Optimization of production of xylanases with low cellulases in Fusarium solani by means of a solid state fermentation using statistical experimental design

array:24 ["pii" => "S032575412030002X" "issn" => "03257541" "doi" => "10.1016/j.ram.2019.12.003" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2020-10-01" "aid" => "379" "copyright" => "Asociación Argentina de Microbiología" "copyrightAnyo" => "2020" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Rev Argent Microbiol. 2020;52:328-38" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "itemSiguiente" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S0325754120300559" "issn" => "03257541" "doi" => "10.1016/j.ram.2020.06.002" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2020-10-01" "aid" => "396" "copyright" => "Asociación Argentina de Microbiología" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Rev Argent Microbiol. 2020;52:339-47" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "en" => array:14 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Special article" "titulo" => "Toxigenic fungal species and natural occurrence of mycotoxins in crops harvested in Argentina" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:3 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "en" 2 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "339" "paginaFinal" => "347" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Especies fúngicas toxigénicas y ocurrencia natural de micotoxinas en cultivos y productos cosechados en Argentina" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 3023 "Ancho" => 3032 "Tamanyo" => 818318 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Main crops grown in Argentina. Scale: less than 100,000 tn, between 100,000 tn and 500,000 tn, between 500,000 tn and 1,500,000 tn, between 1,500,000 tn and 4,000,000 tn, between 4,000,000 tn and 6,000,000 tn." ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "María Laura Chiotta, María Verónica Fumero, Eugenia Cendoya, Juan Manuel Palazzini, María Silvina Alaniz-Zanon, María Laura Ramirez, Sofía Noemí Chulze" "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "María Laura" "apellidos" => "Chiotta" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "María Verónica" "apellidos" => "Fumero" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Eugenia" "apellidos" => "Cendoya" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Juan Manuel" "apellidos" => "Palazzini" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "María Silvina" "apellidos" => "Alaniz-Zanon" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "María Laura" "apellidos" => "Ramirez" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Sofía Noemí" "apellidos" => "Chulze" ] ] ] ] "resumen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Highlights" "clase" => "author-highlights" "resumen" => "<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005">•Fusarium, Aspergillus and Alternaria species are isolated in crops from Argentina.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010">•Fumonisins are mainly detected in maize, wheat and by-products.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015">•Trichotecenes occurrence is high in wheat, soybean and by-products.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020">•Ochratoxin A and patulin are the main toxins detected in fruits and by-products.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025">•Mycotoxin contamination in the food chain represent a toxicological risk for humans.</li></ul>" ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0325754120300559?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/03257541/0000005200000004/v1_202012180643/S0325754120300559/v1_202012180643/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S0325754120300018" "issn" => "03257541" "doi" => "10.1016/j.ram.2019.12.002" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2020-10-01" "aid" => "378" "copyright" => "Asociación Argentina de Microbiología" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Rev Argent Microbiol. 2020;52:315-27" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "es" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Original" "titulo" => "Caracterización genética de bacterias endofíticas de arroz (Oryza sativa L.) con actividad antimicrobiana contra Burkholderia glumae" "tienePdf" => "es" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "es" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "es" 1 => "en" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "315" "paginaFinal" => "327" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Genetic characterization of rice endophytic bacteria (Oryza sativa L.) with antimicrobial activity against Burkholderia glumae" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "es" => true "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figura 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 769 "Ancho" => 1674 "Tamanyo" => 144272 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "es" => "Actividad inhibitoria de B. vietnamiensis TUR04-03 (A) y B. aryabhattai AMH12-02 (B) contra B. glumae THT en medio TSA incubado a 30°C por 72horas." ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Renzo A. Valdez-Nuñez, Winston F. Ríos-Ruiz, Ernesto Ormeño-Orrillo, Edson E. Torres-Chávez, Jorge Torres-Delgado" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Renzo A." "apellidos" => "Valdez-Nuñez" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Winston F." "apellidos" => "Ríos-Ruiz" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Ernesto" "apellidos" => "Ormeño-Orrillo" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Edson E." "apellidos" => "Torres-Chávez" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Jorge" "apellidos" => "Torres-Delgado" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0325754120300018?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/03257541/0000005200000004/v1_202012180643/S0325754120300018/v1_202012180643/es/main.assets" ] "en" => array:21 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Original article" "titulo" => "Optimization of production of xylanases with low cellulases in Fusarium solani by means of a solid state fermentation using statistical experimental design" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "328" "paginaFinal" => "338" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Mauro M. Martínez-Pacheco, Alberto Flores-García, Miguel A. Zamudio-Jaramillo, Ma. Carmen Chávez-Parga, Mariana Alvarez-Navarrete" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Mauro M." "apellidos" => "Martínez-Pacheco" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "mpacheco@umich.mx" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Alberto" "apellidos" => "Flores-García" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Miguel A." "apellidos" => "Zamudio-Jaramillo" "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "1" "identificador" => "fn0005" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Ma. Carmen" "apellidos" => "Chávez-Parga" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Mariana" "apellidos" => "Alvarez-Navarrete" "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "1" "identificador" => "fn0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Francisco J. Mújica s/n. Col. Felicitas del Río, Morelia, Michoacán, CP 58060, Mexico" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Francisco J. Mújica s/n. Col. Felicitas del Río, Morelia, Michoacán, CP 58060, Mexico" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Optimización de la producción de xilanasas con celulasas bajas en Fusarium solani mediante una fermentación del estado sólido utilizando diseño experimental estadístico" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0025" "etiqueta" => "Figure 5" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr5.jpeg" "Alto" => 1131 "Ancho" => 1341 "Tamanyo" => 77552 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "HPLC profile of xylan digestion from treatment 8. Monosaccharide standards (1mg/ml) were: Arabinose, red line; Fructose, lemon green line; Glucose, brown line; Mannose, pink line; and Xylose, dark green line." ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "IntroductionThe key enzymes involved in microbial xylanolysis are endoxylanases (1,4-β-D-xylan xylanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.8) and β-xylosidases (1,4-β-xylan xylohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.37). The products of the catalytic reaction on xylan are xylose, xylobiose, and xylooligosaccharides<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0425">33</a>. Xylanases, cellulases, and pectinases represent about 20% of the world wide enzyme market and their use have increased exponentially in diverse biotechnological processes. In some of these processes, the products from the hydrolysis of xylan, such as xylose and xylooligosaccharides are kept as valuable chemical products. While in some biochemical processes, it is necessary to eliminate them in order to keep the cellulose fibers intact, such as in the case of the desirable cellulase-free xylanolytic complex<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275">3</a>. These enzymes have many applications in the food, paper and cellulose pulp, textile and chemical industries (i.e. xylitol and biofuels)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0340">16,17,25,31,36</a>. Moreover, the same enzymes are widely utilized in the treatment of lignocellulosic products from agricultural, agroindustrial and municipal residues<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0420">32,47</a>.Industrially, xylanases are produced mainly by two microbial fermentation methods, the submerged fermentation (SmF) and the solid fermentation (SSF)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0470">42</a>. Both processes show advantages and disadvantages. For the selection of one method over the other, it is necessary to carefully evaluate the quality of the products expected, the producing microorganism, the kind of substrates, and the technological tools available. In the last decade about 80–90% commercial xylanases were produced by SmF<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280">4</a>. However, SSF presents many advantages compared to SmF, such as less space requirements, lower costs and the abundance of agricultural waste as a substrate for the production of enzymes. Moreover, SSF involves simplicity of the fermentation media, with fewer requirements for complex machinery, equipment or control systems. It also offers greater compactness of the fermentation vessel owing to a higher productivity per reactor volume, reduced energy demand, lower capital and low recurring costs under industrial operation. Easy scale-up processes, less downstream processing and superior yield, absence of foam build-up, and easier control of contaminants due to the low moisture levels in the system are additional advantages of the SSF<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0270">2,43</a>.Nevertheless, the SSF is commonly used for the production of enzyme and secondary metabolites in a minor scale<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0490">46</a>. Unfortunately, at industrial scale, there are many engineering complications to control the key parameters of the SSF such as temperature, pH, O2, substrate concentration gradients, humidity and microbial inoculant.During the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose, 50% of the total cost of the process is related to cellulase (hemicellulases and cellulases) acquisition. Therefore, the aim of this line of research is to reduce the costs to obtain these enzymes. One way to achieve this is by researching the best conditions for the production of hemicellulases, such as, the selection of the producer organism, substrates and microbial growth conditions.Filamentous fungi are particularly interesting because they secrete cellulases into the culture media and their enzymatic activity level is remarkable in comparison with yeasts and bacteria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0380">24</a>. Even though, the xylanases produced by Trichoderma viride or Aspergillus oryzae are commercially available, these fungal enzymatic preparations have limitations to certain applications<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315">11</a>. To date, no natural microorganism that produces an ideal enzyme preparation for biomass hydrolysis has been discovered. Therefore, enzyme preparations must be supplemented with native or recombinant enzymes for use in particular biotechnological applications and the search for new xylanases with potential biotechnological application is ongoing. Moreover, the production of xylanases from F. solani has been recently reported by the exploration of their xylanolytic activity<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310">10</a> and enzyme production<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0300">8,22,41</a>.Usually, the xylanolytic activity is adjusted by varying one environmental or nutrimental factor while other factors are kept constant. Unfortunately, this is a highly costly and inefficient strategy because it cannot yield the best global response value as it disregards the influence of the interactions between factors in the process. An interesting strategy for xylanase production is to reduce the unnecessary steps and treatments to minimize time and the process costs by experimental design methods<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0265">1,44,49,51</a>. The aim of this work was to optimize the production of extracellular xylanases with low cellulolytic activity in a wild-type F. solani isolate.Materials and methodsBiological materialThe filamentous fungus F. solani (NCBI accession number JQ910159.1) isolated from a bean crop field was used in this study<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290">6</a>. It was previously selected for its ability to produce extracellular xylanases and was identified by molecular tools in the Laboratory of Cellular Physiology at Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas of the Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290">6</a>. F. solani spores were preserved on silica gel at 4°C. The monosporic fungal culture was propagated by successive reseeding in potato dextrose agar (PDA).Inoculum preparationLiquid culture medium was prepared with the following composition per liter of triple distilled water: 1.4g (NH4)2SO4, 2.0g KH2PO4, 0.1g urea, 0.3g MgSO4·7H2O, 0.3g CaCl2, 5.0mg FeSO4·7H2O, 1.56mg MnSO4·H2O, 2.0mg CoCl2, 1.4mg ZnSO4·7H2O, 1g beechwood xylan (carbon source for fungus and its production of hydrolytic enzymes according to Bailey and co-workers<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305">9</a>), 3g dextrose, 100μl vitamins solution (MEM Vitamin Solution 1000×, Sigma Cell Culture). The pH of the culture medium was adjusted to 5.5 and was autoclaved at 121°C for 15min. Four F. solani propagules were inoculated into 40ml of culture medium, which was incubated at 150rpm at room temperature. After 48h of incubation, the mycelium was removed and washed three times with sterile deionized water. An aliquot of 500μl mycelium suspension was taken and 500μl of 0.5M NaOH was added. The mixture was incubated for 14h at 4°C to lyse the mycelium. The sample was centrifuged at 12,000rpm for 5min. The supernatant was removed to measure the content of intracellular protein.Xylanase production by fermentationBased on the treatments listed in the experimental design shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>, the required amounts of carbon source (CS: beechwood xylan<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305">9</a>) and the three nitrogen sources were combined. A 10x mixture of trace elements and vitamin solution was added (100μl/ml of culture medium), composed as follows per 100ml of deionized water: KH2PO4, 2.0g; MgSO4·7H2O, 0.3g; CaCl2, 0.3g; FeSO4·7H2O, 5.0mg; MnSO4·H2O, 1.56mg; CoCl2, 2.0mg; ZnSO4·7H2O, 1.4mg; vitamin solution (MEM Vitamins Solution 1000×), 100μl.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia>The solid support was formulated with xylan, yeast extract, ammonium sulfate or urea, moistened with phosphate buffer supplemented with a mixture of trace elements and vitamins. Fermentations were done in 200ml Erlenmeyer flasks that contained solid support and were inoculated with 500μl of F. solani mycelium suspension, which represented 10% of the culture medium volume and was equivalent to 39.5μg of intracellular protein. In all the treatments, the initial pH and fermentation volume were 5.0 and 6.0ml, respectively. During the fermentation, the pH was not controlled due to the presence of solid fermentation media and the difficulty to homogenize the buffer solution in these treatments. The inoculated flasks were incubated for the time stated in the Box-Wilson Central Composite Design (BW) at 150rpm and room temperature.Extraction of hydrolytic enzymesFlasks were removed from incubation and 10ml of 50mM sodium citrate buffer, pH 5.0 were added to wash the solids. The supernatant was separated from the solids by filtration through filter paper and by centrifugation at 10,000rpm for 4min, and was used to quantify extracellular protein and hydrolytic enzyme activities. One unit (U) of enzyme activity is defined as the amount of enzyme that liberates 1μmol of reducing sugar per minute or p-nitrophenol under the assay conditions. Each assay was performed in triplicate.Enzymatic assaysEndo-β-1,4-xylanase activityEndo-β-1,4-xylanase activity was measured by the method proposed by Bailey and coworkers<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305">9</a>. The reaction mixture contained 0.6ml of 1% (w/v) birchwood xylan (Sigma-Aldrich, Co.) as substrate, suspended in 50mM sodium citrate buffer pH 5.0 and 0.6ml of enzyme properly diluted (0.2–4.5mg/ml of protein). These samples were thoroughly mixed and incubated at 50°C for 30min. The reaction was stopped by boiling the samples for 5min in a water bath, followed by centrifugation at 5000rpm for 3min. One milliliter of the reaction supernatant was extracted and the reducing sugars were quantified with xylose as standard.Endocellulase activityThe endocellulase activity (endo-β-1,4-glucanase) is a measure of total cellulase activity and was quantified by the modified method of Ghose<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0360">20</a>. The reaction mixture contained 0.5ml of 1% (w/v) carboxymethylcellulose (CMC purchased Sigma-Aldrich Co.) as substrate prepared in 50mM sodium citrate buffer pH 5.0 and 0.5ml of enzyme properly diluted (0.2–4.5mg/ml of protein). These samples were thoroughly mixed and incubated at 50°C for 30min. The reducing sugars released were quantified with glucose as standard.β-1,4-Xylosidase activityThe activity of β-1,4-xylosidase was determined according to the modified method of Kristufek and coworkers<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0405">29</a>. The reaction mixture contained 50μl of 10mM p-nitrophenyl β-xylopyranoside (PNPX) (Sigma) as substrate and enzyme equivalent to 0.2–4.5mg/ml of protein, properly diluted in 50mM sodium citrate buffer pH 5.0, in a total volume of 1ml. The samples were incubated at 50°C during 15min. The reaction was stopped by adding 2.0ml of 1.0M Na2CO3. The amount of p-nitrophenol released from PNPX was measured by monitoring the increase in absorbance at 410nm and interpolating the absorbance value in a standard curve of absorbance against p-nitrophenol concentration.Quantification of reducing sugarsThe reducing sugars were quantified by the method proposed by Miller<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0445">37</a> by adding 1ml of 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) reagent to 1ml of reaction mixture. Samples were incubated in a boiling water bath for 15min. The reducing sugars released were measured at 540nm in a UV-visible spectrophotometer (Varian Cary 50® Bio).Quantification of extracellular proteinThe extracellular protein was quantified by the Lowry method with bovine serum albumin (BSA) as standard<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0430">34</a>. Each assay was performed in triplicate.Analysis of fermentation products by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)The fermentation products, such as monosaccharides and oligosaccharides, were detected from micro-filtered supernatants using HPLC, with a 300×7.8mm Metacarb 87C column, (Varian ProStar) heated at 70°C with a column oven. The monosaccharide standards used were arabinose, fructose, glucose, mannose and xylose at a concentration of 1mg/ml for the qualitative analysis of the hydrolysis products. Deionized water was used as a mobile phase with a flow rate of 1ml/min for 15min. Detection was performed with a Varian ProStar 355 refractive index (RI) detector.Experimental designFive factors were studied for the xylanase production by fungal fermentation: fermentation time and concentrations of beechwood, yeast extract, ammonium sulfate and urea. Beechwood xylan was used as CS.A Box-Wilson (BW) central composite design was established consisting of a fractional factorial design 2k−1 with sixteen factorial treatments, ten axial treatments and one central treatment<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0450">38</a>. Twenty-seven different treatments were generated and replicated three times (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>). The consideration is that a SSF is a fermentation process occurring in the absence (or near absence) of free water, with enough moisture content to support growth and metabolism of microorganisms<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0475">43</a>. After sterilization, the xylan fibers were hydrated and were swollen so that all treatments had a homogenous and uniform appearance without suspended solids.The treatments were randomized to avoid biased results in the application of design. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a> shows the decoded levels of each factor. Response variables measured were the activities of endo-β-1,4-xylanase, exo-β-1,4-xylosidase and endocellulase.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia>Adjustment of conditions for xylanase productionA general second-order model was proposed to estimate the effects of factors on the response variables. Main effects as well as interactions and quadratic effects were included in the model used, which is shown by Eq. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#eq0005">(1)</a>:<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0005"></elsevierMultimedia>where yn is any of the response variables, xi and xj are the k=5 factors, the β coefficients are regression parameters and ɛ experimental error.The parameters of Eq. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#eq0005">(1)</a> were fitted to the fermentation results and they were statistically analyzed. The desirability profile approach of Derringer and Suich<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355">19</a> was used in the optimization of the response variables (enzymatic activity). This approach (Eq. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#eq0005">(1)</a>) allows to optimize a single objective variable called desirability, which is a function of the responses in the model. This method was used to find the best conditions for hydrolytic enzyme production using the software STATISTICAv8.0® (Statsoft) and the profiler function in the Generalized linear/nonlinear result window. The solution takes into account the fact that the levels for the factors that maximize endoxylanase and β-xylosidase activities must minimize endocellulase activity. The 0 and 1 values of desirability were assigned to the minimum and maximum endoxylanase and β-xylosidase activities obtained from the treatments with the BW design, respectively. Conversely, for endocellulase activity, 0 and 1 values were assigned to the maximum and minimum enzymatic activity, respectively.ResultsHydrolytic enzyme activity in BW treatmentsThe treatments obtained with the BW design were the following: one, in liquid medium (17, 2.5% CS), eight, in semisolid media (1–8, 35% CS), and eighteen, in solid media (19–27, 67.5% CS, 9–16, 100% CS, and 18, 132.5% CS).The major production of endoxylases and β-xylosidases was observed in treatment 8, a solid culture (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>A) and in treatment 17, a liquid culture (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>B), respectively. On the other hand, the minor cellulolytic activity was obtained in treatment 11, a solid culture (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>C).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Interestingly, the treatments for the best endoxylanase production were also the same for the endocellulase production (2 and 8). A correlation between the xylanolytic and cellulolytic activities was confirmed (R2=0.71). On the other hand, a correlation between endoxylanases and β-xylosidases was not observed (R2=−0.41).Model adjustment to experimental dataThrough the residual graphs for the model, adjustment and their values of the R2 correlation coefficients indicated that the adjustments made were accepted for endoxylanase (0.73) and endocellulase (0.81), but not for β-xylosidase (0.49). According to the F test, the quadratic models were fitted successfully, since the F value for the models was greater than the critical values (p<0.05): 8.15 for endoxylanase, 12.88 for endocellulase and 2.85 for β-xylosidase.However, the best theoretical nutritional factors and the theoretical fermentation time obtained with the BW model, predicted the hydrolytic enzyme production in the following way: endoxylanases>endocellulases>xylosidases at 120h of fermentation. This theoretical result was contrasted with the best experimental treatment for the production of hydrolytic enzymes (treatment 8), see <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>. The predicted behavior is observed with a numerical difference of two times for endoxylanases and three times for endocellulases. The major hydrolytic enzyme production was the experimental and not the theoretical.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia>Effect of nutrimental factors on hydrolytic enzyme productionThe identification of the nutrimental factors that have an effect on the hydrolytic enzyme activities was evaluated. The significance and effect of the nutrimental factors on enzyme production are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 2</a>. Pareto diagrams show the nutriments that were significant for endoxylanase activity with low endocellulase activity and they were xylan, yeast extract, ammonium sulfate and urea. Endoxylanase production with a minimum amount of endocellulases was possible when there was an increase in ammonium sulfate concentration as well as in the incubation time. The quadratic value of the CS concentration had a positive effect on endoxylanase and endocellulase production.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia>Hydrolytic enzyme productionThe combination of the best conditions that produce the maximum level of endoxylanase and β-xylosidase activities with the minimum level of endocellulase activity was obtained. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Figure 3</a> shows the results of the optimization calculations based on the desirability function. The points with maximum desirability shown in the graph (x1=2.5%, x2=5g/l, x3=2g/l, x4=0.5g/l, x5=120h) were taken. Then, theoretical hydrolytic enzyme production was verified experimentally with the level of factors specified with the disability function. The endoxylanase activity obtained almost doubled the value given by the model (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig. 4</a>). The endoxylanase activity was of 10.65U/mg and 2.4U/mg of endocellulases. These nutrimental conditions and fermentation time were better than the conditions of treatment 8 (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a> and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>). According to the verification of the disability parameters (BW model), the endocellulase activity decreased more than three times. The endoxylanase activity was observed by HPLC, there was a major signal of xylooligosaccharides and free monosaccharides were not detected (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig. 5</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia>DiscussionDuring the xylanase production by F. solani, it was important to already know the effect of one specific nutritional variable over the hydrolytic enzyme activities when we modify several factors at once. In filamentous fungi, the production of enzymes that degrade plant polymers such as cellulases, hemicellulases, ligninases, and pectinases was regulated mainly through a coordinated pathway at a transcriptional level<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0390">26</a>. The turn on of the genes that codify these extracellular enzymes occur only when polymers, molecules from polymers, or other inductors are present52. There is a significant intercommunication between the induced expressions of the genes codifying for the different types of enzymes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0475">43</a>. This is an important knowledge that should be considered when inducing the productions of fungal hydrolytic enzymes in any type of the well-known production processes and in any new fermentation design.Another important aspect is that xylanolytic enzymes have already been considered a biological possibility to recover cellulose fibers from lignocellulosic materials. One characteristic of these enzymatic extracts is that they should have little or no cellulolytic activity to be used on a larger scale. For that reason and through a scrutiny a wild F. solani isolate was chosen for its interesting xylanolytic activity and the poor cellulolytic activity when grown on xylan as the sole carbon source<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290">6</a>.The major endoxylanase and β-xylosidase activities were obtained in different culture conditions, indicating that nutritional requirements for F. solani are specific to produce a different kind of enzymatic activity<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0375">23</a>. Such as the nutrimental behavior of Pichia pastoris observed in the heterologous expression of xylanases from Malbranchea cinnamomea genes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320">12</a>.Since the treatments for the best endoxylanase production were also the same for the endocellulase production (2 and 8), a correlation between the xylanolytic and cellulolytic enzymes confirmed that the production of both enzymes is closely associated. A similar behavior was observed in the heterologous production of the endoxylanases from Pycnoporus sanguineous BAFC 2126<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0460">40</a>.In most of the treatments, the production of endoxylanases and endocellulases is associated under these culture conditions, where the endoxylanase activity is almost two times higher than the endocellulase activity. However,a lignocellulosic substrate for the production of these enzymes was not used in this work<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0350">18,52</a>. Since the fermentation media were supplemented with pure xylan, endocellulase production was also present.This is due to the fact that the production of fungal extracellular glycohydrolases is coordinately regulated<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0515">51</a>. The presence of small oligosaccharides in the fungal cytosol elicit a high level of synthesis of glycohydrolases with different specificities<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265">1</a>. These glycohydrolases act together in synergism for the degradation of polysaccharides<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295">7</a>.For instance, the same compounds may provoke expression of both cellulases and hemicellulases, albeit to different extent<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265">1</a>. In Aspergillus niger, the transcriptional regulator XlnR that was initially identified as the transcriptional regulator of xylanase-encoding genes controls the transcription of about 20–30 genes encoding hemicellulases and cellulases. In addition, the orthologous xyr1 (xylanase regulator 1-encoding) gene product of fungus Hypocrea jecorina has a similar function as XlnR<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0500">48</a>. Some treatments did not maintain this tendency, i.e. treatment 7, in which endoxylanase production was six times higher than endocellulase.The lack of correlation between endoxylanases and β-xylosidases can be due to the type of fungal species, the intrinsic nature of both enzymes, the kind of reaction that these enzymes catalyze, the CS used, and the fact that β-xylosidases are involved in a subsequent phase of xylan depolymerization. These results are in agreement with data already reported where the major endoxylanase and β-xylosidase production was observed at different nutritional conditions and fermentation times in a mutant strain of Aspergillus awamori 2B.361 U2/1 and in Colletotrichum graminicola<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0365">21,50</a>.In relation to the effect of the nutrimental factors on hydrolytic enzyme production, the mathematical models indicate a negative effect in the production of endoxylanase, β-xylosidase and endocellulase when the concentration of