Bioprospecting of antimicrobial activity of extracts of endophytic fungi from Bauhinia guianensis

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Identificación correcta a nivel de especie (IC esp.), identificación correcta a nivel de género (IC gen.), sin identificación (No ID), extracción con agua (E. agua), extracción con zirconio (E. zirconio) y extracción en tubo (E. tubo). A) Análisis con la base de datos de BK. B) Análisis con la base de datos de BK+NIH." ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Ivana Maldonado, Dolores García Ramírez, Pablo Striebeck, Marcelo Lafage, Liliana Fernández Canigia" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Ivana" "apellidos" => "Maldonado" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Dolores" "apellidos" => "García Ramírez" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Pablo" "apellidos" => "Striebeck" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Marcelo" "apellidos" => "Lafage" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Liliana" "apellidos" => "Fernández Canigia" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0325754116300931?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/03257541/0000004900000001/v1_201704040030/S0325754116300931/v1_201704040030/es/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S0325754117300408" "issn" => "03257541" "doi" => "10.1016/j.ram.2017.03.002" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2017-01-01" "aid" => "174" "copyright" => "Asociación Argentina de Microbiología" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "sco" "cita" => "Rev Argent Microbiol. 2017;49:1-2" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 1827 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 38 "HTML" => 1291 "PDF" => 498 ] ] "es" => array:10 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Editorial" "titulo" => "Fagoterapia: la multirresistencia nos obliga a revisar el pasado" "tienePdf" => "es" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "es" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "1" "paginaFinal" => "2" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Fagotherapy: Multi-drug resistance compel us to review the past" ] ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Horacio Angel Lopardo" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Horacio Angel" "apellidos" => "Lopardo" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0325754117300408?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/03257541/0000004900000001/v1_201704040030/S0325754117300408/v1_201704040030/es/main.assets" ] "en" => array:20 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Brief report" "titulo" => "Bioprospecting of antimicrobial activity of extracts of endophytic fungi from Bauhinia guianensis" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "3" "paginaFinal" => "6" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Eduardo A.A. Pinheiro, Jeferson R.S. Pina, André O. Feitosa, Josiwander M. Carvalho, Fábio C. Borges, Patrícia S.B. Marinho, Andrey M.R. Marinho" "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Eduardo A.A." "apellidos" => "Pinheiro" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Jeferson R.S." "apellidos" => "Pina" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "André O." "apellidos" => "Feitosa" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Josiwander M." "apellidos" => "Carvalho" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Fábio C." "apellidos" => "Borges" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Patrícia S.B." "apellidos" => "Marinho" ] 6 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Andrey M.R." "apellidos" => "Marinho" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "andrey@ufpa.br" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais – Programa de Pós-graduação em Química, Rua Augusto Corrêa, 01 – Guamá, 66075-110 Belém, Pará, Brazil" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Bioprospección de la actividad antimicrobiana de los extractos de los hongos endófitos de Bauhinia guianensis" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 983 "Ancho" => 1250 "Tamanyo" => 55899 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Compound 1 isolated from the methanol extract of E. rostratum." ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "Antibiotics are medicines used to prevent and treat bacterial infections. Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria change in response to the use of these medicines, resulting in higher medical costs, prolonged hospital stays and increased mortality and rising to dangerously high levels in all parts of the world. New resistance mechanisms emerge and spread globally every day, threatening our ability to treat common infectious diseases. A growing list of infections such as pneumonia, tuberculosis, blood poisoning and gonorrhea are becoming harder and sometimes impossible to treat as antibiotics become less effective<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145">14</a>.Currently there is growing interest in endophytic microorganisms, which, in association with their host, are known to produce a wide range of compounds with diverse biological activities<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090">3,4</a>. There are several reports in the literature of compounds isolated from endophytic fungi having antimicrobial activity, such as the extract of fungus Nodulisporium sp. (Xylariaceae), isolated from the woody plant species Erica arborea (Ericaceae), from which nodule purine compounds D, E and F that act as antifungal, antibacterial and algicide were isolated<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110">7</a>. Of the endophytic fungus Ampelomyces sp. isolated from the medicinal plant Urospermum picroides (Asteraceae) compounds 6-O-metilalaternina and altersolanol A were isolated, both having antimicrobial activity against gram-positive pathogens Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Enteorococcus faecalis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">2</a>.In the Brazilian Amazon it is common to use prepared plants to combat various diseases. Bauhinia guianensis is a typical Amazon plant popularly known as “ladder tortoise”, “liana toenail of the ox”, “nail of the cow” and “mororó liana”, which is used as a drug in folk medicine, specifically to fight infections, painful processes and diabetes. The phytochemical and pharmacological studies of this plant indicate that it produces glycosides, sterols, triterpenes, lactones and flavonoids<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080">1,10</a>.In a previous study different chemical constituents were isolated from B. guianensis, showing anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0100">5,13</a>. It is known that some compounds of plant origin are produced by their endophytic fungi<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135">12</a> and that some of the biological activities described for plants can be found in their endophytes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115">8</a>.Thus, the present work is aimed to perform the prospection of the antimicrobial activity of the extracts of endophytic fungi from B. guianensis to obtain antimicrobial compounds.A specimen of B. guianensis (voucher specimen No. IAN 177,179) was collected from “Embrapa Amazônia Oriental – Belém, Brazil” and endophytic fungi were isolated after washing with water. A small fragment