Original article
Insect deterrent and nematicidal screening of microfungi from Mexico and anti-aphid compounds from Gliomastix masseei
Evaluación de la actividad disuasiva de insectos y nematotóxica de microhongos de México y compuestos anti-áfidos de Gliomastix masseei
Ana L. Ruiz-Jiméneza, Azucena González-Colomab, Mari Fe Andrés-Yevesb, Esaú Ruiz-Sánchezc, Gabriela Herediad, Sergio R. Peraza-Sáncheza, Irma L. Medina-Baizabala, Manuela Reyes-Estebaneze, Blondy Canto-Canchéa, Marcela Gamboa-Anguloa,
Corresponding author
a Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, AC, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
b Departamento de Ciencias Agrícolas-CCMA, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
c Instituto Tecnológico de Conkal, Conkal, Yucatán, Mexico
d Departamento de Biología de Suelos, Instituto de Ecología, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
e Departamento de Microbiología Ambiental y Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, Campeche, Mexico
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Variables analyzed: isolate (C) and time. Time 1 (T1): 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h post-inoculation; time 2 (T2): 20 days; time 3 (T3): 39 days; C1: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enterococcus</span> spp.; C2: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Corynebacterium</span> spp.; C3: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pantoea</span> spp.; C4: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Corynebacterium</span> spp.; C5: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pantoea</span> spp.; C6: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus</span> spp.; C7: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus</span> spp.; C8: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus</span> spp.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Melina Sartori, Andrea Nesci, Julián García, María A. 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Fungal secondary metabolites are considered a valuable source of molecules with a wide variety of biological applications. Various reports have pointed out the potential of these compounds for the control of insects and nematodes. One of the first detailed works on the insecticidal properties of fungal metabolites was published by Cole and Rolinson<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>. More recently, Asaff et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> showed that dipicolinic and oxalic acids, isolated from <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Paecilomyces fumosoroseus</span>, have strong insecticidal effects on nymphs of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bemisia</span> species. Likewise, Gaich and Mulzer<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> showed that the sesquiterpenoid, penifulvin A (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Penicillium griseofulvum</span>) has antifeedant effects on <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Spodoptera frugiperda</span>. In addition, nematotoxic activity has been reported in a wide variety of fungal metabolites, such as cytochalasin B, enniatin B, moniliformin, verrucarin A<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>, trichodermin<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0365"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36,37</span></a>, and butyric acid from <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Paecilomyces lilacinus</span> 6029<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a>.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our research group has undertaken a long-term project on bioprospection of mycodiversity and its biotechnological application. In this sense, the search for microfungi in the tropical regions of Mexico has yielded a fungal collection whose mycelial extracts have been evaluated on several pathogenic bacteria and fungi, as well as the plant parasitic nematode <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Meloidogyne incognita</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13,29</span></a>. None of these native fungi have been assessed against phytophagous insects. Therefore, in the present work, with the aim of broadening the search for new and more eco-friendly agents to control plant pests, twelve saprophytic fungi (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>) were selected, based on their biological profile. The fungi were cultured and their organic extracts were evaluated on the root-knot nematode <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Meloidogyne javanica</span> (Neal) Chitwood (Nematoda: Meloidogynidae), the poligophagous Lepidoptera <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Spodoptera littoralis</span> Boisduval (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and aphids <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Myzus persicae</span> Sulzer (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rhopalosiphum padi</span> L. (Hemiptera: Aphididae). In addition, one of the most active extracts was partitioned and its active constituents were identified through bioassay-guided fractionation.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Materials and methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Saprophytic fungi</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fungal strains were obtained from the culture collection of the Unidad de Biotecnología of the Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>) as previously reported by Gamboa-Angulo et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> and Reyes-Estebanez et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a>.</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Culture and extraction of fungi</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fungi were grown in fermented rice (FR) for 40 days at 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C and in light–dark photoperiod of 12:12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h. Fungal cultures were lyophilized, fragmented and extracted with ethyl acetate three times (50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g FR) and methanol (50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g FR, at approximately 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C). The solvents were eliminated by reduced pressure in a rotary evaporator. Ethyl acetate (EA) and methanol (ME) extracts were kept in darkness at 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C until use<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a>.</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Partition and chromatographic fractionation of ethyl acetate extract of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gliomastix masseei</span></span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ethyl acetate extract (100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg) of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">G. masseei</span> was re-suspended in acetonitrile (5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml) and partitioned with hexane three times (2:1, 1:1, 1:1, v/v). Solvents were eliminated under reduced pressure to obtain fractions of low (ARGM-1A, 21%) and medium (ARGM-1B, 5%) polarity, and a precipitate. Both fractions were sub-fractionated by silica gel chromatographic column and eluted with hexane, ethyl acetate, acetone, and methanol mixtures. Extract and fractions were analyzed by thin layer chromatography (TLC) on silica gel (60F<span class="elsevierStyleInf">254</span> plates) and detected under UV light and by spraying phosphomolybdic acid as revealing agent.</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Preparation of methyl derivatives</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Methyl derivatives of fatty acids were prepared in the laboratory. Potassium carbonate (50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg) re-suspended in acetone was added to the sample (100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg) and, after 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min of continuous stirring, methyl iodide was added (150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μl) and the mixture was left for one night at room temperature. Methylated products were recovered by extraction with ethyl acetate<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>.</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Analytical methods</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analyses were performed on an Agilent Technologies 6890N chromatograph coupled to an Agilent Technologies 5975B mass selective detector, with Ultra 1 column [methylsiloxane, 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m long, 0.32<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm i.d., 0.52<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μm film thickness, helium at flow rate<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml/min, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C, gradient<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>280<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C (20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min)]. Each extract was analyzed using 0.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μl of sample at 2% (w/v). Most components were identified by matching their mass spectra to those of the corresponding compounds in the database of the equipment (NIST 05) and/or by comparison with commercial standards (Sigma–Aldrich).</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Bioassays</span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Settling inhibition of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M. persicae</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R. padi</span></span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Evaluations of settling inhibition (SI) were performed on adults of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span>. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">persicae</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span>. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">padi</span>. Aphids were grown on pepper (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Capsicum annuum</span> L.) and barley (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hordeum vulgare</span> L.), respectively. Colonies were kept in a growth chamber at 60–70% room humidity, photoperiod of 16:8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h (L:D), and temperatures of 21<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C.</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Bioassays were conducted in plastic boxes (3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm) lined at the bottom with 2% agar. Two leaf pieces (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ca</span>. 