Endophytic fungi from selected varieties of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) and corn (Zea mays L.) grown in an agricultural area of Argentina

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Calles 1, 2 y 3: muestras de ADN de los aislamientos correspondientes a las cabras 188, 200 y 911 de la majada MJ2 (Colonia Km 503). Calles 4 a 8: muestras de ADN de leche de las cabras 105,184 (negativas), 188, 200 y 911 (infectadas). Calle 9: cepa de referencia de B. melitensis bv. 1. Calle 10: control negativo. Calle 11: marcador molecular de 100 pb (Invitrogen, EE. UU.)." ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Ana M. Russo, Orlando A. Mancebo, Carlos M. Monzón, Juan J. Gait, Rubén D. Casco, Susana M. Torioni de Echaide" "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Ana M." "apellidos" => "Russo" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Orlando A." "apellidos" => "Mancebo" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Carlos M." "apellidos" => "Monzón" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Juan J." "apellidos" => "Gait" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Rubén D." "apellidos" => "Casco" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Susana M." "apellidos" => "Torioni de Echaide" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0325754115001595?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/03257541/0000004800000002/v1_201607030039/S0325754115001595/v1_201607030039/es/main.assets" ] "en" => array:20 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Original article" "titulo" => "Endophytic fungi from selected varieties of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) and corn (Zea mays L.) grown in an agricultural area of Argentina" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "154" "paginaFinal" => "160" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "María L. Russo, Sebastián A. Pelizza, Marta N. Cabello, Sebastián A. Stenglein, María F. Vianna, Ana C. Scorsetti" "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "María L." "apellidos" => "Russo" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "leticiarusso@conicet.gov.ar" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Sebastián A." "apellidos" => "Pelizza" "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Marta N." "apellidos" => "Cabello" "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Sebastián A." "apellidos" => "Stenglein" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "María F." "apellidos" => "Vianna" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Ana C." "apellidos" => "Scorsetti" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Instituto de Botánica Carlos Spegazzini (Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo-Universidad Nacional de La Plata), La Plata, Argentina" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CEPAVE), CCT La Plata CONICET-UNLP, La Plata, Argentina" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Laboratorio de Biología Funcional y Biotecnología (BIOLAB)-CICBA-INBIOTEC, Facultad de Agronomía de Azul, Cátedra de Microbiología, UNCPBA, República de Italia 780, 7300 Azul, Argentina" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas (CIC) de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Hongos endófitos aislados de cultivares de soja (Glycine max L. Merr) y maíz (Zea mays L.) presentes en áreas agrícolas argentinas" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1041 "Ancho" => 2665 "Tamanyo" => 121233 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Colonization percentage of endophytes isolated from corn plants of two cultivars DK747, NK900. Different letters indicate statistically significant differences between the groups (LSD test, p<0.05)." ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "IntroductionBy the year 2020, the supply of food especially of cereals, will have to increase about 70% in developing countries to secure food for the projected population of 6500 million people. It is expected that most of this increase in food supply will come from developing countries<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330">33</a>. Soybean and corn are the extensive major crops in Argentina, providing a high percentage of the basic food needs of the population. The most important crops in Argentina are soybean and corn with 18 and 3.4million sown hectares, respectively<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260">19</a>.Symptomless internal colonization of healthy plant tissues by fungi is a widespread and well-documented phenomenon. Increasing interest in the ecological roles of these fungi has stimulated research in recent years since they might have plant growth – promoting activity<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230">13</a>. Endophyte is an all-encompassing topographical term that includes all those organisms that during a variable period of their life symptomlessly colonize the living internal tissues of their hosts<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285">24</a>. It is hypothesized that fungal endophytes, in contrast to known pathogens, generally have far greater phenotypic plasticity and thus more options to interact with their host than pathogens<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300">27</a>. Since the 1970s several reports have shown that these fungal endophytes play important roles in protecting their host against predators and pathogens<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290">25</a>. Endophytic fungi that infect plants are ubiquitous in all environments studied<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200">7,24,28</a>. Although the diversity and function of fungal endophytes that infect grasses are well documented, little is known about the diversity and function of fungal endophytes in plants, particularly in economically important species<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230">13,26</a>. Some fungal endophytes can reportedly reduce plant diseases and enhance plant growth and may be the basis for emerging methods to improve plant growth and production<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0225">12,17,18,20</a>. For example treatment of soybean [Glycine max L. (Merr)] with culture filtrate from the endophyte Cladosporium sphaerospermun increased plant height<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180">3,11,20,21</a>. Although soybean and corn are major world crops, there is very limited knowledge of their fungal endophyte community.The goal of this study was to isolate fungal endophytes from leaves, stems and roots of four soybean and two corn varieties grown in agricultural sites of the provinces of Buenos Aires and Entre Rios, Argentina, and to determine their colonization frequencies.Materials and methodsSample collectionThe plants were collected during January and February 2013 in six locations in the soybean and corn cropping area of the provinces of Buenos Aires and Entre Rios (Argentina)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190">5</a> (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>). The region's climate is temperate with an average temperature of 17°C and an average annual rainfall of 1000mm. Two areas were selected for sampling corn and four for soybean sampling, since soybean varieties are more predominant in Argentina. Plants of both species were grown in monoculture fields with a history of annual corn and soybean rotation. Ten plants without symptoms of disease were randomly selected from each plot in soybean cultivars DM 3810, DM 4210, DM 4670 (Don Mario Co., Buenos Aires province, Argentina), NA 5009 (Nidera Semillas Co., Buenos Aires province, Argentina) and ten plants were selected from corn cultivars NK 900 (Sygenta Semillas Co., Argentina) and DK 747 (Dekald®, Argentina). All samples were collected at 60–70 days after germination, cut at the soil line, immediately placed on ice and stored up for 72h at 4°C until processed according to Impulliti and Malvick<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230">13</a>.