Bacillus subtilis with endocellulase and exocellulase activities isolated in the thermophilic phase from composting with coffee residues

array:24 ["pii" => "S0325754117301487" "issn" => "03257541" "doi" => "10.1016/j.ram.2017.08.005" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2018-07-01" "aid" => "240" "copyright" => "Asociación Argentina de Microbiología" "copyrightAnyo" => "2017" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Rev Argent Microbiol. 2018;50:234-43" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 1550 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 48 "HTML" => 1149 "PDF" => 353 ] ] "itemSiguiente" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S0325754117301712" "issn" => "03257541" "doi" => "10.1016/j.ram.2017.09.001" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2018-07-01" "aid" => "246" "copyright" => "Asociación Argentina de Microbiología" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Rev Argent Microbiol. 2018;50:244-8" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 896 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 34 "HTML" => 597 "PDF" => 265 ] ] "es" => array:12 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Informe breve" "titulo" => "Tipos de spa no reportados en nuestro país en Staphylococcus aureus de pacientes adultos de un hospital escuela, Santa Fe, Argentina" "tienePdf" => "es" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "es" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "es" 1 => "en" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "244" "paginaFinal" => "248" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Non reported spa types in our country in Staphylococcus aureus from adult patients of a school hospital, Santa Fe - Argentina" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "es" => true "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Carla Tomatis, María R. Baroni, María A. Mendosa, Alicia Nagel, Analia Mollerach, Claudia Alvarez, Maria Laura Zurbriggen, Sabrina Cristobal, Glenda Segovia, Emilce de los A. Méndez" "autores" => array:10 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Carla" "apellidos" => "Tomatis" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "María R." "apellidos" => "Baroni" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "María A." "apellidos" => "Mendosa" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Alicia" "apellidos" => "Nagel" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Analia" "apellidos" => "Mollerach" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Claudia" "apellidos" => "Alvarez" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Maria Laura" "apellidos" => "Zurbriggen" ] 7 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Sabrina" "apellidos" => "Cristobal" ] 8 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Glenda" "apellidos" => "Segovia" ] 9 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Emilce de los A." "apellidos" => "Méndez" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0325754117301712?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/03257541/0000005000000003/v1_201807270901/S0325754117301712/v1_201807270901/es/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:18 [ "pii" => "S0325754118300646" "issn" => "03257541" "doi" => "10.1016/j.ram.2018.07.001" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2018-07-01" "aid" => "288" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "sco" "cita" => "Rev Argent Microbiol. 2018;50:231-3" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 1423 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 32 "HTML" => 1040 "PDF" => 351 ] ] "es" => array:10 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Editorial" "titulo" => "Persiste y triunfarás: células persistentes en biofilm microbianos" "tienePdf" => "es" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "es" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "231" "paginaFinal" => "233" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Persist and triumph: persistent cells in microbial biofilm" ] ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "María Gabriela Paraje" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "María Gabriela" "apellidos" => "Paraje" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0325754118300646?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/03257541/0000005000000003/v1_201807270901/S0325754118300646/v1_201807270901/es/main.assets" ] "en" => array:20 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Original article" "titulo" => "Bacillus subtilis with endocellulase and exocellulase activities isolated in the thermophilic phase from composting with coffee residues" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "234" "paginaFinal" => "243" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Yadira Siu-Rodas, María de los Angeles Calixto-Romo, Karina Guillén-Navarro, José E. Sánchez, Jesús Alejandro Zamora-Briseño, Lorena Amaya-Delgado" "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Yadira" "apellidos" => "Siu-Rodas" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "María de los Angeles" "apellidos" => "Calixto-Romo" "email" => array:2 [ 0 => "mcalixto@ecosur.mx" 1 => "angeles1011@hotmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Karina" "apellidos" => "Guillén-Navarro" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "José E." "apellidos" => "Sánchez" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Jesús Alejandro" "apellidos" => "Zamora-Briseño" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Lorena" "apellidos" => "Amaya-Delgado" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Carretera Antiguo Aeropuerto Km. 2.5, col. Centro, C.P. 30700 Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ), Camino del Arenero 1227, El Bajío del Arenal, C.P. 45019 Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Bacillus subtilis con actividades de endocelulasa y exocelulasa aislado en la fase termofílica del compostaje con residuos de café" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Figure 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 2902 "Ancho" => 2483 "Tamanyo" => 196154 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Kinetics of cellulolytic activity during 144h of A-SRETCR (A and C) and M-SRETCR (B and D). A and B was separated in a SDS-PAGE, C and D in Native-PAGE, incubated in 1M citrate buffer, pH 4.8 and 25°C." ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "IntroductionThe production of commercial microbial cellulases has a worldwide market. Cellulases are widely used in research and in the food, paper, textile, chemical and energy industries<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0320">9,47</a>. Most cellulases are derived from fungi because they have shown high activity and produced cellulases in large amounts. In recent years, the need for more robust cellulases in complex substrates, such as agricultural residues with high cellulose content, has increased due to their uses as potentially fermentable substrates in the production of biofuels<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0375">20,30</a>. One option for this would be bacterial cellulases, which form synergistic multi-enzymatic complexes with increased activity<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0490">43</a>. Moreover, bacterial cellulases are active at extreme pH, salinity and temperature conditions, such as those encountered in composting processes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0480">41</a>, including high temperature environments where the presence of thermostable enzymes increase bioconversion rates<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280">1</a>. The bacterial species that dominate the thermophilic phase of compost processes belong to the genus Bacillus. They play an important role in the degradation of complex substrates, such as cellulose<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325">10</a>. There are several reports of bacterial cellulases with activities at extreme pH (acidic or basic), high salinity and temperatures<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0290">3,6,17,18,24</a>. These cellulases have been isolated from several environments, such as termite guts<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300">5</a>, soil contaminated with paper industry residues<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0460">37</a>, mangrove soil<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310">7</a>, degraded lignocellulosic biomass<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0520">49</a> and compost systems of kitchen and garden residues, municipal solid wastes, coffee residues and other agricultural residues<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0355">16,29,34,39,42</a>. These cellulosic residues are complex, and each of them has characteristics conferring certain specificity. Residues generated by the coffee industry also contain caffeine, gallic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, and phenolic compounds<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315">8</a> and have high acidity. In the Soconusco region, Chiapas, Mexico, large amounts of residues are generated in wet coffee processing (approximately 7200tons), equivalent to 80% of the annual coffee production of 9000tons<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0505">46</a>. These residues can be used to obtain fermentable substrates for the sustainable production of ethanol in coffee-producing zones. Thermostable and acidophilic enzymes are required to take advantage of the cellulose of complex substrates, such as those from this agricultural residue. Therefore, the aim of this study was to isolate, select and characterize bacterial strains with cellulolytic capacity from the composting process with coffee residues.Materials and methodsIsolation of cellulolytic bacteria from composting with coffee residuesSamples were obtained from the middle area of two composting piles, each one containing coffee residues (pulp and husk) and cow manure at a ratio of 3:1 (v/v). The piles showed different characteristics: pile 1: nine days of composting, with an internal temperature of 57°C and pH 5.5; and pile 2: 36 days of composting with an internal temperature of 61°C and pH 9.3.For the isolation of cellulose degrading bacteria, about 1g of sample was added to 9ml NaCl 0.9% and serially diluted and pour plate and spread plate techniques were done using mineral medium (g/l): 1.4 (NH4)2SO4, 2.0 KH2PO4, 0.3 urea, 0.3 CaCl2·2H2O, 0.3 MgSO4·4H2O, 0.005 FeSO4·7H2O, 0.0016 MnSO4·H2O, 0.0014 ZnSO4·7H2O, and 0.02 CoCl2·6H2O with different cellulosic materials of carbon source: (1) 10g/l carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), (2) 10g/l crystalline cellulose (CC), (3) 10g/l coffee waste (PC), (4) 9g/l CMC and 1g/l glucose (CMCG), (5) 9g/l CC and 1g/l glucose (CCG), (6) 9g/l PC and 1g/l glucose (PCG), (7) 10g/l CMC and 0.25g/l yeast extract (CMCYE), (8) 10g/l CC and 0.25g/l yeast extract (CCYE), and (9) 10g/l PC and 0.25g/l yeast extract (PCYE). All culture media were supplemented with 0.1% Congo red and 2% agar. The colonies that grew on the different culture media were isolated by streaking them on CMC media at pH 5.9, 7.0, and 9.3 and CC at pH 5.6 and 7.0. For the culture, and the isolation, the incubations were performed at 37°C for 5 days.Selection of cellulolytic bacterial strainsThe bacterial strains that managed to grow in the CMC and CC media were re-grown in the CMCYE, pH 5.9 and CCYE, pH 5.6 liquid media, respectively, and were incubated at 37°C for 120h. At different time intervals, 200μl of the culture were sampled and evaluated to determine reducing sugar concentrations using dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0435">32</a> to confirm cellulolytic capacity. A standard glucose curve was used to calculate the sugar concentrations. The strains were also inoculated in mineral media (g/l): 1.0 KH2PO4, 0.5 MgSO4·7H2O, 0.01 FeSO4·7H2O, 0.01 MnSO4·H2O, 0.3 NH4NO3 and 1% CMC at pH 5.6, 7.0, and 9.3. They were incubated at 37°C for 24h. The plates were stained with 0.5% Congo red for 15min, washed with 1M NaCl and left to rest for 10min<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295">4</a>. Hydrolysis halo diameters were manually measured, and the strains with larger halos were selected.Identification of bacterial strainsStrains with the highest cellulolytic activity were identified using biochemical and morphological analyses according to the Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0500">45</a> by scanning electron microscopy with a TOPCON SM-510 microscope and by analyzing 16S rDNA regions.For the amplification of the ribosomal regions, the extraction of genomic DNA was performed for the bacterial strains using the phenol-chloroform technique<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0495">44</a>. For PCR, universal primers fD1 (5′-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3′) and rD1 (5′-AAGGAGGTGATCCAGCC-3′)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0530">51</a> and Taq polymerase EPO402 (Fermentas) were used. The reaction was performed in a T100 thermocycler (BIORAD) under the following conditions: 95°C for 3.5min; followed by 30 cycles at 95°C for 30s, 53°C for 30s, and 72°C for 1.5min, with a final extension of 72°C for 10min. The products obtained were purified with Spin Quantum PCR Kleen columns (BIORAD) and sequenced in a capillary sequencer (Macrogen, Inc., Korea). Sequence analyses were performed with MEGA 6.06<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0515">48</a> and with the NCBI Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) algorithm. A redundancy analysis of previously aligned sequences with SINA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455">36</a> was performed using DAMBE 5.2<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0535">52</a>. Phylogenetic analyses were performed using the maximum likelihood statistical method with the Jukes–Cantor model<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370">19</a> using MEGA7<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0380">21</a>. The phylogenetic tree was built based on the sequences of microorganisms reported in the LPSN bacterio.net<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0405">26</a> reference database. Confidence was evaluated using 1000 bootstrap replicates.Cellulase productionCultures were performed under the same selection conditions, strains were inoculated in triplicate in 250-ml Erlenmeyer flasks with 75ml of CMCYE, pH 5.9, and CCYE, pH 5.65, and incubated at 37°C at 200rpm. Every 24h, 5ml of the culture was taken and collected in 15ml conical tubes. They were then centrifuged at 10000rpm for 3min at 4°C to separate the biomass. Protease inhibitors (200μl cocktail CompleteTM ultra tablets, EDTA free and 50μl of 100mM PMSF) were subsequently added to the supernatant (protein extract). This protein extract was stored at −20°C until further analysis.SDS-PAGE, Native-PAGE and zymogramsFor the analysis of proteins secreted by the bacterial strains, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under denaturing (SDS-PAGE) and native (Native-PAGE) conditions were performed with zymograms to determine cellulase activity<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0385">22</a>. For the SDS-PAGE, the protein extracts were concentrated by exposure to 99°C for 12min and then to −20°C for 16h. The precipitated proteins were resuspended in a 0.1% SDS/5.6M urea/50mMTris solution. For Native-PAGE, the electrophoresis was performed with crude protein extracts.Loading volumes were established according to the amount of proteins, which were quantified by the Bradford technique<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335">12</a> using bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a standard. To assess the total protein profile, gels were stained with Coomassie blue R-250 for 16h.For the zymograms, both SDS-PAGE and Native-PAGE gels with 0.1% CMC were incubated for 16h with different buffer solutions (0.1M citrate buffer at pH 4.8, 0.2M acetate buffer at pH 5.8, 1× PBS at pH 7.4 and 0.025M borate buffer at pH 9.3) at 25°C with mild agitation. The gels were stained with 0.5% Congo red and washed with 1M NaCl until bands appeared to reveal the cellulase activity<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0465">38</a>.Enzymatic activity with CMC and CC at different pH and temperature valuesCellulase activity was defined as the amount of enzyme required to generate 1μmol of reducing sugars in one minute and was evaluated at 37°C and 60°C with 1% CMC and 1% CC in different buffers (0.1M citrate buffer at pH 4.8, 0.2M acetate buffer at pH 5.8, 1× PBS at pH 7.4 and 0.025M borate at pH 9.3) after 30min incubations. The concentrations of reducing sugars were quantified using the DNS method.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0435">32</a>Results and discussionIsolation and selection of cellulolytic bacteria from compostingTwenty bacterial colonies were isolated from the samples obtained from the coffee residue composting piles; two colonies grew in the media with CMC, seven in the media with CC and seven in the media with both substrates. Although all strains released reducing sugars, the M-SRETCR strain released the highest concentration in both media: 2.4mM after 24h in CMC and 0.98mM after 5h in CC (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>A). The A-SRETCR strain produced sugars on the CMC media after 2h; the highest concentration (2.2mM) was observed after 99h; during the same 99h period, the M-SRETCR strain released 4.3mM. The A-SRETCR, M-SRETCR and N-SRETCR strains were the only bacteria that produced hydrolysis halos at pH 7.0 with diameters of 20, 18 and 15mm, respectively (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>B). These sizes were greater than those reported by Acharya et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285">2</a> for B. subtilis isolated from compost piles. However, the halos reported by Acharya were produced after 8 days of incubation, whereas those obtained in this study were observed after 24h. The A-SRETCR and M-SRETCR strains also showed halos at pH 5.0 and 9.0, with diameters of 15 and 10mm, respectively.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Identification of cellulolytic bacterial strainsThe A-SRETCR, M-SRETCR and N-SRETCR strains were selected due to their higher cellulolytic activity and identified by physiological and biochemical tests as B. subtilis strain type<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0450">35,45</a> (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>). Nevertheless, the strains showed some differences between them, the A-SRETCR and M-SRETCR strains grew favorably at pH 5.0, 7.0, and 9.0 and at 2.0%, 5.0% and 7.0% NaCl, whereas the N-SRETCR strain grew at pH 5.0 and 7.0 and only at 2.0% NaCl. All three strains were rod-shaped when cultured in plates with CMC at pH 7.0 (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figs. 2</a>A, C and D). The A-SRETCR strain also showed a filamentous morphology (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>B) in solid media at pH 5.0 and 9.0 and a pellet-shaped growth in liquid media at pH 5.0 and 9.0. Earl et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350">15</a> reported that B subtilis grew in a chain-like fashion when the spores germinated under reduced carbon feed conditions. However, Mo and Burkholder<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0440">33</a> showed that B. subtilis had filamentous growth when the YneA protein (a cell division inhibitor) was overexpressed as a response to environmental stress and DNA damage.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia>The analysis of partial 16S rDNA sequences revealed that the A-SRETCR and M-SRETCR strains have 99% similarity to B. subtilis subs. subtilis CU1050, whereas the N-SRETCR strain showed 99% similarity with B. subtilis I5-8. The identified strains were registered in GenBank under accession numbers KU736839.1 B. subtilis A-SRETCR, KU736840.1 B. subtilis M-SRETCR and KU736841.1 B. subtilis N-SRETCR. The phylogenetic analysis redundancy test (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>E) discarded the sequences of some B. subtilis reference sub-strains reported in the LPSN bacterio.net 2015 database but did not remove those of A-SRETCR, M-SRETCR and N-SRETCR, which suggested that although the three stains showed high similarity to B. subtilis, they were sufficiently different among each other and from the reference strains. Although they are related, B. subtilis variants are sub-classified into sub-species because they have some differences<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350">15</a>. Likewise, Rooney et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0475">40</a> observed that B. subtilis sub-species are tightly related; their clear differentiation had not been possible based on phenotypic or phylogenetic characteristics and because the 16S rDNA is very conserved.B. subtilis is known for its cellulolytic capacity and for its ability to develop in different environments<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0345">14,15,37,42,55</a>. In this study, B. subtilis strains A-SRETCR and M-SRETCR were isolated from composting piles with coffee residues in the thermophilic stage (61°C) at pH 9.3, whereas strain N-SRETCR was isolated from a composting pile at 57°C and pH 5.5. Acharya et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285">2</a> reported the thermophilic strain of B. subtilis as having greater cellulolytic potential based on the diameter of the hydrolysis halos.SDS-PAGE, Native-PAGE and zymogram analysesIn the profile of total proteins precipitated using thermal shock and separated by SDS-PAGE (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>A), the differences in the proteins secreted by all three strains can be observed. Their zymograms showed endocellulase activity (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>B) at pH 7.4 and 25°C. The intensity of the bands showed that the cellulase secreted by B. subtilis A-SRETCR showed higher activity. For all three strains, the zymograms revealed an endocellulase with an approximate molecular weight of 46kDa (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>B); A-SRETCR showed a hydrolysis band of 55kDa, similar to the one reported for different B. subtilis strains of 55 kDa<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0390">23,28</a> and 56kDa<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330">11</a>. Additionally, after 24h (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig. 4</a>), B. subtilis A-SRETCR showed hydrolysis bands corresponding to 35kDa, and M-SRETCR showed one band at 176kDa. The same number of bands was observed in SDS-PAGE and Native-PAGE, confirming that the extracts contained at least two endocellulases.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia>Several studies have reported single bands with endocellulase activity for different B. subtilis strains with maximum activities at pH 4–6 and 50°C and 60°C<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0390">23,25,28,53–55</a>. In this study, higher intensity bands were observed at acidic pH (4.8 and 5.8) and lower intensity bands were observed at pH 7.4 and 9.3 at 25°C (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig. 5</a>A) even after proteins were precipitated with drastic temperature changes (99°C and −20°C) and re-suspended with denaturing agents, such as SDS and 5.6M urea. This suggested that the cellulase extracts produced by B. subtilis A-SRETCR and M-SRETCR could have applications in different industries due to their activity at different pH and because they had recovered activity after being exposed to thermal shock. The use of cellulases at acidic pH has been suggested in the animal food industry and in the extraction and clarification of fruit juices<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0320">9,31,47</a> as well as in the bleaching process of recycled paper<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0285">2,3,50</a>. Likewise, these cellulases could be used in the hydrolysis of coffee residues having an acidity of up to pH 4.5.