinitis &#40;71&#46;8&#37;&#41;&#44; asthma &#40;16&#46;6&#37;&#41;&#44; and atopic dermatitis &#40;4&#46;3&#37;&#41;&#46; The 7&#46;3&#37; of children had 2 or more of these allergic diseases&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Two hundred and fifty-four of studied patients &#40;57&#46;9&#37;&#41; showed sensitization to at least one of the 6 tested aeroallergens&#46; The main indoor aeroallergens causing sensitization in children included <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">D&#46; pteronyssinus </span>&#40;49&#37;&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">D&#46; farinae</span> &#40;44&#46;6&#37;&#41; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; germanica</span> &#40;13&#46;9&#37;&#41; &#40;Table 2&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img alt="Table 2 Sensitization to indoor aeroallergens&#46;" src="304v16n64-90367587fig2.jpg"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> The rate of specific sensitization per age group was as follows&#58; 38&#37; in children under 3 years&#44; 51&#46;3&#37; in children between 3 and 5 years&#44; 69&#37; in children between 6 and 12 years and 73&#37; in children between 13 and 16 years of age &#40;Fig&#46; 1&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img alt="Figure 1 Distribution of sensitization to aeroallergens by age group&#46;" src="304v16n64-90367587fig3.jpg"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Figure 1 </span>Distribution of sensitization to aeroallergens by age group&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> The older the child&#44; the more frequent the sensitization to indoor aeroallergens&#46; Sensitization to dust house mites -mainly <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">D&#46; pteronyssinus</span>- occurred in all age groups&#46; Cockroach sensitization displayed a directly proportional relationship with age&#44; with a greater prevalence to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; germanica</span> in children over 6 years of age&#46; Sensitization rate for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; familiaris</span> displayed a higher proportion in children under 3 years with 27&#37;&#44; decreasing as children get older&#44; reaching 3&#37; in the 13 to 16 group&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Discussion </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Indoor aeroallergen sensitization increases the risk of developing allergic diseases&#44; including asthma&#44; allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span> Different studies conducted in pediatric populations&#44; as well as in adults who suffered from allergies&#44; have shown that as time passes monosensitization leads to allergenic polysensitization&#44; which constitutes a characteristic of the natural history of atopia&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span> In our study&#44; the rate of indoor allergen sensitization was 57&#46;7&#37;&#44; similar to the results obtained in a study conducted by Sheehan et al&#46; in a pediatric population in Boston&#44; where they reported a sensitization of 51&#46;3&#37; for at least one indoor allergen&#44;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> whereas in the general population sensitization to indoor allergens occurs up 30&#37; of people&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9 </span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">D&#46; pteronyssinus</span> and<span class="elsevierStyleItalic"> D&#46; farinae</span> were the most prevalent indoor aeroallergens as a cause of sensitization in the children in our study&#46; In a study conducted by Kim et al&#46; in a pediatric population in Korea&#44; they found a prevalence of sensitization to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">D&#46; pteronyssinus </span>of 32&#46;1&#37; and 42&#46;7&#37;&#44; and to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">D&#46; farinae </span>of 32&#46;4&#37; and 41&#46;9&#37;&#44; in children between 6 and 7 years of age and between 12 and 13 years of age&#44; respectively&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span> On the other hand&#44; the prevalence of sensitization to dust house mites had been reported up to 27&#46;5&#37; of people in the general population in the US&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span> This shows that indoor allergen sensitization prevalence is greater in the studies where a pediatric population is included and in those studies where the patients are assessed by an allergy specialist&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Sensitization to cockroaches was at 13&#46;9&#37; for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; germanica</span> and of 10&#46;9&#37; for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P&#46; Americana</span>&#46; Calabria et al&#46; reported a general sensitization to cockroaches of 12&#46;5&#37; in children with rhinitis&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span> In our study&#44; sensitization to cat was 5&#46;9&#37;&#44; similar to the data found in a cohort study from birth to 4 years of age&#44; with a sensitization of 5&#46;1&#37;&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span> On the other hand&#44; espinoza et al&#46; found sensitization to cat at 10&#37;&#44; in children up to 4 years old&#44;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span> which differs from our study&#44; where sensitization to cat in children up to 5 years old was just 3&#46;8&#37;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Sensitization to aeroallergens can occur in the early stages of life&#44; increasing as the person ages&#44; in many cases going through monosensitization to polysensitization&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span> It is possible to see this transition from monosensitization to polysensitization in pre-school and school-aged children&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> In a meta-analysis published by Goldhahn et al&#46;&#44; they found a rise in aeroallergen sensitization from 14&#46;2&#37; to 21&#46;6&#37; in patients from 7 to 23 years of age&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span> Similar data can be found in a study of children conducted in Turkey where the prevalence in children from 2 to 6 years of age was at 16&#46;1&#37; increasing up to 55&#46;1&#37; in patients 12-18 years of age&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span> In pediatric population&#44; the prevalence of sensitization to dust mites&#44; cockroaches&#44; dog and cat appears