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Inicio Rehabilitación Factores de riesgo y etiología de la parálisis cerebral en nuestro medio
Journal Information
Vol. 35. Issue 3.
Pages 146-153 (January 2001)
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Vol. 35. Issue 3.
Pages 146-153 (January 2001)
Factores de riesgo y etiología de la parálisis cerebral en nuestro medio
Cerebral palsy risk factors and etiology in our environment
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G. Girona Chenoll*,*, R. Aguilera Olmos**, R. Tosca**, M. Bea Muñoz***, E. Cuello Villaverde****
* Servicio de Rehabilitación.
** Servicio de Pediatría. Hospital General de Castellón.
*** Servicio de Rehabilitación. Hospital de Arriondas (Asturias).
**** Servicio de Rehabilitación. Hospital Provincial de Castellón.
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Resumen

La prevalencia de parálisis cerebral (PC) se mantiene estable a pesar de la mejoría en los cuidados obstétricos y neonatales. La disminución de la mortalidad peri-natal en prematuros y niños de bajo o muy bajo peso y factores prenatales, pueden explicar este hecho. El presente estudio se ha planteado para conocer la etiología de la PC en nuestro medio, basándonos en la identificación de los factores de riesgo.

Se han revisado retrospectivamente 153 historias de pacientes nacidos entre 1980 y 1996 diagnosticados de PC. La distribución de las causas en prenatales, perinatales y post-natales se realizó según el período en que hubieran tenido lugar los factores de riesgo y el origen fue clasificado como obvio o potencial.

Un 30% de niños había nacido antes de la 37ª semana de gestación y un 14% pesaba menos de 1500 g. Dos o más factores de riesgo prenatal se han identificado en el 70%, actuando como causa principal obvia en el 35,3%. Los factores perinatales obvios se dan en el 25,5%, existiendo un 61,5% de prematuros en este grupo. Un 16,3 % de niños tenían criterios de asfixia perinatal, estando presentes factores de riesgo prenatal en el 72% de casos. El 7,2% fueron considerados de origen postnatal, predominando la etiología vascular e infecciosa y un 7,8 % no tenía factores de riesgo demostrables.

Establecer de forma clara el período patogénico y la etiología responsable de la PC resulta difícil. Los factores prenatales y la prematuridad son los más frecuentes. La asfixia perinatal ha dejado de ser la principal causa de PC (según las teorías clásicas de Little) y cuando está presente coexiste con otros factores de riesgo. Los factores postnatales son poco frecuentes en nuestro medio. La etiología de la PC es, a menudo, multifactorial y quedan muchos factores causales por conocer.

Palabras clave:
Parálisis cerebral
Etiología
Factores de riesgo
Summary

The prevalence of cerebral palsy (CP) is stable in spite of the improvement of obstetric and neonatal care. The decrease in perinatal mortality in premature infants and low weight or very low weight children and prenatal factors can explain this fact. The present study has been established to study the etiology of the CP in our environment, based on the identification of the risk factors.

A total of 153 records of patients born between 1980 and 1996 and diagnosed of CP were studied retrospectively. The prenatal, perinatal or postnatal causes were distributed by the period in which the risk factors took place and the origin was classified as obvious or potential.

30% of the children were born before the 37th weeks of gestation and 14% weighed less than 1500 g. Two or more prenatal risk factors were identified in 70%, this being the obvious principal cause in 35.3%. The obvious perinatal factors occurred in 25.5%, and 61.5% of the babies in this group were premature. 16.3% of the children had perinatal asphyxia criteria, and prenatal risk factors were present in 72% of the cases. 7.2% were considered as having postnatal origin, the vascular and infectious etiology predominating and 7.8% had no demonstrable risk factors. It is difficult to clearly establish the pathogenic period and etiology responsible for the CP. The prenatal factors and prematurity are the most frequent. Peri-natal asphyxia is no longer the principal cause of CP (according to the classic theories of Little) and when this is present, it coexists with other risk factors. The postnatal factors are rare in our environment. The PC etiology is often multifactorial and there are still many causal factors to be discovered.

Key words:
Cerebral palsy
Etiology Risk factors

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