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia>Cellulolytic activity of the protein extractsThe protein extracts of all three strains showed cellulolytic activity on CMC and CC (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig. 5</a>B), suggesting the presence of endo and exocellulases because the activity of these enzymes is specific for the presence of these substrates<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0410">27,43</a>. Although, exocellulase activity was detected in all extracts, higher activity (0.519U/ml) was observed on CMC at 60°C, which was similar to that reported for cellulases purified and characterized from B. subtilis with enzymatic activities between 0.200 and 0.600U/ml<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0390">23,25,28,53–55</a>. The extract of B. subtilis A-SRETCR had the highest activity on CMC at 37°C and 60°C for all four evaluated pH values. However, the activity was higher with PBS, which is a saline buffer containing Na+ and K+ ions. These constituents could have acted as cofactors and increased the enzymatic activity. Rawat and Tewari<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0460">37</a> and Zhu et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0550">55</a> showed increases in cellulase activity in the presence of these ions.The highest exocellulase activity (0.254U/ml) was observed in the extract of B. subtilis N-SRETCR at pH 9.3 and both temperatures and at pH 4.8 and 37°C, which could become the standard for future studies because no reports on exocellulases have identified optimal activity at this pH. Deka et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0345">14</a> reported an endocellulase of B. subtilis AS3 with optimal activity at pH 9.2 and suggested its use for the production of alternative fuels, such as bioethanol.The isolation of microorganisms from composting piles in the thermophilic stage (61°C) allowed the identification of three B. subtilis strains whose enzymatic extracts showed activity on CMC and crystal cellulose, confirming the presence of endo and exocellulases. The cellulases of these microorganisms possessed cellulolytic activity at acidic pH (4.8 and 5.8). These cellulases could be used in several industries, such as in the preparation of animal foods, fruit juice extraction and clarification, and bleaching recycled paper. Moreover, cellulolytic activities were also observed at basic pH (9.3). These cellulases could be used in the cellulose and paper industries and in detergents, where enzymes able to tolerate basic pH are needed. However, it was observed that the cellulases of B. subtilis A-SRETCR had higher activity at higher temperatures (60°C). The activity recovery of the extracts with cellulolytic activity after exposure to drastic temperature conditions and chaotropic agents indicated their potential applications in industry, where typical operation conditions are known to cause enzyme denaturation due to mechanical damage and pH or temperature changes. Finally, the cellulolytic enzymes found in these microorganisms isolated from thermophilic conditions and from low acidity coffee processing residues could be used to take advantage of lignocellulosic residues generated in wet coffee processing. In turn, these complex residues could be used as fermentable substrates for the production of bioethanol.Ethical disclosuresProtection of human and animal subjectsThe authors declare that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this study.Confidentiality of dataThe authors declare that no patient data appear in this article.Right to privacy and informed consentThe authors declare that no patient data appear in this article.Conflict of interestThe authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:11 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1065494" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1013478" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1065495" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1013477" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Materials and methods" "secciones" => array:6 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Isolation of cellulolytic bacteria from composting with coffee residues" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Selection of cellulolytic bacterial strains" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Identification of bacterial strains" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Cellulase production" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "SDS-PAGE, Native-PAGE and zymograms" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Enzymatic activity with CMC and CC at different pH and temperature values" ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Results and discussion" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Isolation and selection of cellulolytic bacteria from composting" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Identification of cellulolytic bacterial strains" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "SDS-PAGE, Native-PAGE and zymogram analyses" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0065" "titulo" => "Cellulolytic activity of the protein extracts" ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0070" "titulo" => "Ethical disclosures" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0075" "titulo" => "Protection of human and animal subjects" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0080" "titulo" => "Confidentiality of data" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0085" "titulo" => "Right to privacy and informed consent" ] ] ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0090" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack360551" "titulo" => "Acknowledgements" ] 10 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2017-03-13" "fechaAceptado" => "2017-08-03" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1013478" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Bacteria" 1 => "Composting" 2 => "Coffee" 3 => "Cellulases" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1013477" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Bacterias" 1 => "Compostaje" 2 => "Café" 3 => "Celulasas" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "The goal of this study was to isolate, select and characterize bacteria with cellulolytic activity from two different coffee residue composting piles, one of which had an internal temperature of 57°C and pH 5.5 and the other, a temperature of 61°C, and pH 9.3. Culture media were manipulated with carboxymethylcellulose and crystalline cellulose as sole carbon sources. The enzyme activity was assessed by hydrolysis halo formation, reducing sugar production and zymograms. Three out of twenty isolated strains showed higher enzymatic activity and were identified as Bacillus subtilis according to their morphological, physiological, biochemical characteristics and based on the sequence analysis of 16S rDNA regions. The enzymatic extracts of the three selected strains showed exocellulase and endocellulase maximum activity of 0.254 and 0.519 U/ml, respectively; the activity of these enzymes was maintained even in acid pH (4.8) and basic (9.3) and at temperatures of up to 60°C. The enzymatic activities observed in this study are within the highest reported for cellulose produced by bacteria of the genus Bacillus. Endocellulase activity was shown in the zymograms from 24h until 144h of incubation. Furthermore, the pH effect on the endocellulase activity is reported for the first time by zymograms. The findings in this study entail the possibility to use these enzymes in the procurement of fermentable substrates for the production of energy from the large amount of residues generated by the coffee agroindustry." ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "El objetivo de este estudio fue aislar, seleccionar y caracterizar bacterias con actividad celulolítica a partir de 2 diferentes pilas de compostaje de residuos de café, una con temperatura interna de 57°C y pH 5,5; la otra con temperatura interna de 61°C y pH 9,3. Se utilizaron medios de cultivo con carboximetilcelulosa y celulosa cristalina como únicas fuentes de carbono. La actividad enzimática fue evaluada por formación de halos de hidrólisis, producción de azúcares reductores y zimogramas. De 20 cepas aisladas, 3 presentaron mayor actividad enzimática y fueron identificadas como Bacillus subtilis sobre la base de sus características morfológicas, fisiológicas y bioquímicas y del análisis de las secuencias de la región 16S del ADNr. Los extractos enzimáticos de las 3 cepas seleccionadas presentaron actividad de exocelulasa y de endocelulasa, con máximos de 0,254 y 0,519U/ml, respectivamente; la actividad de estas enzimas se mantuvo incluso a pH ácido (4,8) o básico (9,3) y a temperaturas de hasta 60°C. Las actividades enzimáticas halladas en este estudio se ubican dentro de las más altas reportadas para celulasas producidas por bacterias del género Bacillus. En los zimogramas se demostró actividad de endocelulasa desde las 24h hasta las 144h de incubación. Asimismo, se reporta por primera vez el efecto del pH sobre la actividad de endocelulasa observado por zimogramas. Los resultados de este estudio abren la posibilidad de hacer uso de estas enzimas en la obtención de sustratos fermentables para la producción de energía a partir de los residuos generados en grandes cantidades por la agroindustria del café." ] ] "multimedia" => array:6 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1696 "Ancho" => 2582 "Tamanyo" => 224244 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "(A) Reducing sugars (mM), liberated from CMC and CC by bacterial strains isolated from the composting process with coffee residues. (B) Hydrolysis halos formed by strains A-SRETCR (20mm), M-SRETCR (18mm) and N-SRETCR (15mm) in mineral medium with 1% CMC and pH 7.0 at 24h." ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1306 "Ancho" => 3171 "Tamanyo" => 296348 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Scanning electron micrography of bacterial strains isolated from composting of coffee residues. (A) A-SRETCR cultured in medium with CMC pH 7.0; (B) A-SRETCR cultured in medium with CMC pH 5.0; (C) M-SRETCR and (D) N-SRETCR cultured in medium with CMC pH 7.0. (E) Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rDNA partial sequences of the strains of B. subtilis A-SRETCR, M-SRETCR and N-SRETCR isolated from composting of coffee residues and cow manure, using B. subtilis as reference sequences from bacterio.net LPSN. The phylogenetic tree was built with 1000 repetitions of bootstrap values by the method of maximum likelihood model Jukes-Cantor." ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 2315 "Ancho" => 2465 "Tamanyo" => 304634 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "(A) SDS-PAGE of protein extract from a 24h culture in medium CMCYE pH 5.95, incubated at 37°C and 200rpm, precipitated with thermal shock and stained with Coomassie blue. (B) Zymogram of protein extract, incubated with 1× PBS, pH 7.4 and stained with 0.5% Congo red. Lane 1: Marker Prestained SDS-PAGE Broad range; lane 2: N-SRETCR; lane 3: M-SRETCR; and lane 4: A-SRETCR." ] ] 3 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Figure 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 2902 "Ancho" => 2483 "Tamanyo" => 196154 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Kinetics of cellulolytic activity during 144h of A-SRETCR (A and C) and M-SRETCR (B and D). A and B was separated in a SDS-PAGE, C and D in Native-PAGE, incubated in 1M citrate buffer, pH 4.8 and 25°C." ] ] 4 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0025" "etiqueta" => "Figure 5" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr5.jpeg" "Alto" => 2902 "Ancho" => 2446 "Tamanyo" => 233851 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "(A) Zymogram of the cellulase from a 24h culture in medium CMCYE pH 5.95, at 37°C and 200rpm. Protein was precipitated with thermal shock and separated in SDS-PAGE with 0.1% CMC, at 25°C, during 24h. (B) Enzymatic activity from protein extract in CMC and CC incubated to 37 and 60°C. Both were incubated at different pH values (0.1M citrate buffer at pH 4.8, 0.2M acetate buffer at pH 5.8, 1× PBS at pH 7.4 and 0.025M borate buffer at pH 9.3). Lanes 1: A-SRETCR; lane 2: M-SRETCR; lane 3: N-SRETCR." ] ] 5 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "(±) Variable; (a) CMC medium, pH 9.3; (b) CMCYE medium, pH 5.95; (c) CCG medium, pH 5.65; (d) Branda et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340">13</a>; (e) Schleifer<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0500">45</a>." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Characteristics \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">B. subtilis A-SRETCR \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">B. subtilis M-SRETCR \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">B. subtilis N-SRETCR \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">B. subtilise \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Cell morphology \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">Filamentous and Rod-shaped \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">Rod-shaped \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">Rod-shaped \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">Rod-shaped \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Cell size (μm) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.23×0.89 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.65×0.63 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.34×0.66 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.0–3.0×0.7–0.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Motility \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Gram reaction \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Endospores \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">− \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">Central \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">Terminal \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">Central and subterminal \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Exopolysaccharides \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">− \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">− \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Colony morphology \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">Circular, median, white, powdery texturea \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">Irregular, big, bright red center, flatb \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">Irregular, median, black-bright red, convexc \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">Irregular with appearance of mixed culture \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Liquid medium \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">Pellets \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">Thin layer on the surface of the liquid \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">Cloudy \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">Thin layer on the surface of the liquidd \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top">Growth</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Temperature (°C) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">37 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">37 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">37 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">37 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">pH \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5.0, 7.0, 9.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5.0, 7.0, 9.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5.0, 7.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5.0, 7.0, 9.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">NaCl (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.0, 5.0, 7.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.0, 5.0, 7.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.0, 5.0, 7.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top">Utilization of</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Citrate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">− \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">− \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">− \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Crystalline cellulose \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Carboxymethylcellulose \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top">Hydrolysis of</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Casein \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Starch \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">− \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Gelatin \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">− \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">− \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">− \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top">Acid from</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">D-Glucose \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">D-Mannitol \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">− \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">D-Xylose \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Cellobiose \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Urea \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">− \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">− \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">− \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">− \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Catalase \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">− \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Oxidase \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">− \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">− \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">− \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">± \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Methyl red \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">− \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">− \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">− \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">− \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Voges-Proskauer \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">− \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">− \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Nitrate reduction \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">− \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1816895.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics of the strains isolated from composting with coffee residues and B. subtilis strain type." ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:55 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0280" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Bioprospecting thermophiles for cellulase production: review" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "S. Acharya" 1 => "A. Chaudhary" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Bras J Microbiol" "fecha" => "2012" "volumen" => "43" "paginaInicial" => "844" "paginaFinal" => "856" ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0285" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Isolation and screening of thermophilic cellulolytic bacteria from compost piles" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "A. Acharya" 1 => "D.R. Joshi" 2 => "K. Shrestha" 3 => "D.R. Bhatta" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Sci World" "fecha" => "2012" "volumen" => "10" "paginaInicial" => "43" "paginaFinal" => "46" ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0290" "etiqueta" => "3" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Thermostable, haloalkaline cellulase from Bacillus halodurans CAS1 by conversion of lignocellulosic wastes" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "N. Annamalai" 1 => "M.V. Rajeswari" 2 => "S. Elayaraja" 3 => "T. Balasubramanian" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Carbohyd Polym" "fecha" => "2013" "volumen" => "94" "paginaInicial" => "409" "paginaFinal" => "415" ] ] ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0295" "etiqueta" => "4" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Production and characterization of cellulase by Bacillus pumilus EB3" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "H. Ariffin" 1 => "N. Abdullah" 2 => "M. Umikalsom" 3 => "Y. Shirai" 4 => "M. Hassan" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Int J Eng Technol" "fecha" => "2006" "volumen" => "3" "paginaInicial" => "47" "paginaFinal" => "53" ] ] ] ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0300" "etiqueta" => "5" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Diversity and functional significance of cellulolytic microbes living in termite, pill-bug and stem-borer guts" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => "Z. Bashir" 1 => "V.K. Kondapalli" 2 => "N. Adlakha" 3 => "A. Sharma" 4 => "R.K. Bhatnagar" 5 => "G. Chandel" 6 => "S.S. Yazdani" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1038/srep02558" "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Sci Rep" "fecha" => "2013" "volumen" => "3" "paginaInicial" => "2558" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23990056" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0305" "etiqueta" => "6" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Bacillus pumilus S124A carboxymethyl cellulase; a thermo stable enzyme with a wide substrate spectrum utility" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "N. Balasubramanian" 1 => "N. Simões" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.03.014" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Int J Biol Macromol" "fecha" => "2014" "volumen" => "67" "paginaInicial" => "132" "paginaFinal" => "139" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24657377" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0310" "etiqueta" => "7" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Isolation and identification of cellulose degrading bacteria from mangrove soil of Mahanadi River Delta and their cellulase production ability" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "B.C. Behera" 1 => "S. Parida" 2 => "S.K. Dutta" 3 => "H.N. Thatoi" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Microbiol Res" "fecha" => "2014" "volumen" => "2" "paginaInicial" => "41" "paginaFinal" => "46" ] ] ] ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0315" "etiqueta" => "8" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Coffee, tea, cocoa" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "H.D. Belitz" 1 => "W. Grosch" 2 => "P. Schieberle" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "LibroEditado" => array:4 [ "titulo" => "Food chemistry" "paginaInicial" => "938" "paginaFinal" => "951" "serieFecha" => "2009" ] ] ] ] ] ] 8 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0320" "etiqueta" => "9" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Cellulases and related enzymes in biotechnology" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "M.K. Bhat" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Biotechnol Adv" "fecha" => "2000" "volumen" => "18" "paginaInicial" => "355" "paginaFinal" => "383" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14538100" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 9 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0325" "etiqueta" => "10" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Thermophilic Bacilli and their enzymes in composting" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "A. Bhattacharya" 1 => "B.I. Pletschke" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "LibroEditado" => array:6 [ "editores" => "D.K.Maheshwari" "paginaInicial" => "103" "paginaFinal" => "124" "serieVolumen" => "vol. 3" "serieTitulo" => "Composting for sustainable agriculture, sustainable development and biodiversity" "serieFecha" => "2014" ] ] ] ] ] ] 10 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0330" "etiqueta" => "11" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Purification and characterization of carboxymethyl cellulase isolated from a marine bacterium, Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis A-53" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "K. Bo-Kyung" 1 => "L. Bo-Hwa" 2 => "L. Yoo-Jung" 3 => "J. Il-Hyuck" 4 => "C. Chung-Han" 5 => "L. Jin-Woo" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Enzym Microb Technol" "fecha" => "2009" "volumen" => "44" "paginaInicial" => "411" "paginaFinal" => "416" ] ] ] ] ] ] 11 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0335" "etiqueta" => "12" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "M. Bradford" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Anal Biochem" "fecha" => "1976" "volumen" => "72" "paginaInicial" => "248" "paginaFinal" => "254" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/942051" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 12 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0340" "etiqueta" => "13" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Fruiting body formation by Bacillus subtilis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "S.S. Branda" 1 => "J.E. González-Pastor" 2 => "S. Ben-Yehuda" 3 => "R. Losic" 4 => "R. Kolter" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1073/pnas.191384198" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "PNAS" "fecha" => "2001" "volumen" => "98" "paginaInicial" => "11621" "paginaFinal" => "11626" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11572999" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 13 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0345" "etiqueta" => "14" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Purification and characterization of an alkaline cellulase produced by Bacillus subtilis (AS3)" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "D. Deka" 1 => "M. Jawed" 