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>) cut from the appropriate host plant were placed on the agar. One piece was coated with 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg extract diluted in 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μl of either acetone or methanol (treated<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>T) and the other leaf piece was coated only with 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μl of the respective solvent (control<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>C). Twenty replicates (plastic boxes) per extract were evaluated, each replicate containing ten aphids. The percentage of aphids settled on each piece of leaf was recorded 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h after exposure. A settling inhibition index (%SI) was calculated for each extract,%SI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>[1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>−<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>(%T/%C)]<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>100, where%T and%C are the percentage of aphids settled on the treated and control leaf pieces, respectively<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>. The dose–response experiments for the most active extracts were carried out with the following serial dilutions: 200, 100, 50, 20, and 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>.</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Feeding inhibition of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S. littoralis</span></span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S. littoralis</span> larvae were reared on an artificial diet as described by Poitout and Bues<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a>. The colony was kept in a growth chamber at 60–70% room humidity, photoperiod of 16:8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h (L:D), and temperature of 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C. For the bioassay, sixth instar larvae of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S. littoralis</span> were used. Two larvae were placed in a Petri dish (9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm diameter<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm) containing agar (2%). Four wells were prepared and four discs (1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>) of fresh bell-pepper leaves were deposited in the wells. Two of the discs were coated with 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg of the extracts dissolved in 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μl acetone or methanol (T), and the other two discs were coated with the solvent only (C). Larvae were starved for 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h prior to the experiments and subsequently placed on the leaf disc and allowed to consume approximately 75% of the disc area before evaluation. Each treatment was conducted in quintuplicate and repeated two times for the active extracts. The uneaten disc areas were measured with a digital program (Image J Version 1.37r, 2006, <a href="http://rsb.info.nih.gov./ij/">http://rsb.info.nih.gov./ij/</a>), and the percentage of feeding inhibition was calculated by the equation%FR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>[1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>−<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>(T/C)]<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>100, where T and C are the consumption of treated and control leaf discs, respectively<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>.</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Mobility inhibition of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M. javanica</span></span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Egg masses of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M. javanica</span> were obtained from roots of tomato plants (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Solanum lycopersicum</span> L.) grown under greenhouse conditions. The eggs were incubated in distilled water at 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C for 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h to obtain second-stage juveniles (J2). Bioassay with J2 was performed in 96-well plates. Fungal extracts were dissolved in DMSO with 0.6% Tween 20 (20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/μl). Subsequently, 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μl of the extracts were deposited in each well and 100–150 J2 in 95<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μl of water were added to each well. The well plates were incubated at 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C for 72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h. Inhibition of mobility (IM) of J2 was obtained as previously described by Hernández-Carlos et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>.</p></span></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Data analysis</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The effect of an extract is considered strong when SI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>70% for aphids<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>, FR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>80% for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S. littoralis</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> and IM<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>90% after 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h exposure for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Meloidogyne</span> spp.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Effective concentrations (EC<span class="elsevierStyleInf">50</span>) were calculated by the probit analysis using the Statistical Analysis System (SAS), version 8.1 for Windows. EC<span class="elsevierStyleInf">50</span> values were considered significantly different if confidence intervals did not overlap.</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Molecular identification of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">G. masseei</span></span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Molecular identification of the fungal strain MR-36 was performed as described by Moo-Koh et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>. The mycelial mass of fungal culture was obtained and the genomic DNA was extracted using the Kit ZR Fungal/Bacterial DNA MiniPrep™. Nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions (ITS1-5.8S rDNA ITS2) were amplified and sequenced using primers ITS1 and ITS4<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0360"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a>. The amplified products were visualized by electrophoresis in 2% agarose gel (m/v) (Sigma<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>) and the products of amplification were sequenced in Macrogen (<a href="http://www.macrogen.com/">www.macrogen.com</a>). Sequences were edited to eliminate the noise at ends, minus strands were converted into reverse complement, and both strands were aligned. A query of 500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>bp was used to compare with those in the database of the Gene Bank of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (<a href="http://blast.ncbi.nlm.gov/">http://blast.ncbi.nlm.gov</a>), using the BLAST software, and deposited in GenBank (accession number KR069085).</p></span></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Results</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results of settling inhibition, feeding reduction, and nematotoxic activities are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>. None of the extracts inhibited the mobility of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M. javanica</span> (MI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>50%) or the feeding of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S. littoralis</span> (FR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>70%). In contrast, the EA extracts of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">G. masseei</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Perelegamyces parviechinulatus</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Verticillium</span> sp. TH28, and the ME extracts of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Clonostachys rosea</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Corynespora cassiicola</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Phialophora verrucosa</span>, and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Spadicoides</span> sp. inhibited the settling of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M. persicae</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R. padi</span> (SI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>80%; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>). The extracts of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. rosea</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">G. masseei</span> caused strong settling inhibition of both aphid species. The dose–response evaluations for these extracts are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>. For <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M. persicae</span>, the ME extract of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. rosea</span> was the most active, with an EC<span class="elsevierStyleInf">50</span> value of 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>; whereas for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R. padi</span>, the EA extract of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">G. masseei</span> was the most active with an EC<span class="elsevierStyleInf">50</span> value of 19<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Molecular identification by using ITS1 and ITS4 primers resulted in a DNA band of ∼650<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>bp. After edition, 561<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>bp were used as query in BLAST, finding the highest homology with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">G. masseei</span> (first hit accession AB540554.1). Query cover about 97% of known <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">G. masseei</span> ITS fragment, with an E value of 0.0 and 99% of identity.</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The chemical composition of the EA extract of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">G. masseei</span> was determined by a bioassay-guided fractionation. The hexane (ARGM-1A) and acetonitrile (ARGM-1B) fractions had strong effects on settling inhibition of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M. persicae</span> (>85%) and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R. padi</span> (SI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>70%) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>). Analysis of fraction ARGM-1A and its methyl derivative (ARGM-4) by GC–MS and by comparison with commercial standards (free and methyl esters) revealed the presence of four fatty acids as major components. Fatty acids included hexadecanoic acid (16:0), octadecanoic acid (18:0), 9-octadecenoic acid (18:1) and 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (18:2) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>). The most abundant components were hexadecanoic acid (74%) and 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (16.8%). In addition, ARGM-1A fraction was methylated and the product, ARGM-4, also had an effect on the settling of both aphid species.