Letter to the Editor
Protective effect on wood by metabolic extracts from plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria against decay fungi
Efecto protector en madera de extractos metabólicos provenientes de rizobacterias promotoras del crecimiento vegetal contra hongos de pudrición
Vanessa García-Ortiz, Christian Hernández-Soberano, Mauro Martínez-Pacheco, Enrique Ambriz-Parra, Crisanto Velázquez Becerra
Corresponding author
Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Gral. Francisco J. Múgica S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, 58030 Morelia, Mich., Mexico
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Nematode trapped by adhesive fungal structures (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6) (A) (200×). Hyphal growth inside partially decayed nematodes (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>24) (200×) (B) and (300×) (C). Detail of traps (400×) (D).</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Mariano Maestro, Diego H. Sauka" "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Mariano" "apellidos" => "Maestro" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Diego H." "apellidos" => "Sauka" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0325754119300550?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/03257541/0000005200000002/v1_202006200800/S0325754119300550/v1_202006200800/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:15 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Letter to the Editor</span>" "titulo" => "Protective effect on wood by metabolic extracts from plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria against decay fungi" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "saludo" => "Dear Editor:" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "164" "paginaFinal" => "165" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Vanessa García-Ortiz, Christian Hernández-Soberano, Mauro Martínez-Pacheco, Enrique Ambriz-Parra, Crisanto Velázquez Becerra" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Vanessa" "apellidos" => "García-Ortiz" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Christian" "apellidos" => "Hernández-Soberano" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Mauro" "apellidos" => "Martínez-Pacheco" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Enrique" "apellidos" => "Ambriz-Parra" ] 4 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Crisanto" "apellidos" => "Velázquez Becerra" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "cvelazquez@umich.mx" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Gral. Francisco J. Múgica S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, 58030 Morelia, Mich., Mexico" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Efecto protector en madera de extractos metabólicos provenientes de rizobacterias promotoras del crecimiento vegetal contra hongos de pudrición" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) of the genus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus</span> are useful as biological control agents by synthesizing and releasing different metabolic antimicrobial compounds such as surfactin, fengycin, hydrocyanic acid, pyrrolnitrin, dimethylhexadecylamine, phenazines and others; however, the antifungal mechanism and the application of these compounds to protect wood-based materials are still not known<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>. Wood is a lignocellulosic material that is an important source of carbon for insects, bacteria and fungi which have the potential to degrade it and generate significant economic losses<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>. In the agricultural system, the control mechanisms offered by the PGPR have been an environmentally sustainable alternative to the use of eco-toxic compounds; nonetheless, this strategy has not been adopted in the wood preservation industry. That is why bacterial metabolites can represent a biotechnological option to control the deterioration caused by decay fungi.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To test the above, we used isolates of xylophagous fungi identified using 18S rRNA gene sequences<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>. In an <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vitro</span> system, we confronted fungal isolates to already identified PGPR <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus megaterium</span> UMCV1, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B. subtilis</span> BS-MIA02 and other <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus</span> spp. (BA, SS and BM), we selected the strain with the highest antagonistic activity and performed a methanolic extraction of the bacterial metabolites<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>. The extracted compounds were incubated with wood pieces of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pinus pseudostrobus</span> in Petri dishes containing Potato Dextrose Agar/Nutrient Agar medium ratio 1:1 at 28<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C in the dark for 10 days<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>. Using ImageJ software<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> we recorded the mycelial growth diameter and the percentage of the area colonized in the wood.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> shows the growth of fungal isolates confronted to PGPRs and we can observe a strong inhibition of mycelial growth by the five bacteria tested against the six identified fungi and the isolate FD. We also found that of the five bacteria tested, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus</span> sp. SS had the strongest mycelial growth inhibition. Using the metabolic extracts from the strain identified as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus</span> sp. SS, different pieces of wood were impregnated with the extracts and exposed to the fungal isolates. Results in this trial showed that the fungal isolates grew <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ad libitum</span> on the lignocellulosic material (100% colonization) that did not receive treatment with the metabolic extracts. The pieces of wood that received the protective treatment showed a significant inhibition of fungal development (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05 regarding the untreated pieces), contrary to the percentages of colonization obtained, which were: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trametes versicolor</span> (55.9%), <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fusarium verticillioides</span> (1.3%), <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mucor</span> sp. (0%), <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichoderma</span> sp. (PP2, PP3 and PP5) (0%) and FD (0%). The metabolic extracts from the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus</span> strains tested in this work inhibited the growth of the xylophagous fungi. Although the metabolomic profile of the PGPRs tested is not known, the results were important and convincing. It has been proven that biological control strategies in field conditions are effective; on the other hand, in forest habitats the exploration is poor. With the information obtained in this work, it can be concluded that there is an interesting profile of metabolic compounds, still uncharacterized, produced by the mentioned tested bacterial isolates, indicating their broad-spectrum antagonism to wood-degrading fungi, as well as the potential or capacity for fungal repression by these metabolites does not show a homogeneous behavior among them. There is still work to do related to the mode of use, minimum repressing concentration, durability in woody tissue, application costs, among others; however, we believe that in the short term the compounds produced by the bacterial strains used here will be identified and used in wood protection susceptible to microbial attack and low durability.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack468514" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" ] 2 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "multimedia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Values correspond to the average mycelial growth diameter (cm), different letters show statistical differences according to the Tukey's test (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05, n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8), ± shows the standard deviation.