to be higher in older patients&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> Sensitization to dust mites&#44; and to a lesser degree to pollens seems to have a &#8220;triggering&#8221; effect in the developing of polysensitization&#44; due to the large number of children who are initially monosensitized to mites&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span> A recent preliminary study suggests that a defect in the function of regulatory T cells can explain the tendency to develop polysensitization in this population&#44; because children with persistent monosensitization produce a larger amount of interleukin 10 and interferon gamma than the children who develop polysensitization&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> In the pediatric population that goes to see the doctor at the Allergy Outpatient Clinic of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#8220;Dr&#46; Jos&#233; Eleuterio Gonz&#225;lez&#8221;</span> University Hospital of the UANL&#44; indoor aeroallergen sensitization is around 50&#37; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">D&#46; pteronyssinus</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">D&#46; farinae</span> are the main involved allergens&#46; In the atopic population&#44; frequency of sensitization directly increases with the patient&#8217;s age&#59; however it may be present from the early stages of life&#46; Early detection is recommended using skin tests on all children under suspicion of allergy&#44; in order to begin a timely treatment and modify the natural history of the allergic disease&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Conflicts of interest </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Funding </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> No financial support was provided&#46;</p><hr></hr><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Received&#58; February 2014&#59; <br></br> Accepted&#58; June 2014</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> &#42; Corresponding author&#58; <br></br> Regional Center of Allergy and Clinical Immunology &#40;CRAIC&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><br></br> &#8220;Dr&#46; Jos&#233; Eleuterio Gonz&#225;lez&#8221;</span> University Hospital&#46; Francisco I&#46; <br></br> Madero and Gonzalitos Avenue&#44; Mitras Centro&#44; <br></br> Z&#46;P&#46; 64460&#44; Monterrey&#44; N&#46;L&#46;&#44; Mexico&#46; <br></br> Telephone&#58; &#40;81&#41; 8346 2515&#46; Fax&#58; &#40;81&#41; 8347 6798&#46; <br></br><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E-mail address</span>&#58; <a href="mailto&#58;aarias45&#64;hotmail&#46;com" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">aarias45&#64;hotmail&#46;com</a> &#40;A&#46; Arias-Cruz&#41;&#46;</p>"
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        "resumen" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara"> <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Background</span>&#58; Indoor aeroallergens are the main cause of sensitization in children and represent a risk factor for the development of allergic diseases&#46;</p> <p class="elsevierStylePara"> <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Objective</span>&#58; Identify the major indoor aeroallergens most often sensitized to pediatric patients treated at the Allergy Service at the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#8220;Dr&#46; Jos&#233; Eleuterio Gonz&#225;lez&#8221;</span> University Hospital of Monterrey</p> <p class="elsevierStylePara"> <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Methods</span>&#58; We performed an observational and descriptive study where we reviewed reports of positive skin tests to the following common indoor aeroallergens&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Dermatophagoides farinae </span>&#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">D&#46; farinae</span>&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#44; Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus </span>&#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">D&#46; pteronyssinus</span>&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#44; Canis familiaris </span>&#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; familiaris</span>&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#44; Felis domesticus </span>&#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F&#46; domesticus</span>&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#44; Blattella germanica </span>&#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; germanica</span>&#41; and<span class="elsevierStyleItalic"> Periplaneta americana </span>&#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P&#46; americana</span>&#41;&#44; found in patients under 16 years with symptoms of allergy&#44; during the period of 2011-2012&#46;</p> <p class="elsevierStylePara"> <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Results</span>&#58; We performed 439 skin tests to aeroallergens in pediatric patients&#46; Of these&#44; 57&#46;6&#37; were male and 42&#46;4&#37; were female&#46; Mean age was 6&#46;3 years&#46; The age groups were under 3 years&#58; 17&#46;8&#37;&#44; 3-5 years&#58; 35&#37;&#44; 6-12 years&#58; 36&#37;&#44; and 13-16 years&#58; 11&#46;2&#37;&#46; The main diagnoses were&#58; allergic rhinitis &#40;71&#46;8&#37;&#41;&#44; asthma &#40;16&#46;6&#37;&#41;&#44; and atopic dermatitis &#40;4&#46;3&#37;&#41;&#46; In 57&#46;9&#37; of the cases&#44; they had at least one positive skin test to any aeroallergen&#46; The rate of sensitization to specific aeroallergens was&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">D&#46; Pteronyssinus</span> 49&#46;0&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#44; D&#46; farinae</span> 44&#46;6&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; germanica</span> 13&#46;9&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#44; P&#46; Americana</span> 10&#46;9&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F&#46; domesticus</span> 10&#46;7&#37;&#44; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; familiaris</span> 5&#46;9&#37;&#46;</p> <p class="elsevierStylePara"> <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Conclusion</span>&#58; Indoor aeroallergen sensitization can occur early in life&#44; although it was more frequent in the preschooler and elementary school group&#46; Dust house mites were the most commom cause of allergic sensitization&#46;</p>"
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Article information
ISSN: 16655796
Original language: English
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