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Purification of the second fraction ARGM-1B by silica gel columns yielded a complex mixture of compounds which included ergosterol. This compound was isolated and identified by comparison with a commercial sample (E6510-10G, Sigma–Aldrich). The subfractions were not active on aphid settling.</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The compounds isolated in this work and commercial standards were evaluated on both aphid species (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">Table 5</a>). Methyl hexadecanoate had a low effect on the settling of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R. padi</span> and was not tested on <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M. persicae</span>. Methyl 9-octadecenoate strongly inhibited the settling of both aphid species (SI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>70%); likewise, methyl 9,12-octadecadienoate only inhibited the settling of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M. persicae</span> (SI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>70%). Ergosterol showed no activity. Dose–response evaluation of both active pure esters showed that methyl 9-octadecenoate was the most active compound, with an EC<span class="elsevierStyleInf">50</span> value of 16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M. persicae</span> and 35<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R. padi</span> (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">Table 5</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0025"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Discussion</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the present work, the evaluation of organic extracts of microfungi showed that the ME and EA extracts had different effects on the plant pest targets. The extracts had very low or no effect on <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S. littoralis</span> or <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M. javanica</span>. However, various extracts displayed a strong effect on the settling of aphids <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M. persicae</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R. padi</span>. To our knowledge, the fungal extracts evaluated in the present work had not been previously assessed on aphid settling. The results showed that 30% of the evaluated fungi produced metabolites that deterred aphids. The most active were the EA extract of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">G. masseei</span> (EC<span class="elsevierStyleInf">50</span>, 15–19<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>) and the ME extract of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. rosea</span> (EC<span class="elsevierStyleInf">50</span>, 8–38<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>).</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The molecular analysis identified fungus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">G. masseei</span>. Minor discrepancies between the query and retrieved sequences were observed, however identity was supported by the congruency of molecular identification with traditional taxonomy performed according to Kiyuna et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>. Thus, the ITS fragment was enough to identify the fungus and discrepancies can be attributed to usual polymorphism among strains. The fungus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">G. masseei</span> is a cosmopolitan species that has antimicrobial properties<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a>; however, no studies on identification of secondary metabolites produced by this species have been reported. The primary fractionation (ARGM-1A and 1B) of the extract revealed that <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">G. masseei</span> produces metabolites that affect aphid settling. These metabolites were detected in the low and medium polarity fractions. In the low polarity fraction, fatty acids and their derivatives are the most abundant components. Although hexadecanoic acid (75%) was the major constituent, its effect on the settling of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M. persicae</span> was produced only by their derivatives methyl and ethyl esters (5.5–8.7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>), in agreement with previous reports<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0345"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a>. Surprisingly, these compounds showed no effect on the settling of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R. padi</span>. Other components of the low polarity fraction were the methyl esters of 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (17.8%) and 9-octadecenoic acid (9.3%). In this case, previous studies have shown that the acid forms of these compounds have anti-aphid properties<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>. In the present study, methyl 9-octadecenoate was the most active compound with an EC<span class="elsevierStyleInf">50</span> of 16 and 35<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>, for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M. persicae</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R. padi</span>, respectively (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">Table 5</a>). Methyl 9,12-octadecadienoate, in contrast, only inhibited the settling of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M. persicae</span> (EC<span class="elsevierStyleInf">50</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>), but not of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R. padi</span>.</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During the purification of the extract, we observed that the settling inhibition activity remained in low and medium polarity fractions for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M. persicae</span>, but decreased for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R. padi</span>, where SI values decreased from crude extract (91.9) to 70 and 76%, respectively. An opposite trend was observed for the natural methylated ARGM-4 fraction (SI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>84%). We then verified the activity of the isolated methyl ester mixture and an artificial mixture of commercial standards of the major constituents present in the fraction ARGM-1A. The mixture was prepared with the methyl esters of the hexadecanoic, 9,12-octadecadienoic, and 9-octadecenoic acids (27:6:1). The methyl 9-octadecenoate and natural mixture of hexane fraction inhibited the settling of both aphids (SI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>70%); however, 9,12-octadecadienoate and the artificial mixture only inhibited the settling of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M. persicae</span>, in the same manner as the saturated methyl hexadecanoate. These data showed that on esterified fatty acids, the pattern for anti-aphid activity is different in comparison with that of the free unsaturated fatty acids<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>. The difference between the effects on the settling of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R. padi</span> caused by the artificial and natural mixtures can be attributed to the presence of other minor unknown constituents in the latter.</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The biological activity of fatty acids and their derivatives on pest insects have been previously reported<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a>. For example, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid has shown activity on <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aedes aegypti</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Callosobruchus maculates</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Lymantria dispar</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Liposcelis bostrychophila</span>, and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Malacosoma disstria</span>; 9-octadecenoic acid on <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Anopheles aegypti</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Anopheles stephensi</span>; 9,12-octadecadienoic, hexadecanoic and octadecanoic acids on <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S. frugiperda</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,18,25</span></a>. Fatty acids can be extracted from plants and from fungi. In this sense, various studies have found that different species of fungi, such as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus ustus</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cladosporium</span> sp., <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Curvularia</span> sp., <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Penicillium</span> sp., and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rhizopus oryzae</span> produce this type of compounds<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23,24,31</span></a>.</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The TLC and GC–MS analyses of acetonitrile fraction of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">G. masseei</span> showed a complex mixture of compounds, where traces of ergosterol, a component of the fungal membrane, were observed. Ergosterol is commonly oxidized in the presence of light into ergosterol endoperoxide. There are various reports on the strong antimicrobial activity of ergosterol endoperoxide, but no data on its effect against insects has been published<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5,30</span></a>. Although ergosterol endoperoxide was not detected in the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">G. masseei</span> extracts, its effect was evaluated on aphid settling, where this compound slightly inhibited the settling of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M. persicae</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R. padi</span> (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">Table 5</a>).</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is important to note that the activity of the full extract of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">G. masseei</span>, compared to that of the fractions, subfractions and commercial standards, suggests that the anti-aphid effect was most likely due to the synergistic effect of the known and unknown minor components; however, further investigation is required in this regard.