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Isolation and identification of endophytic fungiEndophytic fungi were isolated according to the protocols described by Pimentel et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290">25</a>. All leaf, stem and root samples were washed twice in distilled water, then surface-sterilized by immersion for 1min in 70% (v/v) ethanol, 4min in sodium hypochlorite (3%, v/v available chlorine) and then washed three times in sterilized distilled water for each time. After surface sterilization, samples were cut into 1cm2 pieces with a sterile scalpel and aseptically transferred to plates containing potato dextrose agar (PDA, Britania S.A., Buenos Aires, Argentina) to which a 0.1% stock consisting of 0.02g of each of two antibiotics (chloramphenicol and streptomycin) dissolved in 10ml sterile distilled water was added, followed by filter sterilization through a 0.2-μm filter (Syringe filter sterile, E-Chrom Tech, Taiwan); 1ml of this was added to each litre of medium, to suppress bacterial growth<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320">31</a>. Aliquots from the third wash were plated onto PDA to check that surface sterilization had been effective. A total of 1080 fragments were plated (18 from each of the 60 plants investigated). To facilitate isolation of endophytic fungi, the plates were incubated in the dark at 25°C. The plates were checked everyday for up to ten days after incubation and any fungi present was isolated, purified and then maintained at 4°C on PDA slopes for further identification. Percentage colonization was defined for each variety as the total number of fragments colonized by fungi in relation to the total number of fragments×100<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290">25</a>.The species were identified using both morphological and molecular data.Morphological identification of the isolates was done by growing them on PDA plates or in microculture<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235">14</a> and examining the colonies for asexual or sexual reproductive structures using optical microscopy and taxonomic keys. Species were identified according to Leslie and Summerell<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240">15</a> and Domsch et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205">8</a>.Genomic DNA of monosporic cultures was obtained according to Stenglein and Balatti<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310">29</a>. To confirm morphological identifications, a PCR was carried out in an XP thermal cycler (Bioer Technology Co, Hangzhou, China) to amplify the ITS rDNA region using primer pairs ITS5 (5′-GGAAGTAAAAGTCGTAACAAG G-3′) and ITS4 (5′-TCCTCC GCT TATTGATATGC-3′)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325">32</a>. For Fusarium species confirmation the translation elongation factor (EF-1α) region was amplified using primers EF1 (5′-ATGGGTAAGGA(A/G)GACAAGAC-3′) and EF2 (5′-GGA(A/G)GTACCAGT(G/C)ATCATGTT-3′)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275">22</a>. The PCR reactions, the fragment purifications and sequencing were performed according to Canel et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195">6</a> and Stenglein et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315">30</a>.The similarities of the fragment with previously published sequence data were examined with BLASTn<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170">1</a> on the NCBI web page.Diversity was assessed using the Shannon Index<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245">16</a> (for the cultivars and tissue types).The differences between fungi isolates and frequency of colonization for the different varieties were tested using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and their means were compared by the LSD test (p<0.05) using the Infostat software.ResultsFrom the soybean plants sampled, 11 fungal species were isolated and identified using both morphological and molecular data. In all soybean cultivars, Fusarium graminearum was the most frequently isolated species sampled while Scopulariopsis brevicaulis was the least frequently isolated one (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>). Furthermore, in the corn plants sampled, 7 fungal species were isolated (six species belonging to Ascomycota and one to Zygomycota (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>)), being Aspergillus terreus the most frequently isolated species and Aspergillus flavus the least frequently isolated one (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>). All endophytic fungal species were deposited in the strain culture collection of the Spegazzini Institute, La Plata, Argentina (LPSC) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tbl0010">Tables 2 and 3</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia>With regard to fungal diversity in soybean plants, cultivar DM3810 showed the highest diversity while in cultivar NA5009 we observed the lowest diversity, with a Shannon's index of 3.09 and 1.93, respectively. Moreover, corn cultivar DK747 showed the highest fungal diversity whereas the lowest diversity was observed in cultivar NK900, with a Shannon's index of 1.84 and 1.67, respectively. Furthermore, based on the Shannon's index, the greatest fungal diversity in all the soybean cultivars sampled was observed in the stems and then in the leaves whereas the lowest diversity occurred in the roots, except for cultivar DM4670, where we observed increased diversity in the roots rather than in the leaves with a Shannon's diversity index of 1.35 and 1.18, respectively. With respect to the fungal diversity in the roots, stems and leaves of corn plants, most fungal diversity was observed in the stems of both DK747 and NK900 cultivars with a Shannon's diversity index of 2.27 and 2.49, respectively, then in leaves and the lowest diversity occurred in roots.Fungal isolates identification was confirmed at molecular level and submitted to GenBank (Accession numbers: <a id="intr0005" class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&db=nucleotide&doptcmdl=genbank&term=KF753941">KF753941</a>–<a id="intr0010" class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&db=nucleotide&doptcmdl=genbank&term=KF753956">KF753956</a>). Fungal endophyte colonization in soybean plants was influenced by the cultivars, showing significant differences between varieties (F=4.17, df=3, p=0.0063), fungi isolates (F=6.93, df=10, p<0.0001) and in the interaction among them (F=7.12, df=30, p<0.0001) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>). Corn plants showed no significant differences between cultivars (F=1.34, df=1, p=0.2500), however, they did instead among fungi isolates (F=4.07, df=6, p=0.0009) and in the interaction among cultivars and fungi isolates (F=4.12, df=6, p=0.0008) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia>DiscussionStudies of fungal endophytes in many environments are an active area for research; however, the endophytes in soybean and corn have never been systematically characterized. This work expands our understanding of endophytic fungi in soybean and corn plants. We have focused on roots, stems and leaves because many soybean and corn pathogens commonly colonize these organs. The fungal endophytes identified in this study are not known to be soybean and corn pathogens, and the functional associations between these fungi and soybean and corn plants are unknown. Furthermore, it is important to mention that none of the plants used in this study had symptoms of disease. The most prevalent endophytic fungal species isolated in the organs (root, stem and leaf) in all soybean cultivars was F. graminearum and in the two corn cultivars was A. terreus. Pimentel et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290">25</a>; Impullitti and Malvick<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230">13</a> found that Cladosporium was the endophytic fungal genus most frequently identified from leaves and stems of soybeans grown in Brazil and Minnesota, USA whereas Pan et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280">23</a> found this genus in leaves and stems from corn in Minnesota, USA. In this study only one species of Zygomycota was isolated in maize plants; species from this Phylum were isolated as endophytes in Dactylis glomerata L. and other plants<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255">18</a>.The endophytic fungal species detected in plants may be influenced by many factors, including the type of tissue sampled, the time when plants were assayed, perhaps the climate and location in which they were grown<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230">13</a>, whether the plant is grown in a monoculture or polyculture, the plant age or cropping history of the