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Letter to the Editor
Raccoon sign
Lorena Caballero Sánchez
Corresponding author
lorenacaballeros24@gmail.com

Corresponding author at: Complejo Asistencial de Segovia, Valladolid, Spain.
, Claudia Gómez López de San Román, Amelia Mendoza Rodríguez
Sección de Neurología, Complejo Asistencial de Segovia, Segovia, Spain
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          "en" => "<p id="sp0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Raccoon sign&#46; Bilateral periorbital ecchymosis&#44; sparing the palpebral tarsus&#44; manifesting 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>days after head trauma&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="p0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dr&#46; Editor&#44;</p><p id="p0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Raccoon eyes is a clinical sign characterised by the presence of uni- or bilateral periorbital ecchymosis that manifests 2&#8211;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>days after head trauma&#44; which is associated with basilar skull fracture&#46; Periorbital ecchymosis does not typically affect the superior tarsus&#44; as the orbital septum hinders blood extravasation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Uni- or bilateral presence of this sign may present a positive-predictive value for basilar skull fracture between 70&#37; and 90&#37;&#44; particularly when the fracture is located frontally&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> In contrast to this sign&#44; the periorbital haematoma colloquially known as black eye would be described as the uni- or bilateral periorbital ecchymosis that frequently manifests in the first 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h after a facial trauma&#44; which may affect the whole eyelid&#44; and is not associated with basilar skull fracture&#46;</p><p id="p0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We report the case of a patient with raccoon sign and discuss multiple aetiologies that may be associated with this sign&#46;</p><p id="p0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our patient is a 55-year-old man with no relevant medical history who suffered an accidental fall leading to posterior head trauma&#46; He did not lose consciousness&#46; The patient reported mild occipital headache with oppressive pain in the injured area and haematoma at the vertex&#44; and non-specific&#44; non-vertigo dizziness&#46; He attended the emergency department 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>days after the accident due to increased headache intensity&#44; sleepiness&#44; and bilateral periorbital haematomas&#46;</p><p id="p0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During the examination&#44; the patient showed somnolence but it was easy to keep him focused&#46; He was oriented to time&#44; space&#44; and person&#46; Glasgow Coma Scale score was 15&#47;15&#46; The patient presented no neck rigidity and preserved conjugate eye movement&#46; He presented a haematoma in the posterior medial frontal region&#44; as well as bilateral palpebral haematomas&#44; sparing the pretarsal area &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#f0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; We also observed abrasion in the medial posterior parietal area&#46; The patient displayed no otorrhoea or nasal secretion&#46; He did not present haemotympanum or retroauricular haematoma&#46; No other relevant pathological findings were observed in the neurological examination&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="f0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="p0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A cranial CT scan showed haemorrhagic contusions in the bilateral frontal basal region&#44; with an associated small subarachnoid haemorrhagic component&#44; and medial frontal fracture&#44; with no pneumocephalus or paranasal sinus occupation&#46;</p><p id="p0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A series of clinical signs may lead physicians to suspect basilar skull fractures&#44; such as CSF rhinorrhoea&#44; CSF otorrhoea&#44; retroauricular ecchymosis &#40;also known as Battle sign&#44; which is particularly associated with fracture of the temporal bone&#41;&#44; haemotympanum&#44; and periorbital ecchymosis &#40;raccoon sign&#41;&#44; the finding observed in our patient&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> This fact is especially relevant as neuroimaging studies do not always show such fractures&#59; thus&#44; clinical findings are more informative than complementary tests&#46;</p><p id="p0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In these cases&#44; examination is essential for diagnosis and&#44; consequently&#44; for appropriate management&#44; as specific treatment may be needed for some diseases associated with basilar skull fractures&#44; such as CSF fistula&#44; carotid-cavernous fistula&#44; brain abscesses&#44; or meningitis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="p0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The term &#8220;raccoon sign&#8221; should be limited to cases of periorbital ecchymosis&#44; sparing the palpebral tarsus&#44; due to fractures to the base of the skull&#46; Bilateral palpebral haematomas caused by direct trauma to the orbital and facial region&#44; or non-traumatic medical conditions&#44; may extend beyond the tarsus&#46; Differential diagnosis includes both trivial&#44; benign conditions&#44; and severe conditions&#44; with neuroblastoma&#44; multiple myeloma&#44; and amyloidosis being the most frequent &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#t0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="t0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="p0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; the raccoon sign is easy to identify in the physical examination&#46; Its presence after head trauma is strongly associated with a fracture at the skull base&#46; The presence of palpebral ecchymosis in the absence of a previous head trauma may serve as a warning sign for other possible diagnoses&#46;</p></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Trauma</span>Basilar skull fractureFacial or orbital trauma<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>Nasal or orbital surgery&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Oncological diseases</span>Multiple myelomaMetastatic neuroblastomaOrbital metastasesKaposi sarcomaAcute myeloid leukaemiaLymphoblastic lymphoma&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Vascular diseases</span>Cerebral venous thrombosisTemporal arteritis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Others</span>Trigeminal autonomic cephalalgiaMigraineEndoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographyHaemophiliaFrontal sinus mucoceleSneezing&#44; coughing&#44; and vomiting&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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ISSN: 26670496
Original language: English
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