of plant was subjected to a series of immersions for disinfection and elimination of epiphytic fungi, first in hexane PA (Tedia®) for 1min, then in 70% ethyl alcohol for 30s, then in sodium hypochlorite solution 2% for 2min and finally in sterile water. After, the plant material was inoculated in Petri dishes containing PDA (Potato, Dextrose, Agar) culture medium for growth of colonies. Seventeen (17) fungi were isolated and purified by successive samplings. Fungi were identified by colony morphology and microscopic aspects observation on optical microscopy and DNA sequencing using the ITS4 region. Small fragments of the isolated fungi were transferred to 10ml flasks containing distilled water<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">6</a> and stored in the mycology collection of the “Laboratorio de Bioensaios e Química de Micro-organismos/Universidade Federal do Pará” (LaBQuiM/UFPA).Fungi were grown in two 125ml Erlenmeyer flasks containing 25g of rice and 10ml of distilled water each. The flasks were autoclaved at 121°C for 45min (Vertical Autoclave 75 L, Prismatec®), and then fungi were inoculated in sterile conditions and incubated at room temperature for 23 days in a static mode for growth of colonies. Then, methanol (Tedia®) was added to the biomass. After 24h, the material was filtered and the methanolic solutions were evaporated in a rotary evaporator (Quimis®, Q344B, São Paulo, Brazil) to obtain the extracts.Susceptibility of the microorganisms to the test extracts was determined by the microbroth dilution assay as recommended by the Subcommittee on Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of the United State National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120">9</a>, which was performed on 96 well plates containing 100μl of Mueller Hinton Broth (MHB), 100μl of test extracts and 5μl of test bacteria at 1.0×108CFU/ml, followed by incubation at 37°C (24h). The test extracts obtained from the fungal culture were dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide at concentration 39–2500μg/ml. The test microorganisms were Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), S. aureus (ATCC 25923), Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633) and Salmonella Typhimurium (ATCC 14028) (provided by the Instituto Evandro Chagas – Belém, Brazil). Bioactivity was recorded as the absence of red color in the wells after the addition of 10μl of 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride. Penicillin, vancomycin and tetracycline (25μg/ml each) were used as positive controls; the cultivation medium (MHB only) was used as negative control.None of the extracts showed significant activity against bacteria P. aeruginosa and S. aureus. With respect to E. coli, the extract of the fungus Exserohilum rostratum (ER1.1) inhibited growth at a concentration of 78μg/ml and in the case of bacteria B. subtilis the greatest inhibitions were observed for the extracts of fungus Aspergillus sp. (EJC08), Paecilomyces sp. (EJC01.1) and E. rostratum (ER1.1) at a concentration of 78μg/ml. For S. Typhimurium bacteria the best result obtained was for the extracts of fungus Pestalotiopsis sp. (EJF02) at a concentration of 156μg/ml. Based on the results obtained (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>) the extract of fungus E. rostratum (ER1.1) was selected for the isolation of the active compound.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia>The methanolic extract obtained from selected E. rostratum fungi (ER 1.1) (2.0g) was fractioned on silica gel column chromatography using hexane/ethyl acetate (9:1, 4:1, 7:3, 1:1, 3:7), ethyl acetate, ethyl acetate/methanol (3:7, 1:1) and methanol resulting in 9 fractions. The fraction hexane/ethyl acetate 7:3 (230mg) was chromatographed on a silica gel column eluted with hexane/ethyl acetate (9:1, 4:1, 7:3, 1:1, 3:7), ethyl acetate resulting in 85 fractions pooled in F1 to F8; fraction F3 gave a solid orange-colored oil compound 1 (18mg). Compound 1 was identified by 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS). After isolation and identification, compound 1 was tested against E. coli bacteria (ATCC 25922), P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), S. aureus (ATCC 25923), B. subtilis (ATCC 6633) and S. Typhimurium (ATCC 14028) at a concentration of 500–7.8μg/ml.The 1H and 13C NMR experiments were recorded in a NMR spectrometer (Mercury 300, Varian, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK) with CDCl3 (Cambridge®) as solvent and standard. MS spectra were carried out in the mass spectrometer (Acquity TQD, Waters, Milford, MA, USA) using electrospray ionization in positive ion mode, ESI(+). The specific rotation was performed using specific rotation equipment (Nova Instruments NO 1412, Piracicaba, Brazil).Compound 1 was isolated as orange oil and was optically active with the specific rotation [α]D: +60 (c 1.0, dichloromethane). The molecular formula C16H20O6 was calculated as base of its mass spectrum ESI(+) m/z 309 [M+H]+. The 1H NMR spectrum showed signal to the chelated hydroxyl (δH 11.27, OH-8) and signals to an aromatic ring hydrogen (δH 6.59), three carbinolic hydrogens (δH 5.04, 4.53 and 4.11), and two OCH3 groups (δH 3.94 and 3.88). The analysis of the 13C NMR and HSQC spectra showed the presence of a carbonyl ester conjugate (δC 167.8) chelated by hydrogen bond with hydroxyl, six carbons of the aromatic ring, three of which were are oxygenated (δC 158.7, 156.2 and 137.3) and one unreplaced (δC 104.3), three carbinolic carbons (δC 81.1, 78.7 and 74.4), three methylene (δC 39.0, 38.0 and 19.1), and methyl (δC 13.9). NMR data to compound 1 (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>) were consistent with the structure of the isocoumarin derivative, monocerin<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150">15</a> (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Antimicrobial testing was performed for compound 1, showing good activity against E. coli bacteria (MIC 15.62μg/ml and MBC 250μg/ml), P. aeruginosa (MIC 15.62μg/ml), B. subtilis (MIC 15.62μg/ml and MBC 62.5μg/ml), S. aureus (MIC 62.5μg/ml) and S. Typhimurium (MIC 31.25μg/ml). Data suggest that compound 1 is responsible for the activity observed for the E. rostratum extract. Monocerin has been isolated as an antifungal, insecticidal, and phytotoxic secondary metabolite from several fungal species including Helminthosporium monoceras, Exserohilum turcicum, Fusarium larvarum and Microdochium bolleyi and showed to be also active against Plasmodium falciparum<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0130">11,15</a>. Zhang et al. (2008)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150">15</a> isolated monocerin from fungus strain M. bolleyi and presented antimicrobial activity against E. coli in the agar diffusion test.The present work isolated 17 endophytic fungi from B. guianensis, being the methanolic extract of fungus E. rostratum the most active. Monocerin was isolated by chromatographic procedures, showing good antimicrobial activity. This work reports for the first time the isolation of monocerin from endophytic fungi of this Amazon plant, highlighting the activity of this compound as a broad spectrum antimicrobial agent.Ethical disclosuresProtection of human and animal subjectsThe authors declare that the procedures followed were in accordance with the regulations of the relevant clinical research ethics committee and with those of the Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki).Confidentiality of dataThe authors declare that no patient data appear in this article.Right to privacy and informed consentThe authors declare that no patient data appear in this article.Conflict of interestThe authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest." 