2 => "A. Goyall" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1080/10826068.2012.719849" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Prep Biochem Biotechnol" "fecha" => "2013" "volumen" => "43" "paginaInicial" => "256" "paginaFinal" => "270" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23379273" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 14 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0350" "etiqueta" => "15" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Ecology and genomics of Bacillus subtilis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "A.M. Earl" 1 => "R. Losick" 2 => "R. Kolter" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.tim.2008.03.004" "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Trends Microbiol" "fecha" => "2008" "volumen" => "16" "paginaInicial" => "269" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18467096" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 15 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0355" "etiqueta" => "16" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Isolation and characterization of cellulose decomposing bacteria inhabiting sawdust and coffee residue composts" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "M.F. Eida" 1 => "T. Nagaoka" 2 => "J. Wasaki" 3 => "K. Kouno" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Microbes Environ" "fecha" => "2012" "volumen" => "27" "paginaInicial" => "226" "paginaFinal" => "233" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22353767" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 16 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0360" "etiqueta" => "17" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Alkaline cellulases from alkaliphilic Bacillus: enzymatic properties, genetic and application to detergents" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "S. Ito" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Extremophiles" "fecha" => "1997" "volumen" => "1" "paginaInicial" => "61" "paginaFinal" => "66" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9680303" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 17 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0365" "etiqueta" => "18" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Purification and characterization of an alkaline cellulase from a newly isolated alkalophilic Bacillus sp. HSH-810" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "K. Ji-Yeon" 1 => "H. Sung-Ho" 2 => "J.H. Hong" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s10529-005-0685-5" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Biotechnol Lett" "fecha" => "2005" "volumen" => "27" "paginaInicial" => "313" "paginaFinal" => "316" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15834791" "web" => "Medline" ] ] "itemHostRev" => array:3 [ "pii" => "S0005791613000402" "estado" => "S300" "issn" => "00057916" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 18 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0370" "etiqueta" => "19" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Evolution of protein molecules" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "T.H. Jukes" 1 => "C.R. Cantor" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "LibroEditado" => array:4 [ "titulo" => "Mammalian protein metabolism" "paginaInicial" => "21" "paginaFinal" => "132" "serieFecha" => "1969" ] ] ] ] ] ] 19 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0375" "etiqueta" => "20" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Microbial cellulases: engineering, production and applications" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "V. Juturu" 1 => "J.C. Wu" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Renew Sustain Energy Rev" "fecha" => "2014" "volumen" => "33" "paginaInicial" => "188" "paginaFinal" => "203" ] ] ] ] ] ] 20 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0380" "etiqueta" => "21" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "MEGA7: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "S. Kumar" 1 => "G. Stecher" 2 => "K. Tamura" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1093/molbev/msw054" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Mol Biol Evol" "fecha" => "2016" "volumen" => "33" "paginaInicial" => "1870" "paginaFinal" => "1874" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27004904" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 21 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0385" "etiqueta" => "22" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "U.K. Laemmli" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Nature" "fecha" => "1970" "volumen" => "227" "paginaInicial" => "680" "paginaFinal" => "685" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5432063" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 22 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0390" "etiqueta" => "23" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Cloning of the thermostable cellulase gene from newly isolated Bacillus subtilis and its expression in Escherichia coli" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "W. Li" 1 => "W.W. Zhang" 2 => "M.M. Yang" 3 => "Y.L. Chen" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s12033-008-9079-y" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Mol Biotechnol" "fecha" => "2008" "volumen" => "40" "paginaInicial" => "195" "paginaFinal" => "201" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18576142" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 23 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0395" "etiqueta" => "24" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Purification and characterization of an organic–solvent tolerant cellulase from a halotolerant isolate Bacillus sp. LI" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "X. Li" 1 => "H.Y. Yu" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol" "fecha" => "2012" "volumen" => "39" "paginaInicial" => "1127" "paginaFinal" => "1134" ] ] ] ] ] ] 24 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0400" "etiqueta" => "25" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Expression of Bacillus subtilis JA18 endo-β-1,4-glucanase gene in Escherichia coli and characterization of the recombinant enzyme" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "M. Liu" 1 => "J. Wang" 2 => "J. Liu" 3 => "J. Yao" 4 => "Z. Yu" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Ann Microbiol" "fecha" => "2006" "volumen" => "56" "paginaInicial" => "41" "paginaFinal" => "45" ] ] ] ] ] ] 25 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0405" "etiqueta" => "26" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "comentario" => "Available from" "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "LPSN bacterio.net (Internet). Francia: LPNS" ] ] "host" => array:2 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:1 [ "fecha" => "2015" ] ] 1 => array:1 [ "WWW" => array:1 [ "link" => "http://www.bacterio.net/" ] ] ] ] ] ] 26 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0410" "etiqueta" => "27" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Microbial cellulose utilization: fundamentals and biotechnology" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "L.R. Lynd" 1 => "P.J. Weimer" 2 => "W.H. Zyl" 3 => "I.S. Pretorius" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Microbiol Mol Biol Rev" "fecha" => "2002" "volumen" => "66" "paginaInicial" => "506" "paginaFinal" => "577" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12209002" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 27 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0415" "etiqueta" => "28" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Characterization of an acidic cellulase produced by Bacillus subtilis BY4 isolated from gastrointestinal tract of Tibetan pig" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "L. Ma" 1 => "W. Yang" 2 => "F. Meng" 3 => "S. Ji" 4 => "H. Xin" 5 => "B. Cao" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Taiwan Inst Chem E" "fecha" => "2015" "volumen" => "56" "paginaInicial" => "67" "paginaFinal" => "72" ] ] ] ] ] ] 28 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0420" "etiqueta" => "29" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analyses of microbial community from field-scale composter" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:8 [ 0 => "S.P. Mannix" 1 => "S. Haruta" 2 => "M. Hazaka" 3 => "R. Shimada" 4 => "C. Yoshida" 5 => "K. Hiura" 6 => "M. Ishii" 7 => "Y. Igarashi" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Biosci Bioeng" "fecha" => "2001" "volumen" => "91" "paginaInicial" => "159" "paginaFinal" => "165" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16232968" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 29 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0425" "etiqueta" => "30" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Celulasas fúngicas: aspectos biológicos y aplicaciones en la industria energética" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "A.C. Martínez" 1 => "L.E. Balcázar" 2 => "G.E. Dantán" 3 => "M.J.L. Folch" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Rev Latinoam Microbiol" "fecha" => "2008" "volumen" => "50" "paginaInicial" => "119" "paginaFinal" => "131" ] ] ] ] ] ] 30 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0430" "etiqueta" => "31" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Purification and characterization of cellulases produced by two Bacillus strains" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "C. Mawadza" 1 => "R. Hatti-Kaul" 2 => "R. Zvauya" 3 => "B. Mattiasson" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Biotechnol" "fecha" => "2000" "volumen" => "83" "paginaInicial" => "177" "paginaFinal" => "187" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11051415" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 31 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0435" "etiqueta" => "32" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Use of dinitrosalicyclic acid reagent for determination of reducing sugar" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "G.L. Miller" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Anal Chem" "fecha" => "1959" "volumen" => "31" "paginaInicial" => "426" "paginaFinal" => "428" ] ] ] ] ] ] 32 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0440" "etiqueta" => "33" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "YneA, an SOS-induced inhibitor of cell division in Bacillus subtilis, is regulated posttranslationally and requires the transmembrane region for activity" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "A.H. Mo" 1 => "W.F. Burkholder" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1128/JB.00027-10" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Bacteriol" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "192" "paginaInicial" => "3159" "paginaFinal" => "3173" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20400548" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 33 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0445" "etiqueta" => "34" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Production of functional compost which can suppress phytopathogenic fungi of lawn grass by inoculating Bacillus subtilis into grass clippings" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "K. Nakasaki" 1 => "M. Kubo" 2 => "H. Kubota" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "LibroEditado" => array:4 [ "titulo" => "The Science of Composting. Part 1" "paginaInicial" => "87" "paginaFinal" => "95" "serieFecha" => "1996" ] ] ] ] ] ] 34 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0450" "etiqueta" => "35" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Characterization of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus licheniformis, and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens by pyrolysis gas–liquid chromatography, deoxyribonucleic acid–deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization, biochemical tests, and API systems" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => "A.G. O’Donnell" 1 => "J.R. Norris" 2 => "R.C.W. Berkeley" 3 => "D. Claus" 4 => "T. Kaneko" 5 => "N.A. Logan" 6 => "R. Nozak" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Int J Syst Bacteriol" "fecha" => "1980" "volumen" => "30" "paginaInicial" => "448" "paginaFinal" => "459" ] ] ] ] ] ] 35 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0455" "etiqueta" => "36" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "SINA: accurate high-throughput multiple sequence alignment of ribosomal RNA genes" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "E. Pruesse" 1 => "J. Peplies" 2 => "F.O. Glöckner" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1093/bioinformatics/bts252" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Bioinformatics" "fecha" => "2012" "volumen" => "28" "paginaInicial" => "1823" "paginaFinal" => "1829" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22556368" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 36 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0460" "etiqueta" => "37" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Purification and characterization of an acidothermophilic cellulase enzyme produced by Bacillus subtilis strain LFS3" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "R. Rawat" 1 => "L. Tewari" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s00792-012-0463-y" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Extremophiles" "fecha" => "2012" "volumen" => "16" "paginaInicial" => "637" "paginaFinal" => "644" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22610115" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 37 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0465" "etiqueta" => "38" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Characterization of the newly isolated Geobacillus sp., T1, the efficient cellulase-producer on untreated barley and wheat straws" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "A. Reza" 1 => "S.Z. Hossein" 2 => "A.N. Kambiz" 3 => "A. Saeed" 4 => "B.K. Gholamreza" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Biores Technol" "fecha" => "2012" "volumen" => "120" "paginaInicial" => "99" "paginaFinal" => "105" ] ] ] ] ] ] 38 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0470" "etiqueta" => "39" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Microbiological and chemical characterization during composting of cattle manure and forestry wastes a study in Madeira Island" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "M. Rocha" 1 => "N. Cordeiro" 2 => "A.C.F. Cunha Queda" 3 => "R. Capela" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "LibroEditado" => array:4 [ "titulo" => "Proceedings of the 2002 international symposium “composting and compost utilization”" "paginaInicial" => "156" "paginaFinal" => "170" "serieFecha" => "2002" ] ] ] ] ] ] 39 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0475" "etiqueta" => "40" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Phylogeny and molecular taxonomy of the Bacillus subtilis species complex and description of Bacillus subtilis subsp. inaquosorum subsp. nov" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "A.P. Rooney" 1 => "N.P.J. Price" 2 => "C. Ehrhardt" 3 => "J.L. Swezey" 4 => "J.D. Bannan" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1099/ijs.0.009126-0" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Int J Syst Evol Microbiol" "fecha" => "2009" "volumen" => "59" "paginaInicial" => "2429" "paginaFinal" => "2436" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19622642" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 40 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0480" "etiqueta" => "41" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "A survey of bacteria and fungi occurring during composting and self-heating processes" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:8 [ 0 => "J. Ryckeboer" 1 => "J. Mergaert" 2 => "K. Vaes" 3 => "S. Klammer" 4 => "D. Declereq" 5 => "J. Coosemans" 6 => "H. Inson" 7 => "J. Swings" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Ann Microbiol" "fecha" => "2003" "volumen" => "53" "paginaInicial" => "349" "paginaFinal" => "410" ] ] ] ] ] ] 41 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0485" "etiqueta" => "42" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Microbiological aspects of biowaste during composting in a monitored compost bin" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "J. Ryckeboer" 1 => "J. Mergaert" 2 => "J. Coosemans" 3 => "K. Deprins" 4 => "J. Swings" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Appl Microbiol" "fecha" => "2003" "volumen" => "94" "paginaInicial" => "127" "paginaFinal" => "137" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12492933" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 42 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0490" "etiqueta" => "43" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Cellulase production by bacteria: a review" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "S. Sadhu" 1 => "T.K. Maiti" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Br Microbiol Res J" "fecha" => "2013" "volumen" => "3" "paginaInicial" => "235" "paginaFinal" => "258" ] ] ] ] ] ] 43 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0495" "etiqueta" => "44" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "SambrookJ" 1 => "D.W. Rusell" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:4 [ "edicion" => "3rd ed." "fecha" => "2001" "editorial" => "Cold Spring Harbor Lab. Press" "editorialLocalizacion" => "Plainview, NY" ] ] ] ] ] ] 44 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0500" "etiqueta" => "45" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Phylum XIII. Firmicutes Gibbons and Murray 1978, 5 (Firmacutes [sic] Gibbons and Murray 1978, 5)" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "K.H. Schleifer" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "LibroEditado" => array:6 [ "titulo" => "Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology" "paginaInicial" => "19" "edicion" => "2nd ed." "serieVolumen" => "vol. 3" "serieTitulo" => "The Firmicutes" "serieFecha" => "2009" ] ] ] ] ] ] 45 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0505" "etiqueta" => "46" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "comentario" => "Available from" "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "SIAP (Servicio de Información Agroalimentaria y Pesquera) (Internet). México" ] ] "host" => array:2 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:1 [ "fecha" => "2015" ] ] 1 => array:1 [ "WWW" => array:1 [ "link" => "http://www.siap.gob.mx" ] ] ] ] ] ] 46 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0510" "etiqueta" => "47" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Microbial cellulase production, applications and challenges" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "R.K. Sukumaran" 1 => "R.R. Singhania" 2 => "A. Pandey" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Sci Ind Res" "fecha" => "2005" "volumen" => "64" "paginaInicial" => "832" "paginaFinal" => "844" ] ] ] ] ] ] 47 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0515" "etiqueta" => "48" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "MEGA6: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "K. Tamura" 1 => "G. Stecher" 2 => "D. Peterson" 3 => "A. Filipski" 4 => "S. Kumar" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1093/molbev/mst197" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Mol Biol Evol" "fecha" => "2013" "volumen" => "30" "paginaInicial" => "2725" "paginaFinal" => "2729" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24132122" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 48 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0520" "etiqueta" => "49" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Exploring the microbiota dynamics related to vegetable biomass degradation and study of lignocellulose-degrading bacteria for industrial biotechnological application" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:9 [ 0 => "V. Ventorino" 1 => "A. Aliberti" 2 => "V. Faraco" 3 => "A. Robertillo" 4 => "S. Giacobbe" 5 => "D. Ercolini" 6 => "A. Amore" 7 => "M. Fagnano" 8 => "O. Pepe" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1038/srep08161" "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Sci Rep" "fecha" => "2015" "volumen" => "5" "paginaInicial" => "8161" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25641069" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 49 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0525" "etiqueta" => "50" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "comentario" => "e72346" "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Combined enzymatic and physical deinking methodology for efficient eco-friendly recycling of old newsprint" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "A.P. Virk" 1 => "M. Puri" 2 => "V. Gupta" 3 => "N. Capalash" 4 => "P. Sharma" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1371/journal.pone.0084567" "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "PLoS ONE" "fecha" => "2013" "volumen" => "8" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24386394" "web" => "Medline" ] ] "itemHostRev" => array:3 [ "pii" => "S0005791613000384" "estado" => "S300" "issn" => "00057916" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 50 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0530" "etiqueta" => "51" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "16s ribosomal DNA amplification for phylogenetic study" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "W.G. Weisburg" 1 => "S.M. Barns" 2 => "D.A. Pelletier" 3 => "D.J. Laneand" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Bacteriol" "fecha" => "1991" "volumen" => "173" "paginaInicial" => "697" "paginaFinal" => "703" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1987160" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 51 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0535" "etiqueta" => "52" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "DAMBE: software package for data analysis in molecular biology and evolution" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "X. Xia" 1 => "Z. Xie" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Hered" "fecha" => "2001" "volumen" => "92" "paginaInicial" => "371" "paginaFinal" => "373" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11535656" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 52 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0540" "etiqueta" => "53" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Cloning and expression of a novel thermostable cellulase from newly isolated Bacillus subtilis strain I15" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "D. Yang" 1 => "H. Weng" 2 => "M. Wang" 3 => "W. Xu" 4 => "Y. Li" 5 => "H. Yang" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s11033-009-9635-y" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Mol Biol Rep" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "37" "paginaInicial" => "1923" "paginaFinal" => "1929" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19669599" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 53 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0545" "etiqueta" => "54" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Purification and characterization of a cellulase from Bacillus subtilis YJ1" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "L.J. Yin" 1 => "H.H. Lin" 2 => "Z.R. Xiao" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Mar Sci Technol" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "18" "paginaInicial" => "466" "paginaFinal" => "471" ] ] ] ] ] ] 54 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0550" "etiqueta" => "55" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The endoglucanase from Bacillus subtilis BEC-1 bears halo-tolerant, acidophilic and dithiothreitol-stimulated enzyme activity" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "C. Zhu" 1 => "Z. Xu" 2 => "R. Song" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "World J Microbiol Biotechnol" "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "27" "paginaInicial" => "2863" "paginaFinal" => "2871" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "agradecimientos" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "identificador" => "xack360551" "titulo" => "Acknowledgements" "texto" => "This work was funded by ciencia-básica from Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) number: 180501 and El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, research center from Chiapas, México. HYSR, gratefully acknowledges the scholarship from CONACyT." "vista" => "all" ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/03257541/0000005000000003/v1_201807270901/S0325754117301487/v1_201807270901/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "37863" "tipo" => "SECCION" "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Microbiología básica" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/03257541/0000005000000003/v1_201807270901/S0325754117301487/v1_201807270901/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0325754117301487?idApp=UINPBA00004N"]

