Letter to the Editor
Echocardiographic parameters of atrial cardiopathy and the detection of atrial fibrillation in patients with cryptogenic stroke
Parámetros ecocardiográficos de cardiopatía auricular y detección de fibrilación auricular en el ictus criptogénico
Á. Lambea Gila,
, H. Tejada Mezab,c, C.R. López Peralesd, J. Artal Royb, J. Marta Morenob
Corresponding author
a Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
b Unidad de Ictus, Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
c Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
d Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
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Medición del volumen de la aurícula izquierda mediante método de Simpson biplano (A) y del <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">strain</span> longitudinal de la aurícula izquierda mediante técnicas de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">speckle tracking</span> (B).</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Á. Lambea Gil, H. Tejada Meza, C.R. López Perales, J. Artal Roy, J. Marta Moreno" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Á." "apellidos" => "Lambea Gil" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "H." "apellidos" => "Tejada Meza" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "C.R." "apellidos" => "López Perales" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J." "apellidos" => "Artal Roy" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J." 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C) Contrast injection into the right common carotid artery, revealing correct compensation of brain circulation through the anterior communicating artery.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "C. Montejo, A. Rodríguez, M. Pascual-Vicente, A. Renú" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "C." "apellidos" => "Montejo" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "Rodríguez" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Pascual-Vicente" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "A." 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Lambea Gil, H. Tejada Meza, C.R. López Perales, J. Artal Roy, J. Marta Moreno" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Á." "apellidos" => "Lambea Gil" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "alvarolambea@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "H." "apellidos" => "Tejada Meza" "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "C.R." "apellidos" => "López Perales" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "J." "apellidos" => "Artal Roy" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "J." "apellidos" => "Marta Moreno" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Unidad de Ictus, Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Parámetros ecocardiográficos de cardiopatía auricular y detección de fibrilación auricular en el ictus criptogénico" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1938 "Ancho" => 3167 "Tamanyo" => 412926 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography; apical 4-chamber view. Measurement of left atrial volume with the biplane Simpson method (A) and longitudinal left atrial strain with speckle tracking echocardiography (B).</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cardioembolic stroke accounts for 20%-30% of all ischaemic strokes.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> With the introduction of the term “embolic stroke of undetermined source” (ESUS), and given the considerable number of non-lacunar cryptogenic strokes, the hypothesis of an unknown embolic source has led to extensive study. This includes prolonged cardiac monitoring, which increases sensitivity for identifying paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Although the ability of these paroxysmal episodes to cause ischaemic events was previously unknown, studies into the pathophysiology of cardioembolic stroke have shown that paroxysmal AF, which usually lasts 5-6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>minutes, increases the risk of stroke.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,4</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Given their short duration and the fact that they are often asymptomatic and may not co-occur with neurological symptoms, these episodes are classified under stroke of undetermined cause.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,5</span></a> The heterogeneity of this group, combined with the limited use of prolonged cardiac monitoring (whether due to patient intolerance or to the unavailability of monitoring equipment and differences between devices), has led researchers to investigate parameters correlated with greater incidence of AF,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> with a view to increasing the utility of the technique. These parameters include electrocardiographic, biochemical, and echocardiographic variables, which have been found to be associated not only with AF but also with ischaemic stroke and recurrent stroke.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,7</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We present the case of a patient with acute ischaemic stroke and morphological and functional signs of left atrial cardiopathy in an echocardiography study; these findings were correlated with paroxysmal AF.</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient was a functionally independent 77-year-old woman who came to the emergency department due to right hemiparesis and mixed aphasia. She scored 1 on the NIHSS due to language impairment, which resolved completely 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours after symptom onset. A baseline head CT scan revealed no signs of haemorrhage or acute ischaemia; the patient scored 7 on the ABCD2 scale, and was admitted to the stroke unit for cardiac monitoring. She remained asymptomatic for 18<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours, after which she presented an episode of isolated mixed aphasia (NIHSS: 4). No changes were observed in CT images. Intravenous fibrinolysis achieved progressive recovery.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our patient presented hypertension, dyslipidaemia, and type 2 diabetes mellitus; treatment adherence was good and blood analysis results were within normal ranges. In 2012, she underwent implantation of a DDDR pacemaker due to complete atrioventricular block associated with sinus dysfunction. An echocardiography performed in 2016 revealed mild left ventricular hypertrophy and mitral valve regurgitation, with no alterations in atrial morphology or other signs of structural heart disease. In view of the 2 episodes of sudden-onset focal neurological signs (with one episode characterised by isolated aphasia), we requested the pacemaker records from the cardiology department.</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient continued under observation while we awaited the pacemaker records. Twenty-four-hour Holter monitoring revealed sinus rhythm and no arrhythmia; the patient was therefore transferred to the neurology ward. A Doppler ultrasound of the supra-aortic trunks revealed atheromatous plaques in the carotid territory bilaterally, without haemodynamic impairment; transcranial Doppler ultrasound did not detect stenosis. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> shows the findings from transthoracic echocardiography, adjusted for body surface area (1.657<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>). Atrial diameter and area were compatible with mild left atrial enlargement, whereas volume and such functional activity parameters as left atrial ejection fraction (LAEF) and left atrial strain (LAS) indicated more severe dysfunction of the cardiac chamber (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>). The pacemaker data revealed an episode of paroxysmal AF lasting 17<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours, which occurred 3 months previously, and another episode occurring 4 days after the cerebrovascular event; the patient presented sinus rhythm during neurological symptoms.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient was asymptomatic at discharge and was diagnosed with ischaemic stroke of cardioembolic origin secondary to paroxysmal AF. She started treatment with oral anticoagulants; her functional status at 3 months was similar to that before hospital admission (mRS: 1).</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We were presented with the case of a patient with no signs of significant intra- or extracranial atherosclerosis, displaying sinus rhythm during 24-hour Holter monitoring. In view of the strong association between isolated aphasia and cardioembolic arrhythmia,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> we performed a comprehensive transthoracic echocardiography study to evaluate parameters that may support prolonged cardiac monitoring, in case the pacemaker records showed no relevant data, considering the potential for episodes of AF not to co-occur with stroke onset.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The echocardiographic parameters most frequently used in our hospital to characterise the left atrium are area and anteroposterior diameter; whenever possible, these are adjusted for body surface area to avoid sex-related variability. However, these parameters tend to underestimate the true size of the atrium (as compared to volumetry) since linear measurements do not reflect differences in deformation on different planes.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Left atrial volume is more accurate but has the limitation that it is difficult to measure. Technical advances have made it easier to calculate, making this the morphological parameter of choice in clinical practice.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8,9</span></a> Another potentially useful structural parameter is the analysis of left atrial appendage morphology with transoesophageal echocardiography, due to the potential association between certain morphological patterns and increased risk of thromboembolism.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Left atrial function parameters are less frequently used, although they are also reported to be correlated with increased risk of AF and ischaemic stroke regardless of the morphology of this chamber.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10,11</span></a> Even in patients with normal left atria, this association represents a shift from the traditional classification of atrial damage based exclusively on chamber enlargement. Two useful left atrial function parameters are LAEF and LAS. The latter measures myocardial deformation using speckle tracking echocardiography; this technique analyses atrial contractility, which has been found to be associated with structural degeneration.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Based on the data shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> and the considerations discussed with regard to different echocardiographic parameters, the transthoracic echocardiography study typically performed at our hospital (with the left atrium assessed by measuring anteroposterior diameter and area) would only have shown mild left atrial enlargement; however, volumetric data indicated severe atrial enlargement (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>). This finding, which would have gone unnoticed had we not gathered volumetric data, points to an association between left atrial enlargement and both higher incidence of AF and recurrent stroke.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> An LAEF below 50% and an LAS below 25.8% in the reservoir phase also point to underlying paroxysmal AF.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10,11</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The aetiological study of stroke includes echocardiographic parameters and other biochemical and electrocardiographic markers (proBNP levels, P terminal force in the V1 lead, etc) to identify probable emboligenic arrhythmia; the inclusion of these parameters is based on the traditional idea of AF as a cause of cardiac remodelling, venous stasis, and subsequent thromboembolism. However, research into the association between these parameters and AF incidence suggests that many of them correlate directly with the incidence and recurrence of ischaemic stroke, regardless of whether the patient has AF.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,7</span></a> Consequently, the pathophysiology of cardioembolic stroke is thought to be more complex: the idea of atrial cardiopathy as a dysfunction capable in itself of increasing the risk of embolism is becoming more widespread; AF is still considered the cause, aggravating factor, or consequence, depending on the case, but is no longer regarded as a necessary condition for cardioembolic stroke.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,7,15</span></a></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">However, regardless of these new hypotheses about the pathophysiology of thrombus formation, AF continues to be a major source of cardioembolism; detection of AF is closely related to the type and duration of cardiac monitoring to be performed.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> The case presented constitutes a good example of the usefulness of certain echocardiographic parameters due to their association with higher incidence of underlying AF. Furthermore, in our patient these parameters were the only factors associated with emboligenic arrhythmia; this is particularly interesting considering the increasing importance of focused cardiac ultrasound in neurology training.</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion, different tools may be used to determine whether ischaemic stroke of undetermined aetiology is due to emboligenic factors. When the most frequent emboligenic causes are ruled out, left atrial volumetry or assessment of left atrial function (LAEF and LAS) may help us to determine whether patients are eligible for prolonged cardiac monitoring to screen for AF with a view to choosing the most suitable treatment.