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Fungal isolate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="6" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus</span> strain</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Control \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SS \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">BSMIA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">BM \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">BA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">UMCVI \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trametes versicolor</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.62<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.66<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.20<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.82<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.49<span class="elsevierStyleSup">ab</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.54<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.20<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6.20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.58<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6.26<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.23<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fusarium verticillioides</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9.00<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.20<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.54<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.41<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.00<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.50<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.30<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6.12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.23<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.42<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.29<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mucor</span> sp. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.86<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.21<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.45<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.58<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.42<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.18<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.41<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.50<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.94<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.61<span class="elsevierStyleSup">cd</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichoderma koningii</span> (PP2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.22<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.22<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.58<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6.18<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.24<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.02<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.62<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.28<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.33<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.22<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichoderma koningii</span> (PP3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9.16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.089<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.98<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.34<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.86<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.79<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.66<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.27<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.33<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.38<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.23<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichoderma koningii</span> (PP5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.2<span class="elsevierStyleSup">e</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.62<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.39<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.82<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.47<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6.18<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.48<span class="elsevierStyleSup">cd</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6.84<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.51<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6.52<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.48<span class="elsevierStyleSup">cd</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">FD \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.41<span class="elsevierStyleSup">e</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.14<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.13<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.14<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.27<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.22<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.44<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6.58<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.51<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6.56<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.26<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2320068.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Antagonistic activity of different PGPR strains against isolated xylophagous fungi.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:6 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0035" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The profile and antimicrobial activity of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus</span> lipopeptide extracts of five potential biocontrol strains" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => "I. 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| 2024 October | 16 | 1 | 17 |
| 2024 September | 37 | 4 | 41 |
| 2024 August | 27 | 3 | 30 |
| 2024 July | 22 | 0 | 22 |
| 2024 June | 32 | 4 | 36 |
| 2024 May | 41 | 8 | 49 |
| 2024 April | 28 | 2 | 30 |
| 2024 March | 25 | 10 | 35 |
| 2024 February | 12 | 4 | 16 |
| 2024 January | 20 | 8 | 28 |
| 2023 December | 14 | 12 | 26 |
| 2023 November | 14 | 5 | 19 |
| 2023 October | 22 | 11 | 33 |
| 2023 September | 11 | 3 | 14 |
| 2023 August | 12 | 5 | 17 |
| 2023 July | 16 | 2 | 18 |
| 2023 June | 21 | 5 | 26 |
| 2023 May | 35 | 8 | 43 |
| 2023 April | 50 | 5 | 55 |
| 2023 March | 28 | 5 | 33 |
| 2023 February | 10 | 5 | 15 |
| 2023 January | 9 | 5 | 14 |
| 2022 December | 13 | 16 | 29 |
| 2022 November | 14 | 17 | 31 |
| 2022 October | 11 | 14 | 25 |
| 2022 September | 8 | 14 | 22 |
| 2022 August | 10 | 12 | 22 |
| 2022 July | 10 | 11 | 21 |
| 2022 June | 11 | 11 | 22 |
| 2022 May | 10 | 9 | 19 |
| 2022 April | 27 | 13 | 40 |
| 2022 March | 20 | 13 | 33 |
| 2022 February | 21 | 15 | 36 |
| 2022 January | 36 | 8 | 44 |
| 2021 December | 14 | 25 | 39 |
| 2021 November | 10 | 15 | 25 |
| 2021 October | 7 | 19 | 26 |
| 2021 September | 17 | 15 | 32 |
| 2021 August | 33 | 9 | 42 |
| 2021 July | 20 | 18 | 38 |
| 2021 June | 16 | 16 | 32 |
| 2021 May | 26 | 12 | 38 |
| 2021 April | 24 | 19 | 43 |
| 2021 March | 14 | 11 | 25 |
| 2021 February | 18 | 9 | 27 |
| 2021 January | 18 | 13 | 31 |
| 2020 December | 26 | 10 | 36 |
| 2020 November | 17 | 11 | 28 |
| 2020 October | 16 | 14 | 30 |
| 2020 September | 31 | 19 | 50 |
| 2020 August | 28 | 13 | 41 |
| 2020 July | 23 | 11 | 34 |
| 2020 June | 17 | 14 | 31 |
| 2020 May | 8 | 13 | 21 |
| 2020 April | 6 | 10 | 16 |
| 2020 March | 8 | 6 | 14 |
| 2020 February | 10 | 7 | 17 |
| 2020 January | 6 | 8 | 14 |
| 2019 December | 10 | 8 | 18 |
| 2019 November | 5 | 6 | 11 |
| 2019 October | 12 | 15 | 27 |
| 2019 September | 6 | 8 | 14 |
| 2019 August | 6 | 12 | 18 |
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