Statistics

Original article

Bacillus subtilis con actividades de endocelulasa y exocelulasa aislado en la fase termofílica del compostaje con residuos de café

Yadira Siu-Rodasa, María de los Angeles Calixto-Romoa,

Corresponding author

mcalixto@ecosur.mx
angeles1011@hotmail.com

Corresponding author.

, Karina Guillén-Navarroa, José E. Sáncheza, Jesús Alejandro Zamora-Briseñoa, Lorena Amaya-Delgadob

a El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Carretera Antiguo Aeropuerto Km. 2.5, col. Centro, C.P. 30700 Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico

b Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ), Camino del Arenero 1227, El Bajío del Arenal, C.P. 45019 Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico

Read

5220

Times
was read the article

1152

Total PDF

4068

Total HTML

Share statistics

 array:24 [
  "pii" => "S0325754117301487"
  "issn" => "03257541"
  "doi" => "10.1016/j.ram.2017.08.005"
  "estado" => "S300"
  "fechaPublicacion" => "2018-07-01"
  "aid" => "240"
  "copyright" => "Asociaci&#243;n Argentina de Microbiolog&#237;a"
  "copyrightAnyo" => "2017"
  "documento" => "article"
  "crossmark" => 1
  "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"
  "subdocumento" => "fla"
  "cita" => "Rev Argent Microbiol. 2018;50:234-43"
  "abierto" => array:3 [
    "ES" => true
    "ES2" => true
    "LATM" => true
  ]
  "gratuito" => true
  "lecturas" => array:2 [
    "total" => 1550
    "formatos" => array:3 [
      "EPUB" => 48
      "HTML" => 1149
      "PDF" => 353
    ]
  ]
  "itemSiguiente" => array:19 [
    "pii" => "S0325754117301712"
    "issn" => "03257541"
    "doi" => "10.1016/j.ram.2017.09.001"
    "estado" => "S300"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "2018-07-01"
    "aid" => "246"
    "copyright" => "Asociaci&#243;n Argentina de Microbiolog&#237;a"
    "documento" => "article"
    "crossmark" => 1
    "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"
    "subdocumento" => "fla"
    "cita" => "Rev Argent Microbiol. 2018;50:244-8"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => true
      "ES2" => true
      "LATM" => true
    ]
    "gratuito" => true
    "lecturas" => array:2 [
      "total" => 896
      "formatos" => array:3 [
        "EPUB" => 34
        "HTML" => 597
        "PDF" => 265
      ]
    ]
    "es" => array:12 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Informe breve</span>"
      "titulo" => "Tipos de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">spa</span> no reportados en nuestro pa&#237;s en <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Staphylococcus aureus</span> de pacientes adultos de un hospital escuela&#44; Santa Fe&#44; Argentina"
      "tienePdf" => "es"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => "es"
      "tieneResumen" => array:2 [
        0 => "es"
        1 => "en"
      ]
      "paginas" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "paginaInicial" => "244"
          "paginaFinal" => "248"
        ]
      ]
      "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
        "en" => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "Non reported <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">spa</span> types in our country in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Staphylococcus aureus</span> from adult patients of a school hospital&#44; Santa Fe - Argentina"
        ]
      ]
      "contieneResumen" => array:2 [
        "es" => true
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [
        "es" => true
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "es" => true
      ]
      "autores" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "Carla Tomatis, Mar&#237;a R&#46; Baroni, Mar&#237;a A&#46; Mendosa, Alicia Nagel, Analia Mollerach, Claudia Alvarez, Maria Laura Zurbriggen, Sabrina Cristobal, Glenda Segovia, Emilce de los A&#46; M&#233;ndez"
          "autores" => array:10 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Carla"
              "apellidos" => "Tomatis"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Mar&#237;a R&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Baroni"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Mar&#237;a A&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Mendosa"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Alicia"
              "apellidos" => "Nagel"
            ]
            4 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Analia"
              "apellidos" => "Mollerach"
            ]
            5 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Claudia"
              "apellidos" => "Alvarez"
            ]
            6 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Maria Laura"
              "apellidos" => "Zurbriggen"
            ]
            7 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Sabrina"
              "apellidos" => "Cristobal"
            ]
            8 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Glenda"
              "apellidos" => "Segovia"
            ]
            9 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Emilce de los A&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "M&#233;ndez"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "es"
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0325754117301712?idApp=UINPBA00004N"
    "url" => "/03257541/0000005000000003/v1_201807270901/S0325754117301712/v1_201807270901/es/main.assets"
  ]
  "itemAnterior" => array:18 [
    "pii" => "S0325754118300646"
    "issn" => "03257541"
    "doi" => "10.1016/j.ram.2018.07.001"
    "estado" => "S300"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "2018-07-01"
    "aid" => "288"
    "documento" => "article"
    "crossmark" => 1
    "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"
    "subdocumento" => "sco"
    "cita" => "Rev Argent Microbiol. 2018;50:231-3"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => true
      "ES2" => true
      "LATM" => true
    ]
    "gratuito" => true
    "lecturas" => array:2 [
      "total" => 1423
      "formatos" => array:3 [
        "EPUB" => 32
        "HTML" => 1040
        "PDF" => 351
      ]
    ]
    "es" => array:10 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Editorial</span>"
      "titulo" => "Persiste y triunfar&#225;s&#58; c&#233;lulas persistentes en biofilm microbianos"
      "tienePdf" => "es"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => "es"
      "paginas" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "paginaInicial" => "231"
          "paginaFinal" => "233"
        ]
      ]
      "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
        "en" => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "Persist and triumph&#58; persistent cells in microbial biofilm"
        ]
      ]
      "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [
        "es" => true
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "es" => true
      ]
      "autores" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "Mar&#237;a Gabriela Paraje"
          "autores" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Mar&#237;a Gabriela"
              "apellidos" => "Paraje"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "es"
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0325754118300646?idApp=UINPBA00004N"
    "url" => "/03257541/0000005000000003/v1_201807270901/S0325754118300646/v1_201807270901/es/main.assets"
  ]
  "en" => array:20 [
    "idiomaDefecto" => true
    "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original article</span>"
    "titulo" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus subtilis</span> with endocellulase and exocellulase activities isolated in the thermophilic phase from composting with coffee residues"
    "tieneTextoCompleto" => true
    "paginas" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "paginaInicial" => "234"
        "paginaFinal" => "243"
      ]
    ]
    "autores" => array:1 [
      0 => array:4 [
        "autoresLista" => "Yadira Siu-Rodas, Mar&#237;a de los Angeles Calixto-Romo, Karina Guill&#233;n-Navarro, Jos&#233; E&#46; S&#225;nchez, Jes&#250;s Alejandro Zamora-Brise&#241;o, Lorena Amaya-Delgado"
        "autores" => array:6 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Yadira"
            "apellidos" => "Siu-Rodas"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0005"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          1 => array:4 [
            "nombre" => "Mar&#237;a de los Angeles"
            "apellidos" => "Calixto-Romo"
            "email" => array:2 [
              0 => "mcalixto&#64;ecosur&#46;mx"
              1 => "angeles1011&#64;hotmail&#46;com"
            ]
            "referencia" => array:2 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0005"
              ]
              1 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span>"
                "identificador" => "cor0005"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          2 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Karina"
            "apellidos" => "Guill&#233;n-Navarro"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0005"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          3 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Jos&#233; E&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "S&#225;nchez"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0005"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          4 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Jes&#250;s Alejandro"
            "apellidos" => "Zamora-Brise&#241;o"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0005"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          5 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Lorena"
            "apellidos" => "Amaya-Delgado"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0010"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "afiliaciones" => array:2 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "El Colegio de la Frontera Sur &#40;ECOSUR&#41;&#44; Carretera Antiguo Aeropuerto Km&#46; 2&#46;5&#44; col&#46; Centro&#44; C&#46;P&#46; 30700 Tapachula&#44; Chiapas&#44; Mexico"
            "etiqueta" => "a"
            "identificador" => "aff0005"
          ]
          1 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Centro de Investigaci&#243;n y Asistencia en Tecnolog&#237;a y Dise&#241;o del Estado de Jalisco &#40;CIATEJ&#41;&#44; Camino del Arenero 1227&#44; El Baj&#237;o del Arenal&#44; C&#46;P&#46; 45019 Zapopan&#44; Jalisco&#44; Mexico"
            "etiqueta" => "b"
            "identificador" => "aff0010"
          ]
        ]
        "correspondencia" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "cor0005"
            "etiqueta" => "&#8270;"
            "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author&#46;"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
      "es" => array:1 [
        "titulo" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus subtilis</span> con actividades de endocelulasa y exocelulasa aislado en la fase termof&#237;lica del compostaje con residuos de caf&#233;"
      ]
    ]
    "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [
      "original" => 0
      "multimedia" => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0020"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 4"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 2902
            "Ancho" => 2483
            "Tamanyo" => 196154
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Kinetics of cellulolytic activity during 144<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h of A-SRETCR &#40;A and C&#41; and M-SRETCR &#40;B and D&#41;&#46; A and B was separated in a SDS-PAGE&#44; C and D in Native-PAGE&#44; incubated in 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>M citrate buffer&#44; pH 4&#46;8 and 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The production of commercial microbial cellulases has a worldwide market&#46; Cellulases are widely used in research and in the food&#44; paper&#44; textile&#44; chemical and energy industries<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;47</span></a>&#46; Most cellulases are derived from fungi because they have shown high activity and produced cellulases in large amounts&#46; In recent years&#44; the need for more robust cellulases in complex substrates&#44; such as agricultural residues with high cellulose content&#44; has increased due to their uses as potentially fermentable substrates in the production of biofuels<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0375"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20&#44;30</span></a>&#46; One option for this would be bacterial cellulases&#44; which form synergistic multi-enzymatic complexes with increased activity<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0490"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a>&#46; Moreover&#44; bacterial cellulases are active at extreme pH&#44; salinity and temperature conditions&#44; such as those encountered in composting processes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0480"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41</span></a>&#44; including high temperature environments where the presence of thermostable enzymes increase bioconversion rates<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; The bacterial species that dominate the thermophilic phase of compost processes belong to the genus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus</span>&#46; They play an important role in the degradation of complex substrates&#44; such as cellulose<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#46; There are several reports of bacterial cellulases with activities at extreme pH &#40;acidic or basic&#41;&#44; high salinity and temperatures<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;6&#44;17&#44;18&#44;24</span></a>&#46; These cellulases have been isolated from several environments&#44; such as termite guts<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#44; soil contaminated with paper industry residues<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0460"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a>&#44; mangrove soil<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&#44; degraded lignocellulosic biomass<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0520"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">49</span></a> and compost systems of kitchen and garden residues&#44; municipal solid wastes&#44; coffee residues and other agricultural residues<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#44;29&#44;34&#44;39&#44;42</span></a>&#46; These cellulosic residues are complex&#44; and each of them has characteristics conferring certain specificity&#46; Residues generated by the coffee industry also contain caffeine&#44; gallic acid&#44; caffeic acid&#44; chlorogenic acid&#44; and phenolic compounds<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> and have high acidity&#46; In the Soconusco region&#44; Chiapas&#44; Mexico&#44; large amounts of residues are generated in wet coffee processing &#40;approximately 7200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>tons&#41;&#44; equivalent to 80&#37; of the annual coffee production of 9000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>tons<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0505"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">46</span></a>&#46; These residues can be used to obtain fermentable substrates for the sustainable production of ethanol in coffee-producing zones&#46; Thermostable and acidophilic enzymes are required to take advantage of the cellulose of complex substrates&#44; such as those from this agricultural residue&#46; Therefore&#44; the aim of this study was to isolate&#44; select and characterize bacterial strains with cellulolytic capacity from the composting process with coffee residues&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Materials and methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Isolation of cellulolytic bacteria from composting with coffee residues</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Samples were obtained from the middle area of two composting piles&#44; each one containing coffee residues &#40;pulp and husk&#41; and cow manure at a ratio of 3&#58;1 &#40;v&#47;v&#41;&#46; The piles showed different characteristics&#58; pile 1&#58; nine days of composting&#44; with an internal temperature of 57<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C and pH 5&#46;5&#59; and pile 2&#58; 36 days of composting with an internal temperature of 61<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C and pH 9&#46;3&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For the isolation of cellulose degrading bacteria&#44; about 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g of sample was added to 9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml NaCl 0&#46;9&#37; and serially diluted and pour plate and spread plate techniques were done using mineral medium &#40;g&#47;l&#41;&#58; 1&#46;4 &#40;NH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>SO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#44; 2&#46;0 KH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>PO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#44; 0&#46;3 urea&#44; 0&#46;3 CaCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#183;2H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#44; 0&#46;3 MgSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#183;4H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#44; 0&#46;005 FeSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#183;7H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#44; 0&#46;0016 MnSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#183;H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#44; 0&#46;0014 ZnSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#183;7H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#44; and 0&#46;02 CoCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#183;6H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O with different cellulosic materials of carbon source&#58; &#40;1&#41; 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;l carboxymethylcellulose &#40;CMC&#41;&#44; &#40;2&#41; 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;l crystalline cellulose &#40;CC&#41;&#44; &#40;3&#41; 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;l coffee waste &#40;PC&#41;&#44; &#40;4&#41; 9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;l CMC and 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;l glucose &#40;CMCG&#41;&#44; &#40;5&#41; 9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;l CC and 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;l glucose &#40;CCG&#41;&#44; &#40;6&#41; 9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;l PC and 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;l glucose &#40;PCG&#41;&#44; &#40;7&#41; 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;l CMC and 0&#46;25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;l yeast extract &#40;CMCYE&#41;&#44; &#40;8&#41; 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;l CC and 0&#46;25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;l yeast extract &#40;CCYE&#41;&#44; and &#40;9&#41; 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;l PC and 0&#46;25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;l yeast extract &#40;PCYE&#41;&#46; All culture media were supplemented with 0&#46;1&#37; Congo red and 2&#37; agar&#46; The colonies that grew on the different culture media were isolated by streaking them on CMC media at pH 5&#46;9&#44; 7&#46;0&#44; and 9&#46;3 and CC at pH 5&#46;6 and 7&#46;0&#46; For the culture&#44; and the isolation&#44; the incubations were performed at 37<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C for 5 days&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Selection of cellulolytic bacterial strains</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The bacterial strains that managed to grow in the CMC and CC media were re-grown in the CMCYE&#44; pH 5&#46;9 and CCYE&#44; pH 5&#46;6 liquid media&#44; respectively&#44; and were incubated at 37<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C for 120<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#46; At different time intervals&#44; 200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;l of the culture were sampled and evaluated to determine reducing sugar concentrations using dinitrosalicylic acid &#40;DNS&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0435"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a> to confirm cellulolytic capacity&#46; A standard glucose curve was used to calculate the sugar concentrations&#46; The strains were also inoculated in mineral media &#40;g&#47;l&#41;&#58; 1&#46;0 KH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>PO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#44; 0&#46;5 MgSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#183;7H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#44; 0&#46;01 FeSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#183;7H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#44; 0&#46;01 MnSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#183;H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#44; 0&#46;3 NH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>NO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> and 1&#37; CMC at pH 5&#46;6&#44; 7&#46;0&#44; and 9&#46;3&#46; They were incubated at 37<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C for 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#46; The plates were stained with 0&#46;5&#37; Congo red for 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#44; washed with 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>M NaCl and left to rest for 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#46; Hydrolysis halo diameters were manually measured&#44; and the strains with larger halos were selected&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Identification of bacterial strains</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Strains with the highest cellulolytic activity were identified using biochemical and morphological analyses according to the Bergey&#39;s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0500"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45</span></a> by scanning electron microscopy with a TOPCON SM-510 microscope and by analyzing 16S rDNA regions&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For the amplification of the ribosomal regions&#44; the extraction of genomic DNA was performed for the bacterial strains using the phenol-chloroform technique<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0495"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">44</span></a>&#46; For PCR&#44; universal primers fD1 &#40;5&#8242;-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3&#8242;&#41; and rD1 &#40;5&#8242;-AAGGAGGTGATCCAGCC-3&#8242;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0530"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">51</span></a> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Taq</span> polymerase EPO402 &#40;Fermentas&#41; were used&#46; The reaction was performed in a T100 thermocycler &#40;BIORAD&#41; under the following conditions&#58; 95<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C for 3&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#59; followed by 30 cycles at 95<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C for 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#44; 53<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C for 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#44; and 72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C for 1&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#44; with a final extension of 72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C for 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#46; The products obtained were purified with Spin Quantum PCR Kleen columns &#40;BIORAD&#41; and sequenced in a capillary sequencer &#40;Macrogen&#44; Inc&#46;&#44; Korea&#41;&#46; Sequence analyses were performed with MEGA 6&#46;06<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0515"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48</span></a> and with the NCBI Basic Local Alignment Search Tool &#40;BLAST&#41; algorithm&#46; A redundancy analysis of previously aligned sequences with SINA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a> was performed using DAMBE 5&#46;2<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0535"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">52</span></a>&#46; Phylogenetic analyses were performed using the maximum likelihood statistical method with the Jukes&#8211;Cantor model<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> using MEGA7<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0380"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a>&#46; The phylogenetic tree was built based on the sequences of microorganisms reported in the LPSN bacterio&#46;net<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0405"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> reference database&#46; Confidence was evaluated using 1000 bootstrap replicates&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Cellulase production</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cultures were performed under the same selection conditions&#44; strains were inoculated in triplicate in 250-ml Erlenmeyer flasks with 75<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml of CMCYE&#44; pH 5&#46;9&#44; and CCYE&#44; pH 5&#46;65&#44; and incubated at 37<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C at 200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>rpm&#46; Every 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml of the culture was taken and collected in 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml conical tubes&#46; They were then centrifuged at 10000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>rpm for 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min at 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C to separate the biomass&#46; Protease inhibitors &#40;200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;l cocktail Complete<span class="elsevierStyleSup">TM</span> ultra tablets&#44; EDTA free and 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;l of 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mM PMSF&#41; were subsequently added to the supernatant &#40;protein extract&#41;&#46; This protein extract was stored at &#8722;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C until further analysis&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">SDS-PAGE&#44; Native-PAGE and zymograms</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For the analysis of proteins secreted by the bacterial strains&#44; polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under denaturing &#40;SDS-PAGE&#41; and native &#40;Native-PAGE&#41; conditions were performed with zymograms to determine cellulase activity<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0385"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#46; For the SDS-PAGE&#44; the protein extracts were concentrated by exposure to 99<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C for 12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min and then to &#8722;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C for 16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#46; The precipitated proteins were resuspended in a 0&#46;1&#37; SDS&#47;5&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>M urea&#47;50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mMTris solution&#46; For Native-PAGE&#44; the electrophoresis was performed with crude protein extracts&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Loading volumes were established according to the amount of proteins&#44; which were quantified by the Bradford technique<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> using bovine serum albumin &#40;BSA&#41; as a standard&#46; To assess the total protein profile&#44; gels were stained with Coomassie blue R-250 for 16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For the zymograms&#44; both SDS-PAGE and Native-PAGE gels with 0&#46;1&#37; CMC were incubated for 16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h with different buffer solutions &#40;0&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>M