</p></span>" "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: Lambea Gil Á, Tejada Meza H, López Perales CR, Artal Roy J, Marta Moreno J. Parámetros ecocardiográficos de cardiopatía auricular y detección de fibrilación auricular en el ictus criptogénico. Neurología. 2020;35:284–287.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1938 "Ancho" => 3167 "Tamanyo" => 412926 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography; apical 4-chamber view. Measurement of left atrial volume with the biplane Simpson method (A) and longitudinal left atrial strain with speckle tracking echocardiography (B).</p>" ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A4C: apical 4-chamber; AP: anteroposterior; LAEF: left atrial ejection fraction; LAS: left atrial strain; LLN: lower limit of normal; ULN: upper limit of normal.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Our patient \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Normal results \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">AP diameter (mm)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">40 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">LLN 38.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Area in A4C view (cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">25 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">LLN 20.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">AP diameter, indexed (mm/m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">24.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">LLN 23.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Area in A4C view, indexed (cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>/m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">15.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">LLN 11.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Volume in A4C view, indexed (mL/m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">57.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">LLN 34.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">LAEF (%)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">35.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">ULN 50.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">LAS in reservoir phase \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">20.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">ULN 25.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2409246.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Transthoracic echocardiography findings: left atrium morphological and functional parameters, adjusted for body surface area and sex.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at2" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A4C: apical 4-chamber; AP: anteroposterior.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Our patient \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Normal range \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mild enlargement \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Moderate enlargement \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Severe enlargement \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">AP diameter (mm)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">40 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">27-38 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">39-42 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">43-46 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">≥ 47 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Area in A4C view (cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">25 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">≤ 20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">20-30 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">30-40 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">> 40 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Volume in A4C view, indexed (mL/m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">57.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">16-34 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">35-41 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">42-48 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">> 48 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2409245.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Left atrial morphology data obtained with transthoracic echocardiography and classification by severity.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:15 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0080" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Cardioembolic stroke" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "H. Kamel" 1 => "J. Healey" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Circ Res" "fecha" => "2017" "volumen" => "120" "paginaInicial" => "514" "paginaFinal" => "526" ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0085" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Embolic strokes of undetermined source: the case for a new clinical construct" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "R.G. Hart" 1 => "H.C. Diener" 2 => "S.B. Coutts" 3 => "J.D. Easton" 4 => "C.B. Granger" 5 => "M.J. 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 7 | 1 | 8 |
| 2024 October | 33 | 5 | 38 |
| 2024 September | 58 | 7 | 65 |
| 2024 August | 47 | 2 | 49 |
| 2024 July | 27 | 3 | 30 |
| 2024 June | 20 | 5 | 25 |
| 2024 May | 17 | 3 | 20 |
| 2024 April | 33 | 88 | 121 |
| 2024 March | 33 | 8 | 41 |
| 2024 February | 30 | 5 | 35 |
| 2024 January | 33 | 5 | 38 |
| 2023 December | 33 | 13 | 46 |
| 2023 November | 51 | 7 | 58 |
| 2023 October | 61 | 13 | 74 |
| 2023 September | 51 | 7 | 58 |
| 2023 August | 39 | 7 | 46 |
| 2023 July | 37 | 5 | 42 |
| 2023 June | 83 | 10 | 93 |
| 2023 May | 128 | 7 | 135 |
| 2023 April | 98 | 2 | 100 |
| 2023 March | 85 | 5 | 90 |
| 2023 February | 60 | 2 | 62 |
| 2023 January | 52 | 3 | 55 |
| 2022 December | 51 | 6 | 57 |
| 2022 November | 40 | 7 | 47 |
| 2022 October | 46 | 12 | 58 |
| 2022 September | 38 | 15 | 53 |
| 2022 August | 47 | 11 | 58 |
| 2022 July | 40 | 7 | 47 |
| 2022 June | 29 | 9 | 38 |
| 2022 May | 31 | 11 | 42 |
| 2022 April | 27 | 5 | 32 |
| 2022 March | 49 | 10 | 59 |
| 2022 February | 33 | 7 | 40 |
| 2022 January | 58 | 10 | 68 |
| 2021 December | 46 | 9 | 55 |
| 2021 November | 42 | 7 | 49 |
| 2021 October | 73 | 13 | 86 |
| 2021 September | 74 | 12 | 86 |
| 2021 August | 66 | 15 | 81 |
| 2021 July | 19 | 7 | 26 |
| 2021 June | 23 | 9 | 32 |
| 2021 May | 32 | 11 | 43 |
| 2021 April | 85 | 34 | 119 |
| 2021 March | 42 | 12 | 54 |
| 2021 February | 34 | 7 | 41 |
| 2021 January | 32 | 11 | 43 |
| 2020 December | 34 | 17 | 51 |
| 2020 November | 30 | 11 | 41 |
| 2020 October | 23 | 7 | 30 |
| 2020 September | 33 | 14 | 47 |
| 2020 August | 42 | 5 | 47 |
| 2020 July | 19 | 6 | 25 |
| 2020 June | 19 | 10 | 29 |
| 2020 May | 19 | 12 | 31 |
| 2020 April | 7 | 3 | 10 |
| 2020 March | 11 | 5 | 16 |
| 2020 February | 16 | 2 | 18 |
| 2020 January | 13 | 4 | 17 |
| 2019 December | 16 | 7 | 23 |
| 2019 November | 6 | 13 | 19 |
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