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Therefore, this study aims to search for new antimicrobial agents through bioprospecting of extracts of endophytic fungi from Bauhinia guianensis, a typical Amazonian plant used in combating infections. Seventeen (17) fungi were isolated and as result the methanolic extract of the fungus Exserohilum rostratum showed good activity against the bacteria tested. The polyketide monocerin was isolated by the chromatographic technique, identified by NMR and MS, showing broad antimicrobial spectrum." ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "La resistencia a los antibióticos conduce a mayores costos médicos, hospitalizaciones prolongadas e incremento de la mortalidad, y está aumentando a niveles peligrosamente altos en todas partes del mundo. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo la búsqueda de nuevos agentes antimicrobianos a través de la bioprospección de extractos de hongos endófitos de Bauhinia guianensis, una planta amazónica típica, utilizada en la lucha contra problemas infecciosos. Fueron aislados 17 hongos; el extracto metanólico del hongo Exserohilum rostratum mostró buena actividad contra las bacterias probadas. Se aisló monocerina policétido por la técnica de cromatografía; este compuesto fue identificado por RM y EM, y mostró un amplio espectro antimicrobiano." ] ] "multimedia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 983 "Ancho" => 1250 "Tamanyo" => 55899 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Compound 1 isolated from the methanol extract of E. rostratum." ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "Ec=E. coli, Pa=P. aeruginosa, Bs=B. subtilis, Sa=S. aureus, St=S. thiphymurium, NA=no action." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Code \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Fungus \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="5" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Minimum inhibitory concentration (μg/ml) bacteria tested</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Ec \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Pa \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Bs \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sa \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">St \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">EJC03 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Colletotrichum sp. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">312 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">>2000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">EJC01.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">C. coccodes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">>2000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">EJF08 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Colletotrichum sp. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">>2000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">312 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">>2000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">EJF10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Colletotrichum sp. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">SA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">EJC04 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Aspergillus sp. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1250 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">312 312<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">a</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">EJC08 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Aspergillus sp. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">>2000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">78 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">>2000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">EJC07 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Pestalotiopsis sp. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">>2000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">>2000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">>2000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">>2000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">EJF02 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Pestalotiopsis sp. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">650 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">>2000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">>2000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">156 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">EJCP12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Scedosporium sp. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">>2000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">>2000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">>2000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1250 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">>2000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">EJCP13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">S. apiospermum \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">650 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">>2000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">156 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">312 1250<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">a</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1250 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">EJC10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">C. clavata \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">>2000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1250 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">>2000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">EJC11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Phomopsis sp. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">156 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">312 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">ER1.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">E. rostratum \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">78 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">312 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">78 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">EJC01.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Paecilomyces sp. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">156 650<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">a</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">78 156<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">a</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">>2000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">EJCP05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Xylaria sp. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">>2000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">>2000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">16 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">EJCP07 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Xylaria sp. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">650 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">650 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">650 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">17 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">EJCP11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Xylaria sp. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">>2000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">312 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1385754.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0005" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "MBC (μg/ml)." ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Results obtained to antimicrobial assay determined by microbroth dilution with methanolic extracts (2500–39μg/ml) of endophytic fungi from B. guianensis" ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at2" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n° \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">H (mult, J in Hz) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">C \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">167.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">5.04 (dd, 5.4 and 3.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">81.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">4.53 (d, 3.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">74.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">4a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">131.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">6.59 (s) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">104.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">158.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">137.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">156.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">8a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">102.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">9a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">2.14 (ddd, 14.6; 6.0 and 1.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">39 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">9b \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">2.58 (ddd, 14.6; 8.4 and 6.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">4.11 (m) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">78.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.65 (m) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">38.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.38 (m) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">19.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.90 (t, 7.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">13.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">OMe-6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.94 (s) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">56.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">OMe-7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.88 (s) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">60.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">OH-8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">11.27 (s) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1385753.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "1H and 13C NMR data (300MHz and 75MHz, CDCl3) to compound 1" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:15 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0080" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Flavonoid and other constituents of Bauhinia manca" "autores" => 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Bioprospección de la actividad antimicrobiana de los extractos de los hongos endófitos de Bauhinia guianensis

Eduardo A.A. Pinheiro, Jeferson R.S. Pina, André O. Feitosa, Josiwander M. Carvalho, Fábio C. Borges, Patrícia S.B. Marinho, Andrey M.R. Marinho

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andrey@ufpa.br

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Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais – Programa de Pós-graduação em Química, Rua Augusto Corrêa, 01 – Guamá, 66075-110 Belém, Pará, Brazil

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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Antibiotics are medicines used to prevent and treat bacterial infections&#46; Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria change in response to the use of these medicines&#44; resulting in higher medical costs&#44; prolonged hospital stays and increased mortality and rising to dangerously high levels in all parts of the world&#46; New resistance mechanisms emerge and spread globally every day&#44; threatening our ability to treat common infectious diseases&#46; A growing list of infections such as pneumonia&#44; tuberculosis&#44; blood poisoning and gonorrhea are becoming harder and sometimes impossible to treat as antibiotics become less effective<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Currently there is growing interest in endophytic microorganisms&#44; which&#44; in association with their host&#44; are known to produce a wide range of compounds with diverse biological activities<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a>&#46; There are several reports in the literature of compounds isolated from endophytic fungi having antimicrobial activity&#44; such as the extract of fungus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Nodulisporium</span> sp&#46; &#40;Xylariaceae&#41;&#44; isolated from the woody plant species <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Erica arborea</span> &#40;Ericaceae&#41;&#44; from which nodule purine compounds D&#44; E and F that act as antifungal&#44; antibacterial and algicide were isolated<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&#46; Of the endophytic fungus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ampelomyces</span> sp&#46; isolated from the medicinal plant <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Urospermum picroides</span> &#40;Asteraceae&#41; compounds 6-O-metilalaternina and altersolanol A were isolated&#44; both having antimicrobial activity against gram-positive pathogens <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Staphylococcus aureus</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Staphylococcus epidermidis</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enteorococcus faecalis</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the Brazilian Amazon it is common to use prepared plants to combat various diseases&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bauhinia guianensis</span> is a typical Amazon plant popularly known as &#8220;ladder tortoise&#8221;&#44; &#8220;liana toenail of the ox&#8221;&#44; &#8220;nail of the cow&#8221; and &#8220;moror&#243; liana&#8221;&#44; which is used as a drug in folk medicine&#44; specifically to fight infections&#44; painful processes and diabetes&#46; The phytochemical and pharmacological studies of this plant indicate that it produces glycosides&#44; sterols&#44; triterpenes&#44; lactones and flavonoids<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;10</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In a previous study different chemical constituents were isolated from <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; guianensis</span>&#44; showing anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;13</span></a>&#46; It is known that some compounds of plant origin are produced by their endophytic fungi<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> and that some of the biological activities described for plants can be found in their endophytes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Thus&#44; the present work is aimed to perform the prospection of the antimicrobial activity of the extracts of endophytic fungi from <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; guianensis</span> to obtain antimicrobial compounds&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A specimen of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; guianensis</span> &#40;voucher specimen No&#46; IAN 177&#44;179&#41; was collected from &#8220;Embrapa Amaz&#244;nia Oriental &#8211; Bel&#233;m&#44; Brazil&#8221; and endophytic fungi were isolated after washing with water&#46; A small fragment of plant was subjected to a series of immersions for disinfection and elimination of epiphytic fungi&#44; first in hexane PA &#40;Tedia<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#41; for 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#44; then in 70&#37; ethyl alcohol for 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#44; then in sodium hypochlorite solution 2&#37; for 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min and finally in sterile water&#46; After&#44; the plant material was inoculated in Petri dishes containing PDA &#40;Potato&#44; Dextrose&#44; Agar&#41; culture medium for growth of colonies&#46; Seventeen &#40;17&#41; fungi were isolated and purified by successive samplings&#46; Fungi were identified by colony morphology and microscopic aspects observation on optical microscopy and DNA sequencing using the ITS4 region&#46; Small fragments of the isolated fungi were transferred to 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml flasks containing distilled water<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> and stored in the mycology collection of the &#8220;Laboratorio de Bioensaios e Qu&#237;mica de Micro-organismos&#47;Universidade Federal do Par&#225;&#8221; &#40;LaBQuiM&#47;UFPA&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fungi were grown in two 125<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml Erlenmeyer flasks containing 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g of rice and 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml of distilled water each&#46; The flasks were autoclaved at 121<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C for 45<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min &#40;Vertical Autoclave 75 L&#44; Prismatec<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#41;&#44; and then fungi were inoculated in sterile conditions and incubated at room temperature for 23 days in a static mode for growth of colonies&#46; Then&#44; methanol &#40;Tedia<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#41; was added to the biomass&#46; After 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; the material was filtered and the methanolic solutions were evaporated in a rotary evaporator &#40;Quimis<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#44; Q344B&#44; S&#227;o Paulo&#44; Brazil&#41; to obtain the extracts&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Susceptibility of the microorganisms to the test extracts was determined by the microbroth dilution assay as recommended by the Subcommittee on Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of the United State National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#44; which was performed on 96 well plates containing 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;l of Mueller Hinton Broth &#40;MHB&#41;&#44; 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;l of test extracts and 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;l of test bacteria at 1&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>CFU&#47;ml&#44; followed by incubation at 37<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C &#40;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#41;&#46; The test extracts obtained from the fungal culture were dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide at concentration 39&#8211;2500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;ml&#46; The test microorganisms were <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Escherichia coli</span> &#40;ATCC 25922&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pseudomonas aeruginosa</span> &#40;ATCC 27853&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S&#46; aureus</span> &#40;ATCC 25923&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus subtilis</span> &#40;ATCC 6633&#41; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Salmonella</span> Typhimurium &#40;ATCC 14028&#41; &#40;provided by the Instituto Evandro Chagas &#8211; Bel&#233;m&#44; Brazil&#41;&#46; Bioactivity was recorded as the absence of red color in the wells after the addition of 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;l of 2&#44;3&#44;5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride&#46; Penicillin&#44; vancomycin and tetracycline &#40;25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;ml each&#41; were used as positive controls&#59; the cultivation medium &#40;MHB only&#41; was used as negative control&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None of the extracts showed significant activity against bacteria <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P&#46; aeruginosa</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S&#46; aureus</span>&#46; With respect to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; coli</span>&#44; the extract of the fungus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Exserohilum rostratum</span> &#40;ER1&#46;1&#41; inhibited growth at a concentration of 78<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;ml and in the case of bacteria <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; subtilis</span> the greatest inhibitions were observed for the extracts of fungus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus</span> sp&#46; &#40;EJC08&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Paecilomyces</span> sp&#46; &#40;EJC01&#46;1&#41; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; rostratum</span> &#40;ER1&#46;1&#41; at a concentration of 78<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;ml&#46; For <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S&#46;</span> Typhimurium bacteria the best result obtained was for the extracts of fungus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pestalotiopsis</span> sp&#46; &#40;EJF02&#41; at a concentration of 156<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;ml&#46; Based on the results obtained &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41; the extract of fungus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; rostratum</span> &#40;ER1&#46;1&#41; was selected for the isolation of the active compound&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The methanolic extract obtained from selected <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; rostratum</span> fungi &#40;ER 1&#46;1&#41; &#40;2&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#41; was fractioned on silica gel column chromatography using hexane&#47;ethyl acetate &#40;9&#58;1&#44; 4&#58;1&#44; 