</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The fungus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. rosea</span> is a cosmopolitan species which has shown a wide range of biological activities, in particular as a biocontrol agent against phytopathogenic fungi and nematodes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21,34</span></a>. The activity in this case has been attributed to secondary metabolites, such as gliocladine A-E, verticillin A and 11′-deoxy-verticillin A, Sch52900, and Sch52901<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>. In previous works, we have found that the EA extract of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. rosea</span> is active against human pathogenic bacteria, plant pathogenic fungi, and plant parasitic nematodes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13,14</span></a>. Surprisingly, in the present work, the EA extract of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. rosea</span> showed no activity on <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M. javanica.</span></p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is also pertinent to mention that the effect of the most active fungal extracts evaluated in the present work was similar to that of other natural products isolated from microorganisms or plants<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>.</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In summary, the settling inhibition capacity of the fungal extracts screened in this work highlights the potential of these compounds for biorational plant protection. ME extracts of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. rosea</span> and EA extracts of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">G. masseei</span> showed the highest anti-settling activity on <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M. persicae</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R. padi</span>. Furthermore, we observed that ester derivatives of hexadecanoic, 9-octadecenoic and 9,12-octadecadienoic acids were some of the active principles and the most abundant components in the EA extract of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">G. masseei</span>, which may have a synergistic effect with other unknown minor constituents. This work also contributes with insights into the biological activity of natural products derived from micromycetes isolated from the tropical regions of Mexico.</p></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Ethical disclosures</span><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Protection of human and animal subjects</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this study.</p></span><span id="sec0090" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Confidentiality of data</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no patient data are included in this article.</p></span><span id="sec0095" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no patient data are included in this article.</p></span></span><span id="sec0100" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this article.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:12 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres824227" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec820720" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres824226" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec820719" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Materials and methods" "secciones" => array:8 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Saprophytic fungi" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Culture and extraction of fungi" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Partition and chromatographic fractionation of ethyl acetate extract of Gliomastix masseei" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Preparation of methyl derivatives" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Analytical methods" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Bioassays" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Settling inhibition of M. persicae and R. padi" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Feeding inhibition of S. littoralis" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Mobility inhibition of M. javanica" ] ] ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "Data analysis" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0065" "titulo" => "Molecular identification of G. masseei" ] ] ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0070" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0075" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0080" "titulo" => "Ethical disclosures" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0085" "titulo" => "Protection of human and animal subjects" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0090" "titulo" => "Confidentiality of data" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0095" "titulo" => "Right to privacy and informed consent" ] ] ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0100" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack276428" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" ] 11 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2015-10-20" "fechaAceptado" => "2016-08-12" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec820720" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Clonostachys rosea</span>" 1 => "Fatty acids" 2 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gliomastix masseei</span>" 3 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Myzus persicae</span>" 4 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rhopalosiphum padi</span>" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec820719" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Clonostachys rosea</span>" 1 => "Ácidos grasos" 2 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gliomastix masseei</span>" 3 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Myzus persicae</span>" 4 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rhopalosiphum padi</span>" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Fungal metabolites are promising alternatives for the development of biorational pesticides. In this sense, microfungi from tropical regions are valuable sources of natural compounds for pest management. With the aim of broadening the search for new eco-friendly products to manage plant pests, this study was carried out to evaluate the biological activity of 23 tropical fungal extracts on three species of phytophagous insects and a plant parasitic nematode. In addition, the active principles of the most effective extract were identified. The insect deterrent activity of fungal extracts was evaluated on the settling of aphids <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Myzus persicae</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rhopalosiphum padi</span>, and on the feeding of lepidoptera larva <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Spodoptera littoralis</span>; the nematostatic activity was evaluated on the mobility of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Meloidogyne javanica</span>. Active metabolites from <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gliomastix masseei</span> were identified by GC–MS techniques and by comparison with commercial standards. Results showed seven extracts with strong effect on the settling of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M. persicae</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R. padi</span> (settling inhibition >80%). The calculated median of effective concentration (EC<span class="elsevierStyleInf">50</span>) values ranged from 8 to 38<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> for the extracts of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Clonostachys rosea</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">G. masseei</span>, respectively. Bioassay-guided separation of the ethyl acetate extract of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">G. masseei</span> revealed the presence of fatty acids and their derivatives, where methyl 9-octadecenoate was the most active compound with EC<span class="elsevierStyleInf">50</span> values of 16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg and 35<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M. persicae</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R. padi</span>, respectively. Extracts of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. rosea</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">G. masseei</span> could be a promising option in the control of pest aphids in agriculture.</p></span>" ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los metabolitos fúngicos son agentes prometedores para el desarrollo de plaguicidas biorracionales. En este sentido, los hongos microscópicos de zonas tropicales representan una valiosa fuente de compuestos naturales para el manejo de plagas. Con la finalidad de ampliar la investigación en productos amigables con el medio ambiente, en este estudio se evaluó la actividad biológica de 23 extractos de hongos sobre 3 especies de insectos fitófagos y un nematodo fitoparásito; además se identificaron los componentes del extracto más activo. El efecto disuasivo de los extractos fúngicos se evaluó en el asentamiento de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Myzus persicae</span> y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rhopalosiphum padi</span>, así como en la alimentación de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Spodoptera littoralis</span>; la actividad nematostática se evaluó sobre la movilidad de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Meloidogyne javanica</span>. Los metabolitos activos de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gliomastix masseei</span> se identificaron por cromatografía de gases-espectrometría de masas y por comparación con muestras comerciales. Los resultados mostraron 7 extractos con fuerte efecto en la inhibición del asentamiento (> 80%) de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span>. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">persicae</span> y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R. padi</span>. Los valores de la concentración efectiva media (CE<span class="elsevierStyleInf">50</span>) estuvieron en el rango de 8 a 38<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> para los extractos de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Clonostachys rosea</span> y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">G. masseei</span>, respectivamente. El extracto de acetato de etilo de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">G. masseei</span> se fraccionó por un proceso biodirigido y reveló la presencia de ácidos grasos y sus derivados, donde el 9-octadecenoato de metilo fue el más activo, con una CE<span class="elsevierStyleInf">50</span> de 16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> para <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M. persicae</span> y 35<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> para <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R. padi</span>. Los extractos fúngicos de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. rosea</span> y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">G. masseei</span> pueden ser una alternativa promisoria en el control de áfidos que son plaga en la agricultura.