citrate buffer at pH 4&#46;8&#44; 0&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>M acetate buffer at pH 5&#46;8&#44; 1&#215; PBS at pH 7&#46;4 and 0&#46;025<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>M borate buffer at pH 9&#46;3&#41; at 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C with mild agitation&#46; The gels were stained with 0&#46;5&#37; Congo red and washed with 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>M NaCl until bands appeared to reveal the cellulase activity<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0465"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Enzymatic activity with CMC and CC at different pH and temperature values</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cellulase activity was defined as the amount of enzyme required to generate 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;mol of reducing sugars in one minute and was evaluated at 37<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C and 60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C with 1&#37; CMC and 1&#37; CC in different buffers &#40;0&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>M citrate buffer at pH 4&#46;8&#44; 0&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>M acetate buffer at pH 5&#46;8&#44; 1&#215; PBS at pH 7&#46;4 and 0&#46;025<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>M borate at pH 9&#46;3&#41; after 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min incubations&#46; The concentrations of reducing sugars were quantified using the DNS method&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0435"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a></p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Results and discussion</span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Isolation and selection of cellulolytic bacteria from composting</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Twenty bacterial colonies were isolated from the samples obtained from the coffee residue composting piles&#59; two colonies grew in the media with CMC&#44; seven in the media with CC and seven in the media with both substrates&#46; Although all strains released reducing sugars&#44; the M-SRETCR strain released the highest concentration in both media&#58; 2&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mM after 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h in CMC and 0&#46;98<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mM after 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h in CC &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>A&#41;&#46; The A-SRETCR strain produced sugars on the CMC media after 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#59; the highest concentration &#40;2&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mM&#41; was observed after 99<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#59; during the same 99<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h period&#44; the M-SRETCR strain released 4&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mM&#46; The A-SRETCR&#44; M-SRETCR and N-SRETCR strains were the only bacteria that produced hydrolysis halos at pH 7&#46;0 with diameters of 20&#44; 18 and 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#44; respectively &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>B&#41;&#46; These sizes were greater than those reported by Acharya et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; subtilis</span> isolated from compost piles&#46; However&#44; the halos reported by Acharya were produced after 8 days of incubation&#44; whereas those obtained in this study were observed after 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#46; The A-SRETCR and M-SRETCR strains also showed halos at pH 5&#46;0 and 9&#46;0&#44; with diameters of 15 and 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#44; respectively&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Identification of cellulolytic bacterial strains</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The A-SRETCR&#44; M-SRETCR and N-SRETCR strains were selected due to their higher cellulolytic activity and identified by physiological and biochemical tests as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; subtilis</span> strain type<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0450"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35&#44;45</span></a> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; Nevertheless&#44; the strains showed some differences between them&#44; the A-SRETCR and M-SRETCR strains grew favorably at pH 5&#46;0&#44; 7&#46;0&#44; and 9&#46;0 and at 2&#46;0&#37;&#44; 5&#46;0&#37; and 7&#46;0&#37; NaCl&#44; whereas the N-SRETCR strain grew at pH 5&#46;0 and 7&#46;0 and only at 2&#46;0&#37; NaCl&#46; All three strains were rod-shaped when cultured in plates with CMC at pH 7&#46;0 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figs&#46; 2</a>A&#44; C and D&#41;&#46; The A-SRETCR strain also showed a filamentous morphology &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>B&#41; in solid media at pH 5&#46;0 and 9&#46;0 and a pellet-shaped growth in liquid media at pH 5&#46;0 and 9&#46;0&#46; Earl et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> reported that <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B subtilis</span> grew in a chain-like fashion when the spores germinated under reduced carbon feed conditions&#46; However&#44; Mo and Burkholder<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0440"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a> showed that <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; subtilis</span> had filamentous growth when the YneA protein &#40;a cell division inhibitor&#41; was overexpressed as a response to environmental stress and DNA damage&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The analysis of partial 16S rDNA sequences revealed that the A-SRETCR and M-SRETCR strains have 99&#37; similarity to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; subtilis</span> subs&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">subtilis</span> CU1050&#44; whereas the N-SRETCR strain showed 99&#37; similarity with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; subtilis</span> I5-8&#46; The identified strains were registered in GenBank under accession numbers KU736839&#46;1 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; subtilis</span> A-SRETCR&#44; KU736840&#46;1 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; subtilis</span> M-SRETCR and KU736841&#46;1 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; subtilis</span> N-SRETCR&#46; The phylogenetic analysis redundancy test &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>E&#41; discarded the sequences of some <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; subtilis</span> reference sub-strains reported in the LPSN bacterio&#46;net 2015 database but did not remove those of A-SRETCR&#44; M-SRETCR and N-SRETCR&#44; which suggested that although the three stains showed high similarity to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; subtilis</span>&#44; they were sufficiently different among each other and from the reference strains&#46; Although they are related&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; subtilis</span> variants are sub-classified into sub-species because they have some differences<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#46; Likewise&#44; Rooney et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0475"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a> observed that <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; subtilis</span> sub-species are tightly related&#59; their clear differentiation had not been possible based on phenotypic or phylogenetic characteristics and because the 16S rDNA is very conserved&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; subtilis</span> is known for its cellulolytic capacity and for its ability to develop in different environments<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0345"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#44;15&#44;37&#44;42&#44;55</span></a>&#46; In this study&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; subtilis</span> strains A-SRETCR and M-SRETCR were isolated from composting piles with coffee residues in the thermophilic stage &#40;61<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#41; at pH 9&#46;3&#44; whereas strain N-SRETCR was isolated from a composting pile at 57<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C and pH 5&#46;5&#46; Acharya et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> reported the thermophilic strain of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; subtilis</span> as having greater cellulolytic potential based on the diameter of the hydrolysis halos&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">SDS-PAGE&#44; Native-PAGE and zymogram analyses</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the profile of total proteins precipitated using thermal shock and separated by SDS-PAGE &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>A&#41;&#44; the differences in the proteins secreted by all three strains can be observed&#46; Their zymograms showed endocellulase activity &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>B&#41; at pH 7&#46;4 and 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#46; The intensity of the bands showed that the cellulase secreted by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; subtilis</span> A-SRETCR showed higher activity&#46; For all three strains&#44; the zymograms revealed an endocellulase with an approximate molecular weight of 46<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kDa &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>B&#41;&#59; A-SRETCR showed a hydrolysis band of 55<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kDa&#44; similar to the one reported for different <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; subtilis</span> strains of 55 kDa<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0390"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23&#44;28</span></a> and 56<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kDa<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#46; Additionally&#44; after 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; subtilis</span> A-SRETCR showed hydrolysis bands corresponding to 35<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kDa&#44; and M-SRETCR showed one band at 176<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kDa&#46; The same number of bands was observed in SDS-PAGE and Native-PAGE&#44; confirming that the extracts contained at least two endocellulases&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Several studies have reported single bands with endocellulase activity for different <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; subtilis</span> strains with maximum activities at pH 4&#8211;6 and 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C and 60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0390"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23&#44;25&#44;28&#44;53&#8211;55</span></a>&#46; In this study&#44; higher intensity bands were observed at acidic pH &#40;4&#46;8 and 5&#46;8&#41; and lower intensity bands were observed at pH 7&#46;4 and 9&#46;3 at 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig&#46; 5</a>A&#41; even after proteins were precipitated with drastic temperature changes &#40;99<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C and &#8722;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#41; and re-suspended with denaturing agents&#44; such as SDS and 5&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>M urea&#46; This suggested that the cellulase extracts produced by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; subtilis</span> A-SRETCR and M-SRETCR could have applications in different industries due to their activity at different pH and because they had recovered activity after being exposed to thermal shock&#46; The use of cellulases at acidic pH has been suggested in the animal food industry and in the extraction and clarification of fruit juices<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;31&#44;47</span></a> as well as in the bleaching process of recycled paper<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3&#44;50</span></a>&#46; Likewise&#44; these cellulases could be used in the hydrolysis of coffee residues having an acidity of up to pH 4&#46;5&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Cellulolytic activity of the protein extracts</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The protein extracts of all three strains showed cellulolytic activity on CMC and CC &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig&#46; 5</a>B&#41;&#44; suggesting the presence of endo and exocellulases because the activity of these enzymes is specific for the presence of these substrates<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0410"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27&#44;43</span></a>&#46; Although&#44; exocellulase activity was detected in all extracts&#44; higher activity &#40;0&#46;519<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>U&#47;ml&#41; was observed on CMC at 60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#44; which was similar to that reported for cellulases purified and characterized from <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; subtilis</span> with enzymatic activities between 0&#46;200 and 0&#46;600<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>U&#47;ml<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0390"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23&#44;25&#44;28&#44;53&#8211;55</span></a>&#46; The extract of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; subtilis</span> A-SRETCR had the highest activity on CMC at 37<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C and 60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C for all four evaluated pH values&#46; However&#44; the activity was higher with PBS&#44; which is a saline buffer containing Na<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> and K<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> ions&#46; These constituents could have acted as cofactors and increased the enzymatic activity&#46; Rawat and Tewari<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0460"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a> and Zhu et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0550"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">55</span></a> showed increases in cellulase activity in the presence of these ions&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The highest exocellulase activity &#40;0&#46;254<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>U&#47;ml&#41; was observed in the extract of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; subtilis</span> N-SRETCR at pH 9&#46;3 and both temperatures and at pH 4&#46;8 and 37<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#44; which could become the standard for future studies because no reports on exocellulases have identified optimal activity at this pH&#46; Deka et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0345"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> reported an endocellulase of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; subtilis</span> AS3 with optimal activity at pH 9&#46;2 and suggested its use for the production of alternative fuels&#44; such as bioethanol&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The isolation of microorganisms from composting piles in the thermophilic stage &#40;61<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#41; allowed the identification of three <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; subtilis</span> strains whose enzymatic extracts showed activity on CMC and crystal cellulose&#44; confirming the presence of endo and exocellulases&#46; The cellulases of these microorganisms possessed cellulolytic activity at acidic pH &#40;4&#46;8 and 5&#46;8&#41;&#46; These cellulases could be used in several industries&#44; such as in the preparation of animal foods&#44; fruit juice extraction and clarification&#44; and bleaching recycled paper&#46; Moreover&#44; cellulolytic activities were also observed at basic pH &#40;9&#46;3&#41;&#46; These cellulases could be used in the cellulose and paper industries and in detergents&#44; where enzymes able to tolerate basic pH are needed&#46; However&#44; it was observed that the cellulases of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; subtilis</span> A-SRETCR had higher activity at higher temperatures &#40;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#41;&#46; The activity recovery of the extracts with cellulolytic activity after exposure to drastic temperature conditions and chaotropic agents indicated their potential applications in industry&#44; where typical operation conditions are known to cause enzyme denaturation due to mechanical damage and pH or temperature changes&#46; Finally&#44; the cellulolytic enzymes found in these microorganisms isolated from thermophilic conditions and from low acidity coffee processing residues could be used to take advantage of lignocellulosic residues generated in wet coffee processing&#46; In turn&#44; these complex residues could be used as fermentable substrates for the production of bioethanol&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Ethical disclosures</span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Protection of human and animal subjects</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this study&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Confidentiality of data</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0090" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
    "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [
      "secciones" => array:11 [
        0 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "xres1065494"
          "titulo" => "Abstract"
          "secciones" => array:1 [
            0 => array:1 [
              "identificador" => "abst0005"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        1 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1013478"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
        ]
        2 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "xres1065495"
          "titulo" => "Resumen"
          "secciones" => array:1 [
            0 => array:1 [
              "identificador" => "abst0010"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        3 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1013477"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
        ]
        4 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0005"
          "titulo" => "Introduction"
        ]
        5 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0010"
          "titulo" => "Materials and methods"
          "secciones" => array:6 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0015"
              "titulo" => "Isolation of cellulolytic bacteria from composting with coffee residues"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0020"
              "titulo" => "Selection of cellulolytic bacterial strains"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0025"
              "titulo" => "Identification of bacterial strains"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0030"
              "titulo" => "Cellulase production"
            ]
            4 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0035"
              "titulo" => "SDS-PAGE&#44; Native-PAGE and zymograms"
            ]
            5 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0040"
              "titulo" => "Enzymatic activity with CMC and CC at different pH and temperature values"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        6 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0045"
          "titulo" => "Results and discussion"
          "secciones" => array:4 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0050"
              "titulo" => "Isolation and selection of cellulolytic bacteria from composting"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0055"
              "titulo" => "Identification of cellulolytic bacterial strains"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0060"
              "titulo" => "SDS-PAGE&#44; Native-PAGE and zymogram analyses"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0065"
              "titulo" => "Cellulolytic activity of the protein extracts"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        7 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0070"
          "titulo" => "Ethical disclosures"
          "secciones" => array:3 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0075"
              "titulo" => "Protection of human and animal subjects"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0080"
              "titulo" => "Confidentiality of data"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0085"
              "titulo" => "Right to privacy and informed consent"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        8 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0090"
          "titulo" => "Conflict of interest"
        ]
        9 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xack360551"
          "titulo" => "Acknowledgements"
        ]
        10 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "References"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2017-03-13"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2017-08-03"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1013478"
          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Bacteria"
            1 => "Composting"
            2 => "Coffee"
            3 => "Cellulases"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "es" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1013477"
          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Bacterias"
            1 => "Compostaje"
            2 => "Caf&#233;"
            3 => "Celulasas"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The goal of this study was to isolate&#44; select and characterize bacteria with cellulolytic activity from two different coffee residue composting piles&#44; one of which had an internal temperature of 57<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C and pH 5&#46;5 and the other&#44; a temperature of 61<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#44; and pH 9&#46;3&#46; Culture media were manipulated with carboxymethylcellulose and crystalline cellulose as sole carbon sources&#46; The enzyme activity was assessed by hydrolysis halo formation&#44; reducing sugar production and zymograms&#46; Three out of twenty isolated strains showed higher enzymatic activity and were identified as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus subtilis</span> according to their morphological&#44; physiological&#44; biochemical characteristics and based on the sequence analysis of 16S rDNA regions&#46; The enzymatic extracts of the three selected strains showed exocellulase and endocellulase maximum activity of 0&#46;254 and 0&#46;519 U&#47;ml&#44; respectively&#59; the activity of these enzymes was maintained even in acid pH &#40;4&#46;8&#41; and basic &#40;9&#46;3&#41; and at temperatures of up to 60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#46; The enzymatic activities observed in this study are within the highest reported for cellulose produced by bacteria of the genus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus</span>&#46; Endocellulase activity was shown in the zymograms from 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h until 144<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h of incubation&#46; Furthermore&#44; the pH effect on the endocellulase activity is reported for the first time by zymograms&#46; The findings in this study entail the possibility to use these enzymes in the procurement of fermentable substrates for the production of energy from the large amount of residues generated by the coffee agroindustry&#46;</p></span>"
      ]
      "es" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El objetivo de este estudio fue aislar&#44; seleccionar y caracterizar bacterias con actividad celulol&#237;tica a partir de 2 diferentes pilas de compostaje de residuos de caf&#233;&#44; una con temperatura interna de 57<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C y pH 5&#44;5&#59; la otra con temperatura interna de 61<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C y pH 9&#44;3&#46; Se utilizaron medios de cultivo con carboximetilcelulosa y celulosa cristalina como &#250;nicas fuentes de carbono&#46; La actividad enzim&#225;tica fue evaluada por formaci&#243;n de halos de hidr&#243;lisis&#44; producci&#243;n de az&#250;cares reductores y zimogramas&#46; De 20 cepas aisladas&#44; 3 presentaron mayor actividad enzim&#225;tica y fueron identificadas como <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus subtilis</span> sobre la base de sus caracter&#237;sticas morfol&#243;gicas&#44; fisiol&#243;gicas y bioqu&#237;micas y del an&#225;lisis de las secuencias de la regi&#243;n 16S del ADNr&#46; Los extractos enzim&#225;ticos de las 3 cepas seleccionadas presentaron actividad de exocelulasa y de endocelulasa&#44; con m&#225;ximos de 0&#44;254 y 0&#44;519<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>U&#47;ml&#44; respectivamente&#59; la actividad de estas enzimas se mantuvo incluso a pH &#225;cido &#40;4&#44;8&#41; o b&#225;sico &#40;9&#44;3&#41; y a temperaturas de hasta 60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#46; Las actividades enzim&#225;ticas halladas en este estudio se ubican dentro de las m&#225;s altas reportadas para celulasas producidas por bacterias del g&#233;nero <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus</span>&#46; En los zimogramas se demostr&#243; actividad de endocelulasa desde las 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h hasta las 144<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h de incubaci&#243;n&#46; Asimismo&#44; se reporta por primera vez el efecto del pH sobre la actividad de endocelulasa observado por zimogramas&#46; Los resultados de este estudio abren la posibilidad de hacer uso de estas enzimas en la obtenci&#243;n de sustratos fermentables para la producci&#243;n de energ&#237;a a partir de los residuos generados en grandes cantidades por la agroindustria del caf&#233;&#46;</p></span>"
      ]
    ]
    "multimedia" => array:6 [
      0 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1696
            "Ancho" => 2582
            "Tamanyo" => 224244
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#40;A&#41; Reducing sugars &#40;mM&#41;&#44; liberated from CMC and CC by bacterial strains isolated from the composting process with coffee residues&#46; &#40;B&#41; Hydrolysis halos formed by strains A-SRETCR &#40;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#41;&#44; M-SRETCR &#40;18<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#41; and N-SRETCR &#40;15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#41; in mineral medium with 1&#37; CMC and pH 7&#46;0 at 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      1 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1306
            "Ancho" => 3171
            "Tamanyo" => 296348
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Scanning electron micrography of bacterial strains isolated from composting of coffee residues&#46; &#40;A&#41; A-SRETCR cultured in medium with CMC pH 7&#46;0&#59; &#40;B&#41; A-SRETCR cultured in medium with CMC pH 5&#46;0&#59; &#40;C&#41; M-SRETCR and &#40;D&#41; N-SRETCR cultured in medium with CMC pH 7&#46;0&#46; &#40;E&#41; Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rDNA partial sequences of the strains of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; subtilis</span> A-SRETCR&#44; M-SRETCR and N-SRETCR isolated from composting of coffee residues and cow manure&#44; using <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; subtilis</span> as reference sequences from bacterio&#46;net LPSN&#46; The phylogenetic tree was built with 1000 repetitions of bootstrap values by the method of maximum likelihood model Jukes-Cantor&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      2 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0015"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 2315