field<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175">2,4,9,27</a>. Soybean and maize used in this study were grown in a monoculture and in fields that had a history of corn, wheat and soybean rotations.Fisher et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215">10</a> observed that parts of corn-stems nearer to the soil showed a lower incidence of fungal infection and explained that this probably was due to these parts of the stem having an increased frequency of bacteria that inhibited fungal colonization. This could explain why we obtained the greatest number and diversity of isolates from stems in different soybean and corn cultivars, than in leaves and roots.A greater number of fungi such as endophytes in stems were also observed in soybean in Brazil whereas endophytic bacteria in maize were found in the USA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215">10,25</a>. These studies also suggested that endophytes may exclusively colonize certain tissues, for example, Colletotrichum was only isolated from soybean leaves and not from the stems cultivated in Brazil<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290">25</a>. In our study, Fusarium equiseti was only isolated from leaves of soybean plants and S. brevicaulis only from stems.Endophytes may be important organisms to improve a sustainable production of crops, although their identities and functions in a range of plants are just beginning to be revealed. This is the first time that we study the natural endophytes placed in roots, stems and leaves of the main soybean and maize cultivars in Argentina. Species could be determined by classical taxonomy and the use of molecular techniques for each of the isolates obtained. In addition, we determined the colonization percentage, the fungal diversity in the different organs of every plant studied, the differences between fungi isolates and the frequency of colonization for different varieties using the ANOVA analysis. Future research should be conducted to determine which of these fungal natural endophytes could be used for both biological control and plant growth promotion.Ethical disclosuresProtection of human and animal subjectsThe authors declare that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this investigation.Confidentiality of dataThe authors declare that no patient data appears in this article.Right to privacy and informed consentThe authors declare that no patient data appears in this article.Conflict of interestThe authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:12 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres680269" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec686120" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres680268" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec686119" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Materials and methods" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Sample collection" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Isolation and identification of endophytic fungi" ] ] ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Ethical disclosures" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Protection of human and animal subjects" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Confidentiality of data" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Right to privacy and informed consent" ] ] ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack229397" "titulo" => "Acknowledgements" ] 11 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2015-09-12" "fechaAceptado" => "2015-11-11" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec686120" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Endophytic fungi" 1 => "Soybean" 2 => "Corn" 3 => "Diversity" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec686119" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Hongos endófitos" 1 => "Soja" 2 => "Maíz" 3 => "Diversidad" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "Endophytic fungi are ubiquitous and live within host plants without causing any noticeable symptoms of disease. Little is known about the diversity and function of fungal endophytes in plants, particularly in economically important species. The aim of this study was to determine the identity and diversity of endophytic fungi in leaves, stems and roots of soybean and corn plants and to determine their infection frequencies. Plants were collected in six areas of the provinces of Buenos Aires and Entre Ríos (Argentina) two areas were selected for sampling corn and four for soybean. Leaf, stem and root samples were surface-sterilized, cut into 1cm2 pieces using a sterile scalpel and aseptically transferred to plates containing potato dextrose agar plus antibiotics. The species were identified using both morphological and molecular data. Fungal endophyte colonization in soybean plants was influenced by tissue type and varieties whereas in corn plants only by tissue type. A greater number of endophytes were isolated from stem tissues than from leaves and root tissues in both species of plants. The most frequently isolated species in all soybean cultivars was Fusarium graminearum and the least isolated one was Scopulariopsis brevicaulis. Furthermore, the most frequently isolated species in corn plants was Aspergillus terreus whereas the least isolated one was Aspergillus flavus. These results could be relevant in the search for endophytic fungi isolates that could be of interest in the control of agricultural pests." ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "Los hongos endófitos son ubicuos y se encuentran en el interior de los tejidos de las plantas de manera asintomática. Se sabe muy poco acerca de la diversidad y la función de estos hongos, particularmente en especies de importancia económica. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la diversidad y la frecuencia de colonización de hongos endófitos en raíces, tallos y hojas de 2 variedades de maíz y de 4 variedades de soja; las muestras se tomaron de 6 áreas diferentes ubicadas en las provincias de Buenos Aires y Entre Ríos (Argentina). Con un bisturí estéril se obtuvieron porciones de 1 cm2 de raíz, tallo y hoja, que fueron colocados en placas con agar papa dextrosa más antibiótico.Las especies de hongos fueron identificadas a partir de características morfológicas y moleculares. La colonización de hongos endófitos en soja estuvo influenciada por la variedad y por el tipo de tejido, en tanto que en el maíz solo hubo influencia del tipo de tejido. El mayor número de endófitos se encontró en los tallos de ambas especies. El aislamiento más frecuente en todas las variedades de soja fue Fusarium graminearum y el menos frecuente Scopulariopsis brevicaulis. En ambas variedades de maíz la especie con mayor frecuencia de aislamiento fue Aspergillus terreus y la de menor fue Aspergillus flavus. Estos resultados son relevantes para la búsqueda de especies de hongos endófitos que podrían ser de interés en el control de plagas agrícolas." ] ] "multimedia" => array:5 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1044 "Ancho" => 3060 "Tamanyo" => 169428 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Colonization percentage of endophytes isolated from soybean plants of four cultivars DM3810, DM4670, DM4210, NA5009. Different letters indicate statistically significant differences between the groups (LSD test, p<0.05)." ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1041 "Ancho" => 2665 "Tamanyo" => 121233 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Colonization percentage of endophytes isolated from corn plants of two cultivars DK747, NK900. Different letters indicate statistically significant differences between the groups (LSD test, p<0.05)." ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variety \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Locality \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">GPS coordinate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top">Soybean</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">DM3810 (Don Mario, Argentina) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Alberti, Buenos Aires \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">35° 1′ 53″S 60° 16′ 49″O \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">DM4210 (Don Mario, Argentina) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Bragado, Buenos Aires \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">35° 6′ 59″S 60° 28′ 45″O \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">DM4670 (Don Mario, Argentina) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Salliqueló, Buenos Aires \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">36° 45′5″S 62° 57′ 32″O \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">NA5009 (Nidera, Argentina) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Victoria, Entre Ríos \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">32° 37′ 0″S 60° 10′ 0″O  \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top">Corn</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">DK747 (Monsanto) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Olascoaga, Buenos Aires \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">35°14′ 14″S 60° 36′ 36″O \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">NK900 (Syngenta) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Las Cuevas, Entre Ríos \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">32° 21′ 00″S 60° 28′ 60″O \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1116593.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Locations where different soybean and corn plants were sampled" ] ] 3 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at2" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="table-head ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Fungal species \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="12" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Colonization percentage (%)</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">DM3810</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">DM4210</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">DM4670</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">NA5009</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Root \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Stem \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Leave \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Root \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Stem \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Leave \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Root \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Stem \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Leave \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Root \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Stem \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Leave \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LPSC1187 Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">25 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">26.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LPSC1186 Arthrinium phaeospermun (Corda) Ellis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">33.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LPSC1181 Aspergillus niger Tiegh \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">38.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">13.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">41.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LPSC1182 Clonostachys rosea (Link) Schroers \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">16 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">30 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LPSC1178 Curvularia lunata (Wakker) Boedijn \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">46.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">38.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">38.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LPSC1188 Fusarium graminearum Schwabe \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">45 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">30 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">11.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">25 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">31.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LPSC1184 Fusarium equiseti (Corda) Sacc \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">58.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LPSC1191 Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">21.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">33.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">8.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LPSC1185 Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">13.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">28.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">13.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">28.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LPSC1189 Scopulariopsis brevicaulis(Sacc) Bainier \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">41.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LPSC1179 Trichoderma saturnisporum Hammill \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">16.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">38.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1116592.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Colonization percentage of different fungal species isolated from roots, stems and leaves from four different soybean cultivars sampled" ] ] 4 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at3" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="table-head ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Fungal species \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="6" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Colonization percentage (%)</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">DK747</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">NK900</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Root \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Stem \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Leaf \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Root \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Stem \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Leaf \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LPSC1183 Aspergillus flavus Link \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">8.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">35 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LPSC1180 Aspergillus terreus Thom \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">8.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">30 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">28.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">43.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LPSC1193 Bipolaris tetramera (McKinney) Shoemaker \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">31.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">21.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">23.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LPSC1223 Clonostachys rosea (Link) Schroers \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">18.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">31.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LPSC1224 Fusarium graminearum Schwabe \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">28.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">18.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LPSC1190 Fusarium proliferatum (Matsush) Nirenberg \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">26.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">43.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">28.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">25 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">26.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LPSC1192 Mucor circinelloides Tiegh \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">25 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">33.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1116591.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Colonization percentage of different fungal species isolated from roots, stems and leaves from two different corn cultivars sample" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:33 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0170" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Basic local alignment search tool" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "S.F. 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Hongos endófitos aislados de cultivares de soja (Glycine max L. Merr) y maíz (Zea mays L.) presentes en áreas agrícolas argentinas