</p></span>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:5 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Site: 1: Yucatán, 2: Veracruz, 3: Tabasco.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Fungal strains \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Key \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Order \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Site \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cladosporium cladosporioides</span> (Fresen.) G.A. de Vries \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">XH1E \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Capnodiales \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Clonostachys rosea</span> (Link) Schroers, Samuels, Seifert & W. Gams \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">TH27 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Hypocreales \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Corynespora cassiicola</span> (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) C.T. Wei \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">MR01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Pleosporales \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cylindrium elongatum</span> Bonord \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">MR45 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Hypocreales \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cylindrocarpon congoense</span> J.A. Mey \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">XH8A \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Hypocreales \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fusarium</span> sp. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">TA54 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Hypocreales \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gliomastix masseei</span> (Sacc.) Matsush<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">CICY029 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Hypocreales \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Perelegamyces parviechinulatus</span> W.B. Kendr. & R.F. Castañeda \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">GH25 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Incertae sedis</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Phialophora verrucosa</span> Medlar \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">MR54 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Chaetothyriales \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Spadicoides</span> sp. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">MR52 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Sordariales \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Verticillium</span> sp. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">TH28 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Hypocreales \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Volutella</span> sp. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">TH22 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Hypocreales \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1385797.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0005" "etiqueta" => "*" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Previously reported as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gliomastix murorum</span> MR26<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a>.</p>" ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">List of Mexican microfungi tested (organic extracts) on insect deterrent and nematostatic activities</p>" ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at2" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">EA: ethyl acetate extract, ME: methanol extract, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M. j.</span>: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Meloidogyne javanica</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S. l</span>.: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Spodopera littoralis</span>, nt: not tested.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="table-head ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Fungal strains \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Type of extract \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M. j.</span><br>%IM<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S. l.</span><br>%FR<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Myzus persicae</span></th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rhopalosiphum padi</span></th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">%C \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">%T \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">%SI<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">%C \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">%T \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">%SI<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cladosporium cladosporioides</span></td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">EA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">9.1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">20.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">64.9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">35.1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">45.1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">77.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">22.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">67.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">ME \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">47.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">83.9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">16.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">77.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">81.6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">18.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">73.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="10" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Clonostachys rosea</span></td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">EA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">9.8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">5.8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">83.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">16.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">78.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">69.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">30.6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">51.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">ME<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">13.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">47.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">94.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">5.7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">93.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">86.6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">13.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">81.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="10" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Corynespora cassiicola</span></td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">EA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">8.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">28.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">76.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">23.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">65.7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">68.8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">31.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">50.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">ME \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">33.8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">92.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">7.8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">90.8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">79.6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">20.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">72.0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="10" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cylindrium elongatum</span></td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">EA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">2.7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">43.8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">76.7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">23.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">65.0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">66.1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">33.9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">44.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">ME \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">7.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">12.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">73.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">26.8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">58.1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">75.8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">24.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">62.6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="10" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cylindrocarpon congoense</span></td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">EA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">5.6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">41.9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>19.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">74.1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">25.9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">56.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">76.6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">23.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">66.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">ME \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">2.6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">53.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">84.6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">15.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">77.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">83.1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">16.9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">76.0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="10" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fusarium</span> sp.</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">EA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">12.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">13.1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">71.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">28.7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">55.