7&#58;3&#44; 1&#58;1&#44; 3&#58;7&#41;&#44; ethyl acetate&#44; ethyl acetate&#47;methanol &#40;3&#58;7&#44; 1&#58;1&#41; and methanol resulting in 9 fractions&#46; The fraction hexane&#47;ethyl acetate 7&#58;3 &#40;230<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#41; was chromatographed on a silica gel column eluted with hexane&#47;ethyl acetate &#40;9&#58;1&#44; 4&#58;1&#44; 7&#58;3&#44; 1&#58;1&#44; 3&#58;7&#41;&#44; ethyl acetate resulting in 85 fractions pooled in F1 to F8&#59; fraction F3 gave a solid orange-colored oil compound 1 &#40;18<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#41;&#46; Compound 1 was identified by 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance &#40;NMR&#41; and mass spectrometry &#40;MS&#41;&#46; After isolation and identification&#44; compound 1 was tested against <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; coli</span> bacteria &#40;ATCC 25922&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P&#46; aeruginosa</span> &#40;ATCC 27853&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S&#46; aureus</span> &#40;ATCC 25923&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; subtilis</span> &#40;ATCC 6633&#41; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S&#46;</span> Typhimurium &#40;ATCC 14028&#41; at a concentration of 500&#8211;7&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;ml&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The <span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span>H and <span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span>C NMR experiments were recorded in a NMR spectrometer &#40;Mercury 300&#44; Varian&#44; Oxford&#44; Oxfordshire&#44; UK&#41; with CDCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> &#40;Cambridge<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#41; as solvent and standard&#46; MS spectra were carried out in the mass spectrometer &#40;Acquity TQD&#44; Waters&#44; Milford&#44; MA&#44; USA&#41; using electrospray ionization in positive ion mode&#44; ESI&#40;&#43;&#41;&#46; The specific rotation was performed using specific rotation equipment &#40;Nova Instruments NO 1412&#44; Piracicaba&#44; Brazil&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Compound 1 was isolated as orange oil and was optically active with the specific rotation &#91;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#945;</span>&#93;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">D</span>&#58; &#43;60 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">c</span> 1&#46;0&#44; dichloromethane&#41;&#46; The molecular formula C<span class="elsevierStyleInf">16</span>H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">20</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">6</span> was calculated as base of its mass spectrum ESI&#40;&#43;&#41; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">m</span>&#47;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">z</span> 309 &#91;M&#43;H&#93;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span>&#46; The <span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span>H NMR spectrum showed signal to the chelated hydroxyl &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#948;</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">H</span> 11&#46;27&#44; OH-8&#41; and signals to an aromatic ring hydrogen &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#948;</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">H</span> 6&#46;59&#41;&#44; three carbinolic hydrogens &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#948;</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">H</span> 5&#46;04&#44; 4&#46;53 and 4&#46;11&#41;&#44; and two OCH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> groups &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#948;</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">H</span> 3&#46;94 and 3&#46;88&#41;&#46; The analysis of the <span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span>C NMR and HSQC spectra showed the presence of a carbonyl ester conjugate &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#948;</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">C</span> 167&#46;8&#41; chelated by hydrogen bond with hydroxyl&#44; six carbons of the aromatic ring&#44; three of which were are oxygenated &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#948;</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">C</span> 158&#46;7&#44; 156&#46;2 and 137&#46;3&#41; and one unreplaced &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#948;</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">C</span> 104&#46;3&#41;&#44; three carbinolic carbons &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#948;</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">C</span> 81&#46;1&#44; 78&#46;7 and 74&#46;4&#41;&#44; three methylene &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#948;</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">C</span> 39&#46;0&#44; 38&#46;0 and 19&#46;1&#41;&#44; and methyl &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#948;</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">C</span> 13&#46;9&#41;&#46; NMR data to compound 1 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41; were consistent with the structure of the isocoumarin derivative&#44; monocerin<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Antimicrobial testing was performed for compound 1&#44; showing good activity against <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; coli</span> bacteria &#40;MIC 15&#46;62<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;ml and MBC 250<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;ml&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P&#46; aeruginosa</span> &#40;MIC 15&#46;62<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;ml&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; subtilis</span> &#40;MIC 15&#46;62<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;ml and MBC 62&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;ml&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S&#46; aureus</span> &#40;MIC 62&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;ml&#41; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S&#46;</span> Typhimurium &#40;MIC 31&#46;25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;ml&#41;&#46; Data suggest that compound 1 is responsible for the activity observed for the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; rostratum</span> extract&#46; Monocerin has been isolated as an antifungal&#44; insecticidal&#44; and phytotoxic secondary metabolite from several fungal species including <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Helminthosporium monoceras</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Exserohilum turcicum</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fusarium larvarum</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Microdochium bolleyi</span> and showed to be also active against <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Plasmodium falciparum</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;15</span></a>&#46; Zhang et al&#46; &#40;2008&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> isolated monocerin from fungus strain <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M&#46; bolleyi</span> and presented antimicrobial activity against <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; coli</span> in