            "Ancho" => 2465
            "Tamanyo" => 304634
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#40;A&#41; SDS-PAGE of protein extract from a 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h culture in medium CMCYE pH 5&#46;95&#44; incubated at 37<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C and 200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>rpm&#44; precipitated with thermal shock and stained with Coomassie blue&#46; &#40;B&#41; Zymogram of protein extract&#44; incubated with 1&#215; PBS&#44; pH 7&#46;4 and stained with 0&#46;5&#37; Congo red&#46; Lane 1&#58; Marker Prestained SDS-PAGE Broad range&#59; lane 2&#58; N-SRETCR&#59; lane 3&#58; M-SRETCR&#59; and lane 4&#58; A-SRETCR&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      3 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0020"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 4"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 2902
            "Ancho" => 2483
            "Tamanyo" => 196154
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Kinetics of cellulolytic activity during 144<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h of A-SRETCR &#40;A and C&#41; and M-SRETCR &#40;B and D&#41;&#46; A and B was separated in a SDS-PAGE&#44; C and D in Native-PAGE&#44; incubated in 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>M citrate buffer&#44; pH 4&#46;8 and 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      4 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0025"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 5"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr5.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 2902
            "Ancho" => 2446
            "Tamanyo" => 233851
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#40;A&#41; Zymogram of the cellulase from a 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h culture in medium CMCYE pH 5&#46;95&#44; at 37<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C and 200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>rpm&#46; Protein was precipitated with thermal shock and separated in SDS-PAGE with 0&#46;1&#37; CMC&#44; at 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#44; during 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#46; &#40;B&#41; Enzymatic activity from protein extract in CMC and CC incubated to 37 and 60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#46; Both were incubated at different pH values &#40;0&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>M citrate buffer at pH 4&#46;8&#44; 0&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>M acetate buffer at pH 5&#46;8&#44; 1&#215; PBS at pH 7&#46;4 and 0&#46;025<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>M borate buffer at pH 9&#46;3&#41;&#46; Lanes 1&#58; A-SRETCR&#59; lane 2&#58; M-SRETCR&#59; lane 3&#58; N-SRETCR&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      5 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at1"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#40;&#177;&#41; Variable&#59; &#40;a&#41; CMC medium&#44; pH 9&#46;3&#59; &#40;b&#41; CMCYE medium&#44; pH 5&#46;95&#59; &#40;c&#41; CCG medium&#44; pH 5&#46;65&#59; &#40;d&#41; Branda et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&#59; &#40;e&#41; Schleifer<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0500"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45</span></a>&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Characteristics&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; subtilis</span> A-SRETCR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; subtilis</span> M-SRETCR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; subtilis</span> N-SRETCR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; subtilis</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">e</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Cell morphology&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">Filamentous and Rod-shaped&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">Rod-shaped&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">Rod-shaped&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">Rod-shaped&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Cell size &#40;&#956;m&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;23<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;89&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;65<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;63&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;34<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;66&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;0&#8211;3&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;7&#8211;0&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Motility&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Gram reaction&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Endospores&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">Central&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">Terminal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">Central and subterminal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Exopolysaccharides&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Colony morphology&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">Circular&#44; median&#44; white&#44; powdery texture<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">Irregular&#44; big&#44; bright red center&#44; flat<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">Irregular&#44; median&#44; black-bright red&#44; convex<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">Irregular with appearance of mixed culture&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Liquid medium&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">Pellets&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">Thin layer on the surface of the liquid&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">Cloudy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">Thin layer on the surface of the liquid<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Growth</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Temperature &#40;&#176;C&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">37&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">37&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">37&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">37&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pH&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;0&#44; 7&#46;0&#44; 9&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;0&#44; 7&#46;0&#44; 9&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;0&#44; 7&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;0&#44; 7&#46;0&#44; 9&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>NaCl &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;0&#44; 5&#46;0&#44; 7&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;0&#44; 5&#46;0&#44; 7&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;0&#44; 5&#46;0&#44; 7&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Utilization of</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Citrate&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Crystalline cellulose&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Carboxymethylcellulose&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hydrolysis of</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Casein&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Starch&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Gelatin&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Acid from</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D-Glucose&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D-Mannitol&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D-Xylose&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Cellobiose&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Urea&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Catalase&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Oxidase&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#177;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Methyl red&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Voges-Proskauer&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Nitrate reduction&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab1816895.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Morphological&#44; physiological and biochemical characteristics of the strains isolated from composting with coffee residues and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; subtilis</span> strain type&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0015"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:55 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0280"
              "etiqueta" => "1"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Bioprospecting thermophiles for cellulase production&#58; review"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "S&#46; Acharya"
                            1 => "A&#46; Chaudhary"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Bras J Microbiol"
                        "fecha" => "2012"
                        "volumen" => "43"
                        "paginaInicial" => "844"
                        "paginaFinal" => "856"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0285"
              "etiqueta" => "2"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Isolation and screening of thermophilic cellulolytic bacteria from compost piles"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "A&#46; Acharya"
                            1 => "D&#46;R&#46; Joshi"
                            2 => "K&#46; Shrestha"
                            3 => "D&#46;R&#46; Bhatta"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Sci World"
                        "fecha" => "2012"
                        "volumen" => "10"
                        "paginaInicial" => "43"
                        "paginaFinal" => "46"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0290"
              "etiqueta" => "3"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Thermostable&#44; haloalkaline cellulase from <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus halodurans</span> CAS1 by conversion of lignocellulosic wastes"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "N&#46; Annamalai"
                            1 => "M&#46;V&#46; Rajeswari"
                            2 => "S&#46; Elayaraja"
                            3 => "T&#46; Balasubramanian"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Carbohyd Polym"
                        "fecha" => "2013"
                        "volumen" => "94"
                        "paginaInicial" => "409"
                        "paginaFinal" => "415"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0295"
              "etiqueta" => "4"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Production and characterization of cellulase by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus pumilus</span> EB3"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "H&#46; Ariffin"
                            1 => "N&#46; Abdullah"
                            2 => "M&#46; Umikalsom"
                            3 => "Y&#46; Shirai"
                            4 => "M&#46; Hassan"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Int J Eng Technol"
                        "fecha" => "2006"
                        "volumen" => "3"
                        "paginaInicial" => "47"
                        "paginaFinal" => "53"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            4 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0300"
              "etiqueta" => "5"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Diversity and functional significance of cellulolytic microbes living in termite&#44; pill-bug and stem-borer guts"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:7 [
                            0 => "Z&#46; Bashir"
                            1 => "V&#46;K&#46; Kondapalli"
                            2 => "N&#46; Adlakha"
                            3 => "A&#46; Sharma"
                            4 => "R&#46;K&#46; Bhatnagar"
                            5 => "G&#46; Chandel"
                            6 => "S&#46;S&#46; Yazdani"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1038/srep02558"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Sci Rep"
                        "fecha" => "2013"
                        "volumen" => "3"
                        "paginaInicial" => "2558"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23990056"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            5 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0305"
              "etiqueta" => "6"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus pumilus</span> S124A carboxymethyl cellulase&#59; a thermo stable enzyme with a wide substrate spectrum utility"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "N&#46; Balasubramanian"
                            1 => "N&#46; Sim&#245;es"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.03.014"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Int J Biol Macromol"
                        "fecha" => "2014"
                        "volumen" => "67"
                        "paginaInicial" => "132"
                        "paginaFinal" => "139"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24657377"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            6 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0310"
              "etiqueta" => "7"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Isolation and identification of cellulose degrading bacteria from mangrove soil of Mahanadi River Delta and their cellulase production ability"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "B&#46;C&#46; Behera"
                            1 => "S&#46; Parida"
                            2 => "S&#46;K&#46; Dutta"
                            3 => "H&#46;N&#46; Thatoi"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am J Microbiol Res"
                        "fecha" => "2014"
                        "volumen" => "2"
                        "paginaInicial" => "41"
                        "paginaFinal" => "46"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            7 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0315"
              "etiqueta" => "8"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Coffee&#44; tea&#44; cocoa"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "H&#46;D&#46; Belitz"
                            1 => "W&#46; Grosch"
                            2 => "P&#46; Schieberle"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "LibroEditado" => array:4 [
                        "titulo" => "Food chemistry"
                        "paginaInicial" => "938"
                        "paginaFinal" => "951"
                        "serieFecha" => "2009"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            8 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0320"
              "etiqueta" => "9"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Cellulases and related enzymes in biotechnology"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "M&#46;K&#46; Bhat"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Biotechnol Adv"
                        "fecha" => "2000"
                        "volumen" => "18"
                        "paginaInicial" => "355"
                        "paginaFinal" => "383"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14538100"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            9 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0325"
              "etiqueta" => "10"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Thermophilic Bacilli and their enzymes in composting"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "A&#46; Bhattacharya"
                            1 => "B&#46;I&#46; Pletschke"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "LibroEditado" => array:6 [
                        "editores" => "D&#46;K&#46;Maheshwari"
                        "paginaInicial" => "103"
                        "paginaFinal" => "124"
                        "serieVolumen" => "vol&#46; 3"
                        "serieTitulo" => "Composting for sustainable agriculture&#44; sustainable development and biodiversity"
                        "serieFecha" => "2014"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            10 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0330"
              "etiqueta" => "11"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Purification and characterization of carboxymethyl cellulase isolated from a marine bacterium&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus subtilis</span> subsp&#46; subtilis A-53"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "K&#46; Bo-Kyung"
                            1 => "L&#46; Bo-Hwa"
                            2 => "L&#46; Yoo-Jung"
                            3 => "J&#46; Il-Hyuck"
                            4 => "C&#46; Chung-Han"
                            5 => "L&#46; Jin-Woo"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Enzym Microb Technol"
                        "fecha" => "2009"
                        "volumen" => "44"
                        "paginaInicial" => "411"
                        "paginaFinal" => "416"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            11 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0335"
              "etiqueta" => "12"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Bradford"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Anal Biochem"
                        "fecha" => "1976"
                        "volumen" => "72"
                        "paginaInicial" => "248"
                        "paginaFinal" => "254"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/942051"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            12 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0340"
              "etiqueta" => "13"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Fruiting body formation by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus subtilis</span>"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "S&#46;S&#46; Branda"
                            1 => "J&#46;E&#46; Gonz&#225;lez-Pastor"
                            2 => "S&#46; Ben-Yehuda"
                            3 => "R&#46; Losic"
                            4 => "R&#46; Kolter"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1073/pnas.191384198"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "PNAS"
                        "fecha" => "2001"
                        "volumen" => "98"
                        "paginaInicial" => "11621"
                        "paginaFinal" => "11626"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11572999"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            13 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0345"
              "etiqueta" => "14"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Purification and characterization of an alkaline cellulase produced by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus subtilis</span> &#40;AS3&#41;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "D&#46; Deka"
                            1 => "M&#46; Jawed"
                            2 => "A&#46; Goyall"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1080/10826068.2012.719849"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Prep Biochem Biotechnol"
                        "fecha" => "2013"
                        "volumen" => "43"
                        "paginaInicial" => "256"
                        "paginaFinal" => "270"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23379273"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            14 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0350"
              "etiqueta" => "15"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Ecology and genomics of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus subtilis</span>"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "A&#46;M&#46; Earl"
                            1 => "R&#46; Losick"
                            2 => "R&#46; Kolter"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.tim.2008.03.004"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Trends Microbiol"
                        "fecha" => "2008"
                        "volumen" => "16"
                        "paginaInicial" => "269"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18467096"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            15 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0355"
              "etiqueta" => "16"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Isolation and characterization of cellulose decomposing bacteria inhabiting sawdust and coffee residue composts"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "M&#46;F&#46; Eida"
                            1 => "T&#46; Nagaoka"
                            2 => "J&#46; Wasaki"
                            3 => "K&#46; Kouno"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Microbes Environ"
                        "fecha" => "2012"
                        "volumen" => "27"
                        "paginaInicial" => "226"
                        "paginaFinal" => "233"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22353767"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            16 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0360"
              "etiqueta" => "17"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Alkaline cellulases from alkaliphilic <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus</span>&#58; enzymatic properties&#44; genetic and application to detergents"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "S&#46; Ito"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Extremophiles"
                        "fecha" => "1997"
                        "volumen" => "1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "61"
                        "paginaFinal" => "66"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9680303"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            17 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0365"
              "etiqueta" => "18"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Purification and characterization of an alkaline cellulase from a newly isolated alkalophilic <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus sp&#46;</span> HSH-810"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "K&#46; Ji-Yeon"
                            1 => "H&#46; Sung-Ho"
                            2 => "J&#46;H&#46; Hong"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/s10529-005-0685-5"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Biotechnol Lett"
                        "fecha" => "2005"
                        "volumen" => "27"
                        "paginaInicial" => "313"
                        "paginaFinal" => "316"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15834791"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                        "itemHostRev" => array:3 [
                          "pii" => "S0005791613000402"
                          "estado" => "S300"
                          "issn" => "00057916"
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            18 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0370"
              "etiqueta" => "19"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Evolution of protein molecules"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "T&#46;H&#46; Jukes"
                            1 => "C&#46;R&#46; Cantor"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "LibroEditado" => array:4 [
                        "titulo" => "Mammalian protein metabolism"
                        "paginaInicial" => "21"
                        "paginaFinal" => "132"
                        "serieFecha" => "1969"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            19 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0375"
              "etiqueta" => "20"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Microbial cellulases&#58; engineering&#44; production and applications"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "V&#46; Juturu"
                            1 => "J&#46;C&#46; Wu"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Renew Sustain Energy Rev"
                        "fecha" => "2014"
                        "volumen" => "33"
                        "paginaInicial" => "188"
                        "paginaFinal" => "203"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            20 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0380"
              "etiqueta" => "21"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "MEGA7&#58; molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 7&#46;0 for bigger datasets"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "S&#46; Kumar"
                            1 => "G&#46; Stecher"
                            2 => "K&#46; Tamura"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1093/molbev/msw054"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Mol Biol Evol"
                        "fecha" => "2016"
                        "volumen" => "33"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1870"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1874"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27004904"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            21 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0385"
              "etiqueta" => "22"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "U&#46;K&#46; Laemmli"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Nature"
                        "fecha" => "1970"
                        "volumen" => "227"
                        "paginaInicial" => "680"
                        "paginaFinal" => "685"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5432063"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            22 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0390"
              "etiqueta" => "23"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Cloning of the thermostable cellulase gene from newly isolated <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus subtilis</span> and its expression in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Escherichia coli</span>"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "W&#46; Li"
                            1 => "W&#46;W&#46; Zhang"
                            2 => "M&#46;M&#46; Yang"
                            3 => "Y&#46;L&#46; Chen"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/s12033-008-9079-y"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Mol Biotechnol"
                        "fecha" => "2008"
                        "volumen" => "40"
                        "paginaInicial" => "195"
                        "paginaFinal" => "201"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18576142"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            23 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0395"
              "etiqueta" => "24"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Purification and characterization of an organic&#8211;solvent tolerant cellulase from a halotolerant isolate <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus</span> sp&#46; LI"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "X&#46; Li"
                            1 => "H&#46;Y&#46; Yu"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol"
                        "fecha" => "2012"
                        "volumen" => "39"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1127"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1134"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            24 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0400"
              "etiqueta" => "25"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Expression of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus subtilis</span> JA18 endo-&#946;-1&#44;4-glucanase gene in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Escherichia coli</span> and characterization of the recombinant enzyme"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Liu"
                            1 => "J&#46; Wang"