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">75.1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">24.9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">61.6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">ME \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">33.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">16.1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">80.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">19.7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">73.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">77.0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">23.0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">63.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="10" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gliomastix masseei</span></td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">EA<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">8.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">20.6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">93.7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">6.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">91.7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">93.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">6.7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">91.9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">ME \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">23.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">76.8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">23.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">66.9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">84.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">15.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">74.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="10" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Perelegamyces parviechinulatus</span></td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">EA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">8.1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">18.1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">87.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">12.7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">82.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">81.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">18.7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">72.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">ME \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">13.9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">77.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">22.6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">65.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">86.1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">13.9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">77.7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="10" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Phialophora verrucosa</span></td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">EA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">4.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">21<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">66.8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">33.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">49.1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">67.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">32.6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">48.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">ME \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">7.6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">90.7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">9.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">88.9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">68.0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">32.0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">48.7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="10" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Spadicoides</span> sp.</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">EA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">20.0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">19.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">77.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">22.7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">64.7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">71.6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">21.1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">64.1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">ME \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">90.1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">10.0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">87.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">82.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">17.6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">72.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="10" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Verticillium</span> sp.</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">EA<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">25.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">95.0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">5.0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">93.7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">81.0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">19.0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">71.9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">ME \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">61.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">83.9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">16.1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">75.0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">66.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">33.6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">47.7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="10" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Volutella</span> sp.</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">EA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">nt \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">nt \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">nt \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">nt \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">nt \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">nt \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">nt \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">nt \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">ME \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">14.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">19.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">83.6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">16.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">74.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">68.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">31.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">49.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="10" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Fermented rice (blank)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">EA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">15.0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">27.1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">63.6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5.14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">36.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">43.0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">68.8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">31.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">48.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">ME \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">−0.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">13.8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">64.8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">35.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">46.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">54.7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">45.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">18.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1385795.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0010" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">%IM: percent inhibition of mobility; n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>100–150 for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Melodogyne javanica</span>.</p>" ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0015" "etiqueta" => "b" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015">Percentage of feeding reduction (FR)<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>[1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>−<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>(T/C)]<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>100; where T and C are the consumption of treated and control leaf discs, respectively; n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5.</p>" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0020" "etiqueta" => "c" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0020">Settling inhibition in percentage (SI)<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>[1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>−<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>(%T/%C)]<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>100; aphids settled on treated leaf disc (%T) and control leaf disc (%C) after 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h. n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20 replicates for aphids (d: n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>40 replicates).