the agar diffusion test&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The present work isolated 17 endophytic fungi from <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; guianensis</span>&#44; being the methanolic extract of fungus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; rostratum</span> the most active&#46; Monocerin was isolated by chromatographic procedures&#44; showing good antimicrobial activity&#46; This work reports for the first time the isolation of monocerin from endophytic fungi of this Amazon plant&#44; highlighting the activity of this compound as a broad spectrum antimicrobial agent&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Ethical disclosures</span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Protection of human and animal subjects</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that the procedures followed were in accordance with the regulations of the relevant clinical research ethics committee and with those of the Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association &#40;Declaration of Helsinki&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Confidentiality of data</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        1 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec820686"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
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          "titulo" => "Resumen"
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              "identificador" => "abst0010"
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          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec820685"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
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        4 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0005"
          "titulo" => "Ethical disclosures"
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            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0010"
              "titulo" => "Protection of human and animal subjects"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0015"
              "titulo" => "Confidentiality of data"
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            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0020"
              "titulo" => "Right to privacy and informed consent"
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          ]
        ]
        5 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0025"
          "titulo" => "Conflict of interest"
        ]
        6 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xack276416"
          "titulo" => "Acknowledgments"
        ]
        7 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "References"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2016-01-10"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2016-08-19"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
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        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec820686"
          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Monocerin"
            1 => "Antimicrobial activity"
            2 => "Endophytic fungi"
            3 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bauhinia guianensis</span>"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "es" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec820685"
          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Monocerin"
            1 => "Actividad antimicrobiana"
            2 => "Hongos end&#243;fitos"
            3 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bauhinia guianensis</span>"
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      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Antibiotic resistance results in higher medical costs&#44; prolonged hospital stays and increased mortality and is rising to dangerously high levels in all parts of the world&#46; Therefore&#44; this study aims to search for new antimicrobial agents through bioprospecting of extracts of endophytic fungi from <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bauhinia guianensis</span>&#44; a typical Amazonian plant used in combating infections&#46; Seventeen &#40;17&#41; fungi were isolated and as result the methanolic extract of the fungus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Exserohilum rostratum</span> showed good activity against the bacteria tested&#46; The polyketide monocerin was isolated by the chromatographic technique&#44; identified by NMR and MS&#44; showing broad antimicrobial spectrum&#46;</p></span>"
      ]
      "es" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La resistencia a los antibi&#243;ticos conduce a mayores costos m&#233;dicos&#44; hospitalizaciones prolongadas e incremento de la mortalidad&#44; y est&#225; aumentando a niveles peligrosamente altos en todas partes del mundo&#46; Este estudio tuvo como objetivo la b&#250;squeda de nuevos agentes antimicrobianos a trav&#233;s de la bioprospecci&#243;n de extractos de hongos end&#243;fitos de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bauhinia guianensis</span>&#44; una planta amaz&#243;nica t&#237;pica&#44; utilizada en la lucha contra problemas infecciosos&#46; Fueron aislados 17 hongos&#59; el extracto metan&#243;lico del hongo <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Exserohilum rostratum</span> mostr&#243; buena actividad contra las bacterias probadas&#46; Se aisl&#243; monocerina polic&#233;tido por la t&#233;cnica de cromatograf&#237;a&#59; este compuesto fue identificado por RM y EM&#44; y mostr&#243; un amplio espectro antimicrobiano&#46;</p></span>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Compound 1 isolated from the methanol extract of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; rostratum</span>&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ec</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; coli</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pa</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P&#46; aeruginosa</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bs</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; subtilis</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sa</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S&#46; aureus</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">St</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S&#46; thiphymurium</span>&#44; NA<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>no action&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Code&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Fungus&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="5" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Minimum inhibitory concentration &#40;&#956;g&#47;ml&#41; bacteria