María L. Russoa,

Corresponding author

leticiarusso@conicet.gov.ar

Corresponding author.

, Sebastián A. Pelizzaa,b, Marta N. Cabelloa,d, Sebastián A. Stengleinc, María F. Viannaa, Ana C. Scorsettia

a Instituto de Botánica Carlos Spegazzini (Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo-Universidad Nacional de La Plata), La Plata, Argentina

b Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CEPAVE), CCT La Plata CONICET-UNLP, La Plata, Argentina

c Laboratorio de Biología Funcional y Biotecnología (BIOLAB)-CICBA-INBIOTEC, Facultad de Agronomía de Azul, Cátedra de Microbiología, UNCPBA, República de Italia 780, 7300 Azul, Argentina

d Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas (CIC) de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina

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        "titulo" => "Hongos end&#243;fitos aislados de cultivares de soja &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Glycine max</span> L&#46; Merr&#41; y ma&#237;z &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Zea mays</span> L&#46;&#41; presentes en &#225;reas agr&#237;colas argentinas"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Colonization percentage of endophytes isolated from corn plants of two cultivars DK747&#44; NK900&#46; Different letters indicate statistically significant differences between the groups &#40;LSD test&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41;&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">By the year 2020&#44; the supply of food especially of cereals&#44; will have to increase about 70&#37; in developing countries to secure food for the projected population of 6500 million people&#46; It is expected that most of this increase in food supply will come from developing countries<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a>&#46; Soybean and corn are the extensive major crops in Argentina&#44; providing a high percentage of the basic food needs of the population&#46; The most important crops in Argentina are soybean and corn with 18 and 3&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>million sown hectares&#44; respectively<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Symptomless internal colonization of healthy plant tissues by fungi is a widespread and well-documented phenomenon&#46; Increasing interest in the ecological roles of these fungi has stimulated research in recent years since they might have plant growth &#8211; promoting activity<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&#46; Endophyte is an all-encompassing topographical term that includes all those organisms that during a variable period of their life symptomlessly colonize the living internal tissues of their hosts<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a>&#46; It is hypothesized that fungal endophytes&#44; in contrast to known pathogens&#44; generally have far greater phenotypic plasticity and thus more options to interact with their host than pathogens<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a>&#46; Since the 1970s several reports have shown that these fungal endophytes play important roles in protecting their host against predators and pathogens<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a>&#46; Endophytic fungi that infect plants are ubiquitous in all environments studied<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;24&#44;28</span></a>&#46; Although the diversity and function of fungal endophytes that infect grasses are well documented&#44; little is known about the diversity and function of fungal endophytes in plants&#44; particularly in economically important species<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;26</span></a>&#46; Some fungal endophytes can reportedly reduce plant diseases and enhance plant growth and may be the basis for emerging methods to improve plant growth and production<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;17&#44;18&#44;20</span></a>&#46; For example treatment of soybean &#91;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Glycine max</span> L&#46; &#40;Merr&#41;&#93; with culture filtrate from the endophyte <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cladosporium sphaerospermun</span> increased plant height<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;11&#44;20&#44;21</span></a>&#46; Although soybean and corn are major world crops&#44; there is very limited knowledge of their fungal endophyte community&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The goal of this study was to isolate fungal endophytes from leaves&#44; stems and roots of four soybean and two corn varieties grown in agricultural sites of the provinces of Buenos Aires and Entre Rios&#44; Argentina&#44; and to determine their colonization frequencies&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Materials and methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Sample collection</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The plants were collected during January and February 2013 in six locations in the soybean and corn cropping area of the provinces of Buenos Aires and Entre Rios &#40;Argentina&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; The region&#39;s climate is temperate with an average temperature of 17<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C and an average annual rainfall of 1000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#46; Two areas were selected for sampling corn and four for soybean sampling&#44; since soybean varieties are more predominant in Argentina&#46; Plants of both species were grown in monoculture fields with a history of annual corn and soybean rotation&#46; Ten plants without symptoms of disease were randomly selected from each plot in soybean cultivars DM 3810&#44; DM 4210&#44; DM 4670 &#40;Don Mario Co&#46;&#44; Buenos Aires province&#44; Argentina&#41;&#44; NA 5009 &#40;Nidera Semillas Co&#46;&#44; Buenos Aires province&#44; Argentina&#41; and ten plants were selected from corn cultivars NK 900 &#40;Sygenta Semillas Co&#46;&#44; Argentina&#41; and DK 747 &#40;Dekald<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#44; Argentina&#41;&#46; All samples were collected at 60&#8211;70 days after germination&#44; cut at the soil line&#44; immediately placed on ice and stored up for 72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h at 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C until processed according to Impulliti and Malvick<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Isolation and identification of endophytic fungi</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Endophytic fungi were isolated according to the protocols described by Pimentel et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a>&#46; All leaf&#44; stem and root samples were washed twice in distilled water&#44; then surface-sterilized by immersion for 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min in 70&#37; &#40;v&#47;v&#41; ethanol&#44; 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min in sodium hypochlorite &#40;3&#37;&#44; v&#47;v available chlorine&#41; and then washed three times in sterilized distilled water for each time&#46; After surface sterilization&#44; samples were cut into 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> pieces with a sterile scalpel and aseptically transferred to plates containing potato dextrose agar &#40;PDA&#44; Britania S&#46;A&#46;&#44; Buenos Aires&#44; Argentina&#41; to which a 0&#46;1&#37; stock consisting of 0&#46;02<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g of each of two antibiotics &#40;chloramphenicol and streptomycin&#41; dissolved in 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml sterile distilled water was added&#44; followed by filter sterilization through a 0&#46;2-&#956;m filter &#40;Syringe filter sterile&#44; E-Chrom Tech&#44; Taiwan&#41;&#59; 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml of this was added to each litre of medium&#44; to suppress bacterial growth<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a>&#46; Aliquots from the third wash were plated onto PDA to check that surface sterilization had been effective&#46; A total of 1080 fragments were plated &#40;18 from each of the 60 plants investigated&#41;&#46; To facilitate isolation of endophytic fungi&#44; the plates were incubated in the dark at 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#46; The plates were checked everyday for up to ten days after incubation and any fungi present was isolated&#44; purified and then maintained at 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C on PDA slopes for further identification&#46; Percentage colonization was defined for each variety as the total number of fragments colonized by fungi in relation to the total number of fragments<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>100<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The species were identified using both morphological and molecular data&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Morphological identification of the isolates was done by growing them on PDA plates or in microculture<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> and examining the colonies for asexual or sexual reproductive structures using optical microscopy and taxonomic keys&#46; Species were identified according to Leslie and Summerell<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> and Domsch et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Genomic DNA of monosporic cultures was obtained according to Stenglein and Balatti<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a>&#46; To confirm morphological identifications&#44; a PCR was carried out in an XP thermal cycler &#40;Bioer Technology Co&#44; Hangzhou&#44; China&#41; to amplify the ITS rDNA region using primer pairs ITS5 &#40;5&#8242;-GGAAGTAAAAGTCGTAACAAG G-3&#8242;&#41; and ITS4 &#40;5&#8242;-TCCTCC GCT TATTGATATGC-3&#8242;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a>&#46; For <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fusarium</span> species confirmation