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Carta al director
Chatbots and psychiatry: Beware of hallucinations of artificial intelligence
Chatbots y psiquiatría: precaución con las alucinaciones de la Inteligencia Artificial
Jesús Enrique Ibáñez Vizosoa,
Corresponding author
, Agustín Bermejo Pastorb
a Instituto de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
b Servicio de Psiquiatría, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Majadahonda, Spain
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="p0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Artificial intelligence &#40;AI&#41; is a branch of computer science that seeks to develop algorithms and techniques that enable computers to learn and perform tasks that would otherwise require human intelligence&#46; These tasks include pattern recognition&#44; decision making&#44; natural language processing&#44; and complex problem solving&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="p0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In recent years&#44; the field of psychiatry has seen a significant increase in the use of AI for various applications such as diagnostic assistance&#44; symptom tracking&#44; disease course prediction&#44; psychoeducation and treatment&#46; As promising illustrations of this&#44; BiAffect is a mobile application that uses keyboard metadata to predict affective episodes in bipolar patients&#44; while Avatar Therapy involves the utilization of computer-generated images of faces which interact with patients with schizophrenia via intelligent algorithms&#44; reducing the frequency of hallucinations and the distress associated to them&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="p0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A chatbot is an AI system that simulates a conversation with humans through the use of natural language&#46; They can be deployed in mobile applications&#44; websites&#44; messaging&#44; etc&#46;&#44; and have a wide variety of uses&#46; In Mental Health there is a growing interest in them&#46; They have been used mainly for psychoeducation or to promote adherence to treatment&#44; and potential therapeutic uses are being investigated&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="p0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Recently&#44; on November 30&#44; 2022&#44; the natural language processing model ChatGPT&#44; originally based on GPT-3 and developed by OpenAI&#44; was released&#46; It is capable of generating natural and coherent responses by attending to the context and intent behind a question or a conversation&#59; It is&#44; therefore&#44; a very advanced chatbot&#46; Its potential has dazzled part of the scientific and academic world&#58; one author published the response he obtained when he asked for a reasoned opinion on the use of rapamycin from a certain perspective<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#59; meanwhile&#44; in Nature it has been asked if this technology means the end of the essay as a method of evaluation of students&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="p0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this context&#44; it is natural to ask how we can take advantage of these tools in our clinical&#44; scientific or teaching activity&#46; As a simple test&#44; we entered into ChatGPT the following text&#58; &#8220;Tell me the prevalence of bipolar disorder&#46; The data must be based on recent and good quality publications&#44; and be properly referenced&#8221;&#46; The program&#39;s response&#44; in a very convincing style&#44; began like this&#58; &#8220;The prevalence of bipolar disorder varies depending on the population and the study methodology used&#46; According to a study published in 2018 in the journal &#8220;JAMA Psychiatry&#8220; that reviewed data from more than 200 epidemiological studies&#44; the global prevalence of type 1 bipolar disorder &#40;BP-1&#41; is 0&#46;6&#37;&#44; while the prevalence of the disorder bipolar type 2 &#40;BP-2&#41; is 1&#46;1&#37;&#46; However&#44; these data can vary significantly depending on the geographic region and the population studied&#8221;&#46; The response went on to refer to another study and concluded with a cautious paragraph&#46; It then gave the complete references of the 2 mentioned studies&#46;</p><p id="p0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After this surprising and apparent response we proceeded to check the data and the references&#46; Neither of the two DOIs corresponded to an existing scientific paper&#46; The first paper seemed to be inspired by another published in Archives of General Psychiatry in 2011&#44; but the methodology and some data did not match what was described in the answer&#59; with the second paper the problem was even more pronounced&#46; That is&#44; the studies had been invented or &#8220;hallucinated&#8221;&#46;</p><p id="p0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">AI and language processing models are prone to hallucinating &#40;in AI jargon&#44; generating meaningless content&#41;&#44; which degrades the performance of these technologies and in medicine can lead to safety issues in their potential uses&#44; as well as violations of private data&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> A recent review about the expectations regarding AI in psychiatry explains various factors that contribute to the low maturity of this technology&#44; especially for its routine use in clinical practice&#46; Its implementation and use in our activities will require a greater maturity of the technology&#44; identifying and solving the problems that inevitably arise&#44; and&#44; importantly&#44; educating healthcare personnel in the fundamentals of AI&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p></span>"
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Article information
ISSN: 11345934
Original language: English
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