tested</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ec</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pa</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bs</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sa</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">St</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">EJC03&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Colletotrichum</span> sp&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">312&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#62;2000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">EJC01&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; coccodes</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#62;2000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">EJF08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Colletotrichum</span> sp&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#62;2000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">312&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#62;2000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">EJF10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Colletotrichum</span> sp&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">SA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">EJC04&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus</span> sp&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1250&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">312<br>312<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">EJC08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus</span> sp&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#62;2000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">78&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#62;2000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">EJC07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pestalotiopsis</span> sp&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#62;2000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#62;2000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#62;2000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#62;2000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">EJF02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pestalotiopsis</span> sp&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">650&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#62;2000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#62;2000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">156&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">EJCP12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Scedosporium</span> sp&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#62;2000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#62;2000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#62;2000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1250&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#62;2000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">EJCP13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S&#46; apiospermum</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">650&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#62;2000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">156&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">312<br>1250<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1250&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">EJC10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; clavata</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#62;2000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1250&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#62;2000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">EJC11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Phomopsis</span> sp&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">156&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">312&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ER1&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; rostratum</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">78&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">312&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">78&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">EJC01&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Paecilomyces</span> sp&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">156<br>650<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">78<br>156<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#62;2000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">EJCP05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Xylaria</span> sp&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#62;2000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#62;2000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">EJCP07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Xylaria</span> sp&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">650&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">650&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">650&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">EJCP11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Xylaria</span> sp&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#62;2000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">312&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n&#176;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">H &#40;mult&#44; J in Hz&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span>H and <span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span>C NMR data &#40;300<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>MHz and 75<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>MHz&#44; CDCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>&#41; to compound 1</p>"
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Article information

ISSN: 03257541
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.ram.2016.08.005

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Year/Month	Html	Pdf	Total

2024 November	3	2	5
2024 October	15	2	17
2024 September	22	1	23
2024 August	52	3	55
2024 July	32	1	33
2024 June	22	5	27
2024 May	20	1	21
2024 April	22	5	27
2024 March	25	4	29
2024 February	30	5	35
2024 January	33	11	44
2023 December	53	11	64
2023 November	42	12	54
2023 October	56	9	65
2023 September	53	2	55
2023 August	33	10	43
2023 July	45	23	68
2023 June	30	9	39
2023 May	29	7	36
2023 April	24	3	27
2023 March	21	5	26
2023 February	21	4	25
2023 January	23	7	30
2022 December	24	7	31
2022 November	25	12	37
2022 October	31	14	45
2022 September	25	8	33
2022 August	29	6	35
2022 July	19	10	29
2022 June	22	21	43
2022 May	30	6	36
2022 April	32	9	41
2022 March	41	12	53
2022 February	35	18	53
2022 January	42	11	53
2021 December	58	16	74
2021 November	37	13	50
2021 October	45	23	68
2021 September	45	14	59
2021 August	45	10	55
2021 July	24	9	33
2021 June	31	18	49
2021 May	31	22	53
2021 April	60	46	106
2021 March	38	15	53
2021 February	40	17	57
2021 January	41	16	57
2020 December	34	11	45
2020 November	33	16	49
2020 October	16	6	22
2020 September	15	8	23
2020 August	45	10	55
2020 July	20	8	28
2020 June	28	11	39
2020 May	26	12	38
2020 April	18	9	27
2020 March	22	6	28
2020 February	36	15	51
2020 January	27	18	45
2019 December	22	4	26
2019 November	16	8	24
2019 October	18	12	30
2019 September	21	15	36
2019 August	12	9	21
2019 July	16	19	35
2019 June	34	13	47
2019 May	56	26	82
2019 April	28	29	57
2019 March	7	11	18
2019 February	7	16	23
2019 January	2	4	6
2018 December	5	17	22
2018 November	7	19	26
2018 October	6	16	22
2018 September	5	7	12
2018 August	5	8	13
2018 July	7	2	9
2018 June	7	7	14
2018 May	8	5	13
2018 April	12	4	16
2018 March	11	1	12
2018 February	13	2	15
2018 January	8	7	15
2017 December	6	3	9
2017 November	7	8	15
2017 October	9	8	17
2017 September	9	11	20
2017 August	6	4	10
2017 July	5	15	20
2017 June	16	30	46
2017 May	45	27	72
2017 April	34	15	49
2017 March	12	21	33
2017 February	7	19	26
2017 January	3	10	13

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