the translation elongation factor &#40;EF-1&#945;&#41; region was amplified using primers EF1 &#40;5&#8242;-ATGGGTAAGGA&#40;A&#47;G&#41;GACAAGAC-3&#8242;&#41; and EF2 &#40;5&#8242;-GGA&#40;A&#47;G&#41;GTACCAGT&#40;G&#47;C&#41;ATCATGTT-3&#8242;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#46; The PCR reactions&#44; the fragment purifications and sequencing were performed according to Canel et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> and Stenglein et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The similarities of the fragment with previously published sequence data were examined with BLASTn<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> on the NCBI web page&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Diversity was assessed using the Shannon Index<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> &#40;for the cultivars and tissue types&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The differences between fungi isolates and frequency of colonization for the different varieties were tested using two-way analysis of variance &#40;ANOVA&#41; and their means were compared by the LSD test &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41; using the Infostat software&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Results</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">From the soybean plants sampled&#44; 11 fungal species were isolated and identified using both morphological and molecular data&#46; In all soybean cultivars&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fusarium graminearum</span> was the most frequently isolated species sampled while <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Scopulariopsis brevicaulis</span> was the least frequently isolated one &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46; Furthermore&#44; in the corn plants sampled&#44; 7 fungal species were isolated &#40;six species belonging to Ascomycota and one to Zygomycota &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;&#41;&#44; being <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus terreus</span> the most frequently isolated species and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus flavus</span> the least frequently isolated one &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46; All endophytic fungal species were deposited in the strain culture collection of the Spegazzini Institute&#44; La Plata&#44; Argentina &#40;LPSC&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tbl0010">Tables 2 and 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">With regard to fungal diversity in soybean plants&#44; cultivar DM3810 showed the highest diversity while in cultivar NA5009 we observed the lowest diversity&#44; with a Shannon&#39;s index of 3&#46;09 and 1&#46;93&#44; respectively&#46; Moreover&#44; corn cultivar DK747 showed the highest fungal diversity whereas the lowest diversity was observed in cultivar NK900&#44; with a Shannon&#39;s index of 1&#46;84 and 1&#46;67&#44; respectively&#46; Furthermore&#44; based on the Shannon&#39;s index&#44; the greatest fungal diversity in all the soybean cultivars sampled was observed in the stems and then in the leaves whereas the lowest diversity occurred in the roots&#44; except for cultivar DM4670&#44; where we observed increased diversity in the roots rather than in the leaves with a Shannon&#39;s diversity index of 1&#46;35 and 1&#46;18&#44; respectively&#46; With respect to the fungal diversity in the roots&#44; stems and leaves of corn plants&#44; most fungal diversity was observed in the stems of both DK747 and NK900 cultivars with a Shannon&#39;s diversity index of 2&#46;27 and 2&#46;49&#44; respectively&#44; then in leaves and the lowest diversity occurred in roots&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fungal isolates identification was confirmed at molecular level and submitted to GenBank &#40;Accession numbers&#58; <a id="intr0005" class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&db=nucleotide&doptcmdl=genbank&term=KF753941">KF753941</a>&#8211;<a id="intr0010" class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&db=nucleotide&doptcmdl=genbank&term=KF753956">KF753956</a>&#41;&#46; Fungal endophyte colonization in soybean plants was influenced by the cultivars&#44; showing significant differences between varieties &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#46;17&#44; df<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;0063&#41;&#44; fungi isolates &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;93&#44; df<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;0001&#41; and in the interaction among them &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#46;12&#44; df<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;0001&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; Corn plants showed no significant differences between cultivars &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;34&#44; df<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;2500&#41;&#44; however&#44; they did instead among fungi isolates &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#46;07&#44; df<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;0009&#41; and in the interaction among cultivars and fungi isolates &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#46;12&#44; df<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;0008&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Discussion</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Studies of fungal endophytes in many environments are an active area for research&#59; however&#44; the endophytes in soybean and corn have never been systematically characterized&#46; This work expands our understanding of endophytic fungi in soybean and corn plants&#46; We have focused on roots&#44; stems and leaves because many soybean and corn pathogens commonly colonize these organs&#46; The fungal endophytes identified in this study are not known to be soybean and corn pathogens&#44; and the functional associations between these fungi and soybean and corn plants are unknown&#46; Furthermore&#44; it is important to mention that none of the plants used in this study had symptoms of disease&#46; The most prevalent endophytic fungal species isolated in the organs &#40;root&#44; stem and leaf&#41; in all soybean cultivars was <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F&#46; graminearum</span> and in the two corn cultivars was <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; terreus&#46;</span> Pimentel et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a>&#59; Impullitti and Malvick<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> found that <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cladosporium</span> was the endophytic fungal genus most frequently identified from leaves and stems of soybeans grown in Brazil and Minnesota&#44; USA whereas Pan et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> found this genus in leaves and stems from corn in Minnesota&#44; USA&#46; In this study only one species of Zygomycota was isolated in maize plants&#59; species from this Phylum were isolated as endophytes in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Dactylis glomerata</span> L&#46; and other plants<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The endophytic fungal species detected in plants may be influenced by many factors&#44; including the type of tissue sampled&#44; the time when plants were assayed&#44; perhaps the climate and location in which they were grown<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&#44; whether the plant is grown in a monoculture or polyculture&#44; the plant age or cropping history of the field<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;4&#44;9&#44;27</span></a>&#46; Soybean and maize used in this study were grown in a monoculture and in fields that had a history of corn&#44; wheat and soybean rotations&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fisher et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> observed that parts of corn-stems nearer to the soil showed a lower incidence of fungal infection and explained that this probably was due to these parts of the stem having an increased frequency of bacteria that inhibited fungal colonization&#46; This could explain why we obtained the greatest number and diversity of isolates from stems in different soybean and corn cultivars&#44; than in leaves and roots&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A greater number of fungi such as endophytes in stems were also observed in soybean in Brazil whereas endophytic bacteria in maize were found in the USA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;25</span></a>&#46; These studies also suggested that endophytes may exclusively colonize certain tissues&#44; for example&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Colletotrichum</span> was only isolated from soybean leaves and not from the stems cultivated in Brazil<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a>&#46; In our study&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fusarium equiseti</span> was only isolated from leaves of soybean plants and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S&#46; brevicaulis</span> only from stems&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Endophytes may be important organisms to improve a sustainable production of crops&#44; although their identities and functions in a range of plants are just beginning to be revealed&#46; This is the first time that we study the natural endophytes placed in roots&#44; stems and leaves of the main soybean and maize cultivars in Argentina&#46; Species could be determined by classical taxonomy and the use of molecular techniques for each of the isolates obtained&#46; In addition&#44; we determined the colonization percentage&#44; the fungal diversity in the different organs of every plant studied&#44; the differences between fungi isolates and the frequency of colonization for different varieties using the ANOVA analysis&#46; Future research should be conducted to determine which of these fungal natural endophytes could be used for both biological control and plant growth promotion&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Ethical disclosures</span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Protection of human and animal subjects</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this investigation&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Confidentiality of data</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no patient data appears in this article&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no patient data appears in this article&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