                            2 => "J&#46; Liu"
                            3 => "J&#46; Yao"
                            4 => "Z&#46; Yu"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Ann Microbiol"
                        "fecha" => "2006"
                        "volumen" => "56"
                        "paginaInicial" => "41"
                        "paginaFinal" => "45"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            25 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0405"
              "etiqueta" => "26"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:3 [
                  "comentario" => "Available from"
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "titulo" => "LPSN bacterio&#46;net &#40;Internet&#41;&#46; Francia&#58; LPNS"
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:2 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:1 [
                        "fecha" => "2015"
                      ]
                    ]
                    1 => array:1 [
                      "WWW" => array:1 [
                        "link" => "http&#58;&#47;&#47;www&#46;bacterio&#46;net&#47;"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            26 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0410"
              "etiqueta" => "27"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Microbial cellulose utilization&#58; fundamentals and biotechnology"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "L&#46;R&#46; Lynd"
                            1 => "P&#46;J&#46; Weimer"
                            2 => "W&#46;H&#46; Zyl"
                            3 => "I&#46;S&#46; Pretorius"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Microbiol Mol Biol Rev"
                        "fecha" => "2002"
                        "volumen" => "66"
                        "paginaInicial" => "506"
                        "paginaFinal" => "577"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12209002"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            27 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0415"
              "etiqueta" => "28"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Characterization of an acidic cellulase produced by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus subtilis</span> BY4 isolated from gastrointestinal tract of Tibetan pig"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "L&#46; Ma"
                            1 => "W&#46; Yang"
                            2 => "F&#46; Meng"
                            3 => "S&#46; Ji"
                            4 => "H&#46; Xin"
                            5 => "B&#46; Cao"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Taiwan Inst Chem E"
                        "fecha" => "2015"
                        "volumen" => "56"
                        "paginaInicial" => "67"
                        "paginaFinal" => "72"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            28 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0420"
              "etiqueta" => "29"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analyses of microbial community from field-scale composter"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:8 [
                            0 => "S&#46;P&#46; Mannix"
                            1 => "S&#46; Haruta"
                            2 => "M&#46; Hazaka"
                            3 => "R&#46; Shimada"
                            4 => "C&#46; Yoshida"
                            5 => "K&#46; Hiura"
                            6 => "M&#46; Ishii"
                            7 => "Y&#46; Igarashi"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Biosci Bioeng"
                        "fecha" => "2001"
                        "volumen" => "91"
                        "paginaInicial" => "159"
                        "paginaFinal" => "165"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16232968"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            29 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0425"
              "etiqueta" => "30"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Celulasas f&#250;ngicas&#58; aspectos biol&#243;gicos y aplicaciones en la industria energ&#233;tica"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "A&#46;C&#46; Mart&#237;nez"
                            1 => "L&#46;E&#46; Balc&#225;zar"
                            2 => "G&#46;E&#46; Dant&#225;n"
                            3 => "M&#46;J&#46;L&#46; Folch"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Rev Latinoam Microbiol"
                        "fecha" => "2008"
                        "volumen" => "50"
                        "paginaInicial" => "119"
                        "paginaFinal" => "131"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            30 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0430"
              "etiqueta" => "31"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Purification and characterization of cellulases produced by two <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus</span> strains"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "C&#46; Mawadza"
                            1 => "R&#46; Hatti-Kaul"
                            2 => "R&#46; Zvauya"
                            3 => "B&#46; Mattiasson"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Biotechnol"
                        "fecha" => "2000"
                        "volumen" => "83"
                        "paginaInicial" => "177"
                        "paginaFinal" => "187"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11051415"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            31 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0435"
              "etiqueta" => "32"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Use of dinitrosalicyclic acid reagent for determination of reducing sugar"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "G&#46;L&#46; Miller"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Anal Chem"
                        "fecha" => "1959"
                        "volumen" => "31"
                        "paginaInicial" => "426"
                        "paginaFinal" => "428"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            32 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0440"
              "etiqueta" => "33"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "YneA&#44; an SOS-induced inhibitor of cell division in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus subtilis</span>&#44; is regulated posttranslationally and requires the transmembrane region for activity"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "A&#46;H&#46; Mo"
                            1 => "W&#46;F&#46; Burkholder"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1128/JB.00027-10"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Bacteriol"
                        "fecha" => "2010"
                        "volumen" => "192"
                        "paginaInicial" => "3159"
                        "paginaFinal" => "3173"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20400548"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            33 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0445"
              "etiqueta" => "34"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Production of functional compost which can suppress phytopathogenic fungi of lawn grass by inoculating <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus subtilis</span> into grass clippings"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "K&#46; Nakasaki"
                            1 => "M&#46; Kubo"
                            2 => "H&#46; Kubota"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "LibroEditado" => array:4 [
                        "titulo" => "The Science of Composting&#46; Part 1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "87"
                        "paginaFinal" => "95"
                        "serieFecha" => "1996"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            34 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0450"
              "etiqueta" => "35"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Characterization of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus subtilis</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus pumilus</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus licheniformis</span>&#44; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus amyloliquefaciens</span> by pyrolysis gas&#8211;liquid chromatography&#44; deoxyribonucleic acid&#8211;deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization&#44; biochemical tests&#44; and API systems"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:7 [
                            0 => "A&#46;G&#46; O&#8217;Donnell"
                            1 => "J&#46;R&#46; Norris"
                            2 => "R&#46;C&#46;W&#46; Berkeley"
                            3 => "D&#46; Claus"
                            4 => "T&#46; Kaneko"
                            5 => "N&#46;A&#46; Logan"
                            6 => "R&#46; Nozak"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Int J Syst Bacteriol"
                        "fecha" => "1980"
                        "volumen" => "30"
                        "paginaInicial" => "448"
                        "paginaFinal" => "459"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            35 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0455"
              "etiqueta" => "36"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "SINA&#58; accurate high-throughput multiple sequence alignment of ribosomal RNA genes"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "E&#46; Pruesse"
                            1 => "J&#46; Peplies"
                            2 => "F&#46;O&#46; Gl&#246;ckner"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1093/bioinformatics/bts252"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Bioinformatics"
                        "fecha" => "2012"
                        "volumen" => "28"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1823"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1829"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22556368"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            36 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0460"
              "etiqueta" => "37"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Purification and characterization of an acidothermophilic cellulase enzyme produced by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus subtilis</span> strain LFS3"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "R&#46; Rawat"
                            1 => "L&#46; Tewari"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/s00792-012-0463-y"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Extremophiles"
                        "fecha" => "2012"
                        "volumen" => "16"
                        "paginaInicial" => "637"
                        "paginaFinal" => "644"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22610115"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            37 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0465"
              "etiqueta" => "38"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Characterization of the newly isolated <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Geobacillus</span> sp&#46;&#44; T1&#44; the efficient cellulase-producer on untreated barley and wheat straws"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "A&#46; Reza"
                            1 => "S&#46;Z&#46; Hossein"
                            2 => "A&#46;N&#46; Kambiz"
                            3 => "A&#46; Saeed"
                            4 => "B&#46;K&#46; Gholamreza"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Biores Technol"
                        "fecha" => "2012"
                        "volumen" => "120"
                        "paginaInicial" => "99"
                        "paginaFinal" => "105"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            38 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0470"
              "etiqueta" => "39"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Microbiological and chemical characterization during composting of cattle manure and forestry wastes a study in Madeira Island"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Rocha"
                            1 => "N&#46; Cordeiro"
                            2 => "A&#46;C&#46;F&#46; Cunha Queda"
                            3 => "R&#46; Capela"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "LibroEditado" => array:4 [
                        "titulo" => "Proceedings of the 2002 international symposium &#8220;composting and compost utilization&#8221;"
                        "paginaInicial" => "156"
                        "paginaFinal" => "170"
                        "serieFecha" => "2002"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            39 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0475"
              "etiqueta" => "40"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Phylogeny and molecular taxonomy of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus subtilis</span> species complex and description of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus subtilis</span> subsp&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">inaquosorum</span> subsp&#46; nov"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "A&#46;P&#46; Rooney"
                            1 => "N&#46;P&#46;J&#46; Price"
                            2 => "C&#46; Ehrhardt"
                            3 => "J&#46;L&#46; Swezey"
                            4 => "J&#46;D&#46; Bannan"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1099/ijs.0.009126-0"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"
                        "fecha" => "2009"
                        "volumen" => "59"
                        "paginaInicial" => "2429"
                        "paginaFinal" => "2436"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19622642"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            40 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0480"
              "etiqueta" => "41"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "A survey of bacteria and fungi occurring during composting and self-heating processes"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:8 [
                            0 => "J&#46; Ryckeboer"
                            1 => "J&#46; Mergaert"
                            2 => "K&#46; Vaes"
                            3 => "S&#46; Klammer"
                            4 => "D&#46; Declereq"
                            5 => "J&#46; Coosemans"
                            6 => "H&#46; Inson"
                            7 => "J&#46; Swings"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Ann Microbiol"
                        "fecha" => "2003"
                        "volumen" => "53"
                        "paginaInicial" => "349"
                        "paginaFinal" => "410"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            41 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0485"
              "etiqueta" => "42"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Microbiological aspects of biowaste during composting in a monitored compost bin"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "J&#46; Ryckeboer"
                            1 => "J&#46; Mergaert"
                            2 => "J&#46; Coosemans"
                            3 => "K&#46; Deprins"
                            4 => "J&#46; Swings"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Appl Microbiol"
                        "fecha" => "2003"
                        "volumen" => "94"
                        "paginaInicial" => "127"
                        "paginaFinal" => "137"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12492933"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            42 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0490"
              "etiqueta" => "43"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Cellulase production by bacteria&#58; a review"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "S&#46; Sadhu"
                            1 => "T&#46;K&#46; Maiti"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Br Microbiol Res J"
                        "fecha" => "2013"
                        "volumen" => "3"
                        "paginaInicial" => "235"
                        "paginaFinal" => "258"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            43 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0495"
              "etiqueta" => "44"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Molecular cloning&#58; a laboratory manual"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "SambrookJ"
                            1 => "D&#46;W&#46; Rusell"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:4 [
                        "edicion" => "3rd ed&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2001"
                        "editorial" => "Cold Spring Harbor Lab&#46; Press"
                        "editorialLocalizacion" => "Plainview&#44; NY"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            44 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0500"
              "etiqueta" => "45"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Phylum XIII&#46; Firmicutes Gibbons and Murray 1978&#44; 5 &#40;Firmacutes &#91;sic&#93; Gibbons and Murray 1978&#44; 5&#41;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "K&#46;H&#46; Schleifer"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "LibroEditado" => array:6 [
                        "titulo" => "Bergey&#39;s manual of systematic bacteriology"
                        "paginaInicial" => "19"
                        "edicion" => "2nd ed&#46;"
                        "serieVolumen" => "vol&#46; 3"
                        "serieTitulo" => "The Firmicutes"
                        "serieFecha" => "2009"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            45 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0505"
              "etiqueta" => "46"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:3 [
                  "comentario" => "Available from"
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "titulo" => "SIAP &#40;Servicio de Informaci&#243;n Agroalimentaria y Pesquera&#41; &#40;Internet&#41;&#46; M&#233;xico"
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:2 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:1 [
                        "fecha" => "2015"
                      ]
                    ]
                    1 => array:1 [
                      "WWW" => array:1 [
                        "link" => "http&#58;&#47;&#47;www&#46;siap&#46;gob&#46;mx"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            46 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0510"
              "etiqueta" => "47"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Microbial cellulase production&#44; applications and challenges"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "R&#46;K&#46; Sukumaran"
                            1 => "R&#46;R&#46; Singhania"
                            2 => "A&#46; Pandey"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Sci Ind Res"
                        "fecha" => "2005"
                        "volumen" => "64"
                        "paginaInicial" => "832"
                        "paginaFinal" => "844"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            47 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0515"
              "etiqueta" => "48"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "MEGA6&#58; molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6&#46;0"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "K&#46; Tamura"
                            1 => "G&#46; Stecher"
                            2 => "D&#46; Peterson"
                            3 => "A&#46; Filipski"
                            4 => "S&#46; Kumar"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1093/molbev/mst197"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Mol Biol Evol"
                        "fecha" => "2013"
                        "volumen" => "30"
                        "paginaInicial" => "2725"
                        "paginaFinal" => "2729"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24132122"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            48 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0520"
              "etiqueta" => "49"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Exploring the microbiota dynamics related to vegetable biomass degradation and study of lignocellulose-degrading bacteria for industrial biotechnological application"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:9 [
                            0 => "V&#46; Ventorino"
                            1 => "A&#46; Aliberti"
                            2 => "V&#46; Faraco"
                            3 => "A&#46; Robertillo"
                            4 => "S&#46; Giacobbe"
                            5 => "D&#46; Ercolini"
                            6 => "A&#46; Amore"
                            7 => "M&#46; Fagnano"
                            8 => "O&#46; Pepe"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1038/srep08161"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Sci Rep"
                        "fecha" => "2015"
                        "volumen" => "5"
                        "paginaInicial" => "8161"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25641069"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            49 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0525"
              "etiqueta" => "50"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:3 [
                  "comentario" => "e72346"
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Combined enzymatic and physical deinking methodology for efficient eco-friendly recycling of old newsprint"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "A&#46;P&#46; Virk"
                            1 => "M&#46; Puri"
                            2 => "V&#46; Gupta"
                            3 => "N&#46; Capalash"
                            4 => "P&#46; Sharma"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1371/journal.pone.0084567"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "PLoS ONE"
                        "fecha" => "2013"
                        "volumen" => "8"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24386394"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                        "itemHostRev" => array:3 [
                          "pii" => "S0005791613000384"
                          "estado" => "S300"
                          "issn" => "00057916"
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            50 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0530"
              "etiqueta" => "51"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "16s ribosomal DNA amplification for phylogenetic study"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "W&#46;G&#46; Weisburg"
                            1 => "S&#46;M&#46; Barns"
                            2 => "D&#46;A&#46; Pelletier"
                            3 => "D&#46;J&#46; Laneand"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Bacteriol"
                        "fecha" => "1991"
                        "volumen" => "173"
                        "paginaInicial" => "697"
                        "paginaFinal" => "703"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1987160"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            51 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0535"
              "etiqueta" => "52"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "DAMBE&#58; software package for data analysis in molecular biology and evolution"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "X&#46; Xia"
                            1 => "Z&#46; Xie"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Hered"
                        "fecha" => "2001"
                        "volumen" => "92"
                        "paginaInicial" => "371"
                        "paginaFinal" => "373"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11535656"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            52 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0540"
              "etiqueta" => "53"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Cloning and expression of a novel thermostable cellulase from newly isolated <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus subtilis</span> strain I15"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "D&#46; Yang"
                            1 => "H&#46; Weng"
                            2 => "M&#46; Wang"
                            3 => "W&#46; Xu"
                            4 => "Y&#46; Li"
                            5 => "H&#46; Yang"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/s11033-009-9635-y"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Mol Biol Rep"
                        "fecha" => "2010"
                        "volumen" => "37"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1923"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1929"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19669599"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            53 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0545"
              "etiqueta" => "54"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Purification and characterization of a cellulase from <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus subtilis</span> YJ1"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "L&#46;J&#46; Yin"
                            1 => "H&#46;H&#46; Lin"
                            2 => "Z&#46;R&#46; Xiao"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Mar Sci Technol"
                        "fecha" => "2010"
                        "volumen" => "18"
                        "paginaInicial" => "466"
                        "paginaFinal" => "471"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            54 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0550"
              "etiqueta" => "55"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The endoglucanase from <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus subtilis</span> BEC-1 bears halo-tolerant&#44; acidophilic and dithiothreitol-stimulated enzyme activity"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "C&#46; Zhu"
                            1 => "Z&#46; Xu"
                            2 => "R&#46; Song"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "World J Microbiol Biotechnol"
                        "fecha" => "2011"
                        "volumen" => "27"
                        "paginaInicial" => "2863"
                        "paginaFinal" => "2871"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "agradecimientos" => array:1 [
      0 => array:4 [
        "identificador" => "xack360551"
        "titulo" => "Acknowledgements"
        "texto" => "<p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This work was funded by ciencia-b&#225;sica from <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs1">Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog&#237;a &#40;CONACyT&#41;</span> number&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleGrantNumber" refid="gs1">180501</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs2">El Colegio de la Frontera Sur</span>&#44; research center from Chiapas&#44; M&#233;xico&#46; HYSR&#44; gratefully acknowledges the scholarship from CONACyT&#46;</p>"
        "vista" => "all"
      ]
    ]
  ]
  "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
  "url" => "/03257541/0000005000000003/v1_201807270901/S0325754117301487/v1_201807270901/en/main.assets"
  "Apartado" => array:4 [
    "identificador" => "37863"
    "tipo" => "SECCION"
    "en" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "Microbiolog&#237;a b&#225;sica"
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
  ]
  "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/03257541/0000005000000003/v1_201807270901/S0325754117301487/v1_201807270901/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/"
  "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0325754117301487?idApp=UINPBA00004N"
]