</p>" ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">In vitro</span> evaluation of the organic extracts from microfungi on <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Meloidogyne javanica</span> (100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/ml), <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Myzus persicae</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rhopalosiphum padi</span>, and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Spodoptera littoralis</span> (100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>)</p>" ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at3" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="table-head ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Fungal strain/solvent \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Concentration<br>μg/cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="4" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Myzus persicae</span></th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="4" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rhopalosiphum padi</span></th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">%C \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">%T \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">%SI<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">EC<span class="elsevierStyleInf">50</span> (CL)<br>μg/cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">%C \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">%T \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">%SI<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">EC<span class="elsevierStyleInf">50</span> (CL)<br>μg/cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Clonostachys rosea</span><br><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">MeOH extract</span></td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">200 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">96.7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">95.1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="5" align="char" valign="top">8 (6, 10)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">87.9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">12.1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">84.6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="5" align="char" valign="top">38 (25, 48)</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">100<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">94.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5.7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">93.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">86.6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">13.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">81.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">50 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">88.0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">12.0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">83.8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">72.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">27.8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">54.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">79.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">20.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">70.0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">57.7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">42.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">33.7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="10" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gliomastix masseei</span><br><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ethyl acetate extract</span></td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">200 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">96.8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">96.0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="5" align="char" valign="top">15 (13, 18)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">92.6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">91.0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="5" align="char" valign="top">19 (16, 23)</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">100<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">93.7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">91.7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">93.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6.7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">91.9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">50 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">82.0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">18.0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">74.6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">77.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">22.7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">66.6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">68.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">31.7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">50.9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">60.7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">39.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">34.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">49.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">50.8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">22.6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">57.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">42.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">26.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ARGM-1A \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">50 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">90.6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">9.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">87.7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">78.9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">21.1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">70.8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ARGM-1B \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">50 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">93.9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6.1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">92.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">83.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">16.7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">76.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1385794.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0025" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0025">SI: settling inhibition in percentage<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>standard error; SI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>[1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>−<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>(%T/%C)]<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>100; where%T and%C are the percentage of aphids settled on the treated and control leaf pieces, respectively, after 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h; n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20 replicates, 40 replicates.</p> <p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0030">EC<span class="elsevierStyleInf">50</span> (CL): effective concentration (confidence limits) for settling inhibition. EC<span class="elsevierStyleInf">50</span> values are considered significantly different if confidence limits do not overlap.</p> <p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0035">nt<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>not treated.</p> <p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0040">Fraction ARGM-1A: hexane fraction after partition of EA extract.</p> <p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0045">Fraction ARGM-1B: acetonitrile fraction after partition of EA extract.</p>" ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Dose–response evaluation of active fungal extracts from <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Clonostachys rosea</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gliomastix masseei</span> on settling inhibition of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Myzus persicae</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rhopalosiphum padi</span></p>" ] ] 3 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0020" "etiqueta" => "Table 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at4" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Compound assignment \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Retention time (min) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">% Relative abundance \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fraction ARGM-1A</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Methyl hexadecanoate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">9.88 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">15.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ethyl hexadecanoate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">10.88 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Methyl 9,12-octadecadienoate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">11.82 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">17.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Methyl 9-octadecenoate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">11.91 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">9.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ethyl 9,12-octadecadienoate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">12.46 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ARGM-4</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Methyl hexadecanoate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">9.58 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">75.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Methyl 9,12-octadecadienoate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">11.49 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Methyl 9-octadecenoate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">11.59 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">16.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Methyl octadecanoate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">11.86 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1385793.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Analysis of the chemical constituents of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gliomastix masseei</span> hexane fraction (ARGM-1A) and its methylated derivative (ARGM-4) by GC–MS techniques</p>" ] ] 4 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0025" "etiqueta" => "Table 5" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at5" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ARGM-4: methylated ARGM-1A fraction.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="table-head ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Sample \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Concentration<br>μg/cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="4" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Myzus persicae</span></th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">X</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="4" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rhopalosiphum padi</span></th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">X</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">%C \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">%T \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">%SI<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">EC<span class="elsevierStyleInf">50</span> (CL)<br>μg/cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">%C \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">%T \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">%SI<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">EC<span class="elsevierStyleInf">50</span> (CL)<br>μg/cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">ARGM-4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">50 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">82.8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">17.