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          "identificador" => "sec0005"
          "titulo" => "Introduction"
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          "titulo" => "Materials and methods"
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            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0015"
              "titulo" => "Sample collection"
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              "identificador" => "sec0020"
              "titulo" => "Isolation and identification of endophytic fungi"
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          "titulo" => "Results"
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          "identificador" => "sec0055"
          "titulo" => "Conflict of interest"
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        10 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xack229397"
          "titulo" => "Acknowledgements"
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          "titulo" => "References"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2015-09-12"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2015-11-11"
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            0 => "Endophytic fungi"
            1 => "Soybean"
            2 => "Corn"
            3 => "Diversity"
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          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Hongos end&#243;fitos"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Endophytic fungi are ubiquitous and live within host plants without causing any noticeable symptoms of disease&#46; Little is known about the diversity and function of fungal endophytes in plants&#44; particularly in economically important species&#46; The aim of this study was to determine the identity and diversity of endophytic fungi in leaves&#44; stems and roots of soybean and corn plants and to determine their infection frequencies&#46; Plants were collected in six areas of the provinces of Buenos Aires and Entre R&#237;os &#40;Argentina&#41; two areas were selected for sampling corn and four for soybean&#46; Leaf&#44; stem and root samples were surface-sterilized&#44; cut into 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> pieces using a sterile scalpel and aseptically transferred to plates containing potato dextrose agar plus antibiotics&#46; The species were identified using both morphological and molecular data&#46; Fungal endophyte colonization in soybean plants was influenced by tissue type and varieties whereas in corn plants only by tissue type&#46; A greater number of endophytes were isolated from stem tissues than from leaves and root tissues in both species of plants&#46; The most frequently isolated species in all soybean cultivars was <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fusarium graminearum</span> and the least isolated one was <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Scopulariopsis brevicaulis</span>&#46; Furthermore&#44; the most frequently isolated species in corn plants was <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus terreus</span> whereas the least isolated one was <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus flavus</span>&#46; These results could be relevant in the search for endophytic fungi isolates that could be of interest in the control of agricultural pests&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los hongos end&#243;fitos son ubicuos y se encuentran en el interior de los tejidos de las plantas de manera asintom&#225;tica&#46; Se sabe muy poco acerca de la diversidad y la funci&#243;n de estos hongos&#44; particularmente en especies de importancia econ&#243;mica&#46; El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la diversidad y la frecuencia de colonizaci&#243;n de hongos end&#243;fitos en ra&#237;ces&#44; tallos y hojas de 2 variedades de ma&#237;z y de 4 variedades de soja&#59; las muestras se tomaron de 6 &#225;reas diferentes ubicadas en las provincias de Buenos Aires y Entre R&#237;os &#40;Argentina&#41;&#46; Con un bistur&#237; est&#233;ril se obtuvieron porciones de 1 cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> de ra&#237;z&#44; tallo y hoja&#44; que fueron colocados en placas con agar papa dextrosa m&#225;s antibi&#243;tico&#46;</p><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Las especies de hongos fueron identificadas a partir de caracter&#237;sticas morfol&#243;gicas y moleculares&#46; La colonizaci&#243;n de hongos end&#243;fitos en soja estuvo influenciada por la variedad y por el tipo de tejido&#44; en tanto que en el ma&#237;z solo hubo influencia del tipo de tejido&#46; El mayor n&#250;mero de end&#243;fitos se encontr&#243; en los tallos de ambas especies&#46; El aislamiento m&#225;s frecuente en todas las variedades de soja fue <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fusarium graminearum</span> y el menos frecuente <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Scopulariopsis brevicaulis</span>&#46; En ambas variedades de ma&#237;z la especie con mayor frecuencia de aislamiento fue <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus terreus</span> y la de menor fue <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus flavus</span>&#46; Estos resultados son relevantes para la b&#250;squeda de especies de hongos end&#243;fitos que podr&#237;an ser de inter&#233;s en el control de plagas agr&#237;colas&#46;</p></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Locality&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">GPS coordinate&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Soybean</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>DM3810 &#40;Don Mario&#44; Argentina&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">35&#176; 6&#8242; 59&#8243;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>S<br>60&#176; 28&#8242; 45&#8243;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>O&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>DM4670 &#40;Don Mario&#44; Argentina&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="table-head ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Fungal species&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Stem&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Leave&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Leave&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LPSC1187 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Alternaria alternata</span> &#40;Fr&#46;&#41; Keissl&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">26&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LPSC1186 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Arthrinium phaeospermun</span> &#40;Corda&#41; Ellis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">33&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LPSC1181 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus niger</span> Tiegh&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">38&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">13&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">41&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LPSC1182 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Clonostachys rosea</span> &#40;Link&#41; Schroers&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LPSC1178 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Curvularia lunata</span> &#40;Wakker&#41; Boedijn&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">46&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">38&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">38&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LPSC1188 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fusarium graminearum</span> Schwabe&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">45&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">11&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">31&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LPSC1184 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fusarium equiseti</span> &#40;Corda&#41; Sacc&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">58&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LPSC1191 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fusarium oxysporum</span> Schlecht&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">21&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">33&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LPSC1185 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Macrophomina phaseolina</span> &#40;Tassi&#41; Goid&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">13&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">28&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">13&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">28&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LPSC1189 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Scopulariopsis brevicaulis</span>&#40;Sacc&#41; Bainier&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">41&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LPSC1179 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichoderma saturnisporum</span> Hammill&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">38&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">28&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">26&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Article information