Article information

ISSN: 03257541
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.ram.2017.08.005

The statistics are updated each day

Year/Month	Html	Pdf	Total

2024 October	19	3	22
2024 September	58	5	63
2024 August	41	9	50
2024 July	43	2	45
2024 June	41	3	44
2024 May	44	10	54
2024 April	45	7	52
2024 March	56	18	74
2024 February	33	7	40
2024 January	39	6	45
2023 December	53	12	65
2023 November	52	12	64
2023 October	64	14	78
2023 September	32	7	39
2023 August	23	8	31
2023 July	31	9	40
2023 June	29	16	45
2023 May	48	6	54
2023 April	34	5	39
2023 March	47	13	60
2023 February	48	15	63
2023 January	49	4	53
2022 December	47	8	55
2022 November	60	12	72
2022 October	71	10	81
2022 September	41	30	71
2022 August	67	22	89
2022 July	41	12	53
2022 June	46	8	54
2022 May	47	21	68
2022 April	88	12	100
2022 March	87	14	101
2022 February	71	22	93
2022 January	121	17	138
2021 December	97	11	108
2021 November	59	12	71
2021 October	74	19	93
2021 September	43	18	61
2021 August	57	13	70
2021 July	49	18	67
2021 June	36	17	53
2021 May	48	13	61
2021 April	111	52	163
2021 March	57	22	79
2021 February	43	15	58
2021 January	47	22	69
2020 December	52	9	61
2020 November	44	10	54
2020 October	32	16	48
2020 September	42	22	64
2020 August	46	20	66
2020 July	52	25	77
2020 June	46	17	63
2020 May	51	19	70
2020 April	39	29	68
2020 March	55	11	66
2020 February	60	18	78
2020 January	49	10	59
2019 December	51	8	59
2019 November	45	13	58
2019 October	47	9	56
2019 September	54	17	71
2019 August	33	13	46
2019 July	39	22	61
2019 June	72	25	97
2019 May	140	19	159
2019 April	90	24	114
2019 March	43	8	51
2019 February	45	9	54
2019 January	41	10	51
2018 December	29	7	36
2018 November	69	29	98
2018 October	100	40	140
2018 September	89	22	111
2018 August	64	8	72
2018 July	2	6	8
2018 June	1	5	6
2018 May	0	5	5
2018 April	1	7	8
2018 March	3	6	9
2018 February	3	6	9
2018 January	2	17	19

Show all

Indexed in:

Follow us:

Statistics

Indexed in:

Follow us:

Statistics

Subscribe to our newsletter