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">76.7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">87.6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">12.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">84.1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Methyl hexadecanoate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">50 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">nt \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">nt \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">nt \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">73.8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">26.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">61.8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="12" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="top">Methyl 9-octadecenoate</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">50 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">87.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">12.6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">83.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="3" align="char" valign="top">16 (15, 17)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">79.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">20.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">71.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="3" align="char" valign="top">35 (29, 41)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="top">25 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">73.9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">26.0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">66.9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">59.0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">40.9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">34.0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="top">12.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">54.6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">45.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">38.8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">53.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">46.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">23.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="12" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="top">Methyl 9,12-octadecadienoate</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">50 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">82.0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">18<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">76.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="3" align="char" valign="top">20 (18, 22)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">nt \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">nt \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">nt \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="top">25 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">68.7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">31.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">52.7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="top">12.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">62.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">37.7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">41.0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="12" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Artificial mixture<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">50 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">77.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">19.7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">71.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">70.6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">29.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">54.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Ergosterol \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">50 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">68.6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">31.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">51.8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">69.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">30.7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">51.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Ergosterol endoperoxide \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">50 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">74.6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">25.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">64.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">64.1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">35.9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">38.6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1385796.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0030" "etiqueta" => "*" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0050">Artificial mixture: methyl hexadecanoate, methyl 9-octadecenoate, and methyl 9,12-octadecadienoate (27:6:1).</p>" ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0035" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0055">Settling inhibition in percentage<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>standard error; SI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>[1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>−<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>(%T/%C)]<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>100, where%T and%C are the percentage of aphids settled on the treated and control leaf pieces, respectively, after 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h; n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20 replicates.</p> <p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0060">EC<span class="elsevierStyleInf">50</span> (CL): effective concentration (confidence limits) for settling inhibition. EC<span class="elsevierStyleInf">50</span> values are considered significantly different if confidence limits do not overlap.</p> <p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0065">nt<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>not tested.</p>" ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Effects of methylated fraction (ARGM-4) from <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gliomastix masseei</span>, and methyl esters from commercial fatty acids on settling of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Myzus persicae</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rhopalosiphum padi</span> and dose–response evaluation of the most active methyl esters</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:37 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0190" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Chemical composition and insecticidal properties of the underutilized <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Jatropha curcas</span> seed oil" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "K.O. 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We thank Daniela Hurtado-Cantillo, Miguel Tzec-Sima and Felicia Moo-Koh their assistance in the laboratory.</p>" "vista" => "all" ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/03257541/0000004900000001/v1_201704040030/S0325754116301286/v1_201704040030/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "37862" "tipo" => "SECCION" "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Microbiología agrícola, ambiental e industrial" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/03257541/0000004900000001/v1_201704040030/S0325754116301286/v1_201704040030/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0325754116301286?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ]
| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
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| 2024 November | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2024 October | 10 | 8 | 18 |
| 2024 September | 27 | 6 | 33 |
| 2024 August | 16 | 9 | 25 |
| 2024 July | 14 | 4 | 18 |
| 2024 June | 19 | 6 | 25 |
| 2024 May | 18 | 11 | 29 |
| 2024 April | 13 | 10 | 23 |
| 2024 March | 22 | 8 | 30 |
| 2024 February | 14 | 4 | 18 |
| 2024 January | 24 | 6 | 30 |
| 2023 December | 16 | 8 | 24 |
| 2023 November | 19 | 4 | 23 |
| 2023 October | 19 | 4 | 23 |
| 2023 September | 12 | 9 | 21 |
| 2023 August | 18 | 6 | 24 |
| 2023 July | 15 | 5 | 20 |
| 2023 June | 9 | 5 | 14 |
| 2023 May | 13 | 7 | 20 |
| 2023 April | 11 | 6 | 17 |
| 2023 March | 11 | 13 | 24 |
| 2023 February | 11 | 8 | 19 |
| 2023 January | 16 | 2 | 18 |
| 2022 December | 13 | 6 | 19 |
| 2022 November | 20 | 10 | 30 |
| 2022 October | 12 | 7 | 19 |
| 2022 September | 16 | 12 | 28 |
| 2022 August | 15 | 7 | 22 |
| 2022 July | 6 | 6 | 12 |
| 2022 June | 19 | 6 | 25 |
| 2022 May | 10 | 10 | 20 |
| 2022 April | 11 | 15 | 26 |
| 2022 March | 19 | 14 | 33 |
| 2022 February | 9 | 7 | 16 |
| 2022 January | 7 | 8 | 15 |
| 2021 December | 13 | 6 | 19 |
| 2021 November | 15 | 13 | 28 |
| 2021 October | 8 | 9 | 17 |
| 2021 September | 10 | 6 | 16 |
| 2021 August | 6 | 8 | 14 |
| 2021 July | 12 | 10 | 22 |
| 2021 June | 5 | 8 | 13 |
| 2021 May | 12 | 8 | 20 |
| 2021 April | 21 | 7 | 28 |
| 2021 March | 10 | 10 | 20 |
| 2021 February | 11 | 8 | 19 |
| 2021 January | 14 | 14 | 28 |
| 2020 December | 8 | 5 | 13 |
| 2020 November | 12 | 14 | 26 |
| 2020 October | 11 | 4 | 15 |
| 2020 September | 9 | 8 | 17 |
| 2020 August | 11 | 12 | 23 |
| 2020 July | 6 | 10 | 16 |
| 2020 June | 7 | 8 | 15 |
| 2020 May | 15 | 8 | 23 |
| 2020 April | 7 | 7 | 14 |
| 2020 March | 8 | 31 | 39 |
| 2020 February | 12 | 16 | 28 |
| 2020 January | 6 | 14 | 20 |
| 2019 December | 13 | 14 | 27 |
| 2019 November | 7 | 6 | 13 |
| 2019 October | 10 | 4 | 14 |
| 2019 September | 15 | 7 | 22 |
| 2019 August | 7 | 3 | 10 |
| 2019 July | 16 | 7 | 23 |
| 2019 June | 31 | 15 | 46 |
| 2019 May | 55 | 23 | 78 |
| 2019 April | 32 | 22 | 54 |
| 2019 March | 7 | 10 | 17 |
| 2019 February | 4 | 2 | 6 |
| 2019 January | 4 | 8 | 12 |
| 2018 December | 7 | 6 | 13 |
| 2018 November | 1 | 8 | 9 |
| 2018 October | 7 | 19 | 26 |
| 2018 September | 8 | 9 | 17 |
| 2018 August | 6 | 3 | 9 |
| 2018 July | 5 | 3 | 8 |
| 2018 June | 13 | 2 | 15 |
| 2018 May | 10 | 9 | 19 |
| 2018 April | 6 | 5 | 11 |
| 2018 March | 8 | 1 | 9 |
| 2018 February | 5 | 2 | 7 |
| 2018 January | 7 | 1 | 8 |
| 2017 December | 6 | 1 | 7 |
| 2017 November | 8 | 5 | 13 |
| 2017 October | 17 | 2 | 19 |
| 2017 September | 8 | 6 | 14 |
| 2017 August | 14 | 6 | 20 |
| 2017 July | 17 | 1 | 18 |
| 2017 June | 14 | 14 | 28 |
| 2017 May | 34 | 5 | 39 |
| 2017 April | 27 | 11 | 38 |
| 2017 March | 3 | 8 | 11 |
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