ISSN: 03257541
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.ram.2015.11.006

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Year/Month	Html	Pdf	Total

2024 November	2	0	2
2024 October	11	9	20
2024 September	22	1	23
2024 August	26	1	27
2024 July	23	3	26
2024 June	26	6	32
2024 May	18	5	23
2024 April	14	1	15
2024 March	33	8	41
2024 February	39	7	46
2024 January	39	9	48
2023 December	42	12	54
2023 November	35	11	46
2023 October	35	9	44
2023 September	18	5	23
2023 August	26	10	36
2023 July	18	4	22
2023 June	28	4	32
2023 May	46	7	53
2023 April	48	7	55
2023 March	59	11	70
2023 February	44	6	50
2023 January	36	17	53
2022 December	32	14	46
2022 November	24	12	36
2022 October	21	11	32
2022 September	17	12	29
2022 August	21	13	34
2022 July	22	27	49
2022 June	25	11	36
2022 May	24	10	34
2022 April	17	13	30
2022 March	35	19	54
2022 February	13	8	21
2022 January	18	6	24
2021 December	22	13	35
2021 November	25	15	40
2021 October	35	14	49
2021 September	19	15	34
2021 August	27	7	34
2021 July	18	8	26
2021 June	34	11	45
2021 May	21	6	27
2021 April	25	11	36
2021 March	17	11	28
2021 February	17	9	26
2021 January	17	10	27
2020 December	19	10	29
2020 November	17	14	31
2020 October	16	12	28
2020 September	19	14	33
2020 August	21	7	28
2020 July	24	4	28
2020 June	21	11	32
2020 May	25	10	35
2020 April	20	6	26
2020 March	36	4	40
2020 February	46	15	61
2020 January	23	7	30
2019 December	32	19	51
2019 November	25	11	36
2019 October	30	14	44
2019 September	36	10	46
2019 August	14	2	16
2019 July	26	9	35
2019 June	23	25	48
2019 May	58	17	75
2019 April	31	11	42
2019 March	8	6	14
2019 February	7	10	17
2019 January	3	2	5
2018 December	5	5	10
2018 November	8	2	10
2018 October	4	13	17
2018 September	12	6	18
2018 August	0	2	2
2018 July	5	3	8
2018 June	4	1	5
2018 May	2	1	3
2018 April	2	2	4
2018 March	5	2	7
2018 February	2	3	5
2018 January	1	2	3
2017 December	7	0	7
2017 November	6	2	8
2017 October	6	4	10
2017 September	5	2	7
2017 August	5	3	8
2017 July	6	3	9
2017 June	11	1	12
2017 May	23	2	25
2017 April	8	3	11
2017 March	15	51	66
2017 February	12	3	15
2017 January	17	3	20
2016 December	31	7	38
2016 November	24	13	37
2016 October	25	4	29
2016 September	45	14	59
2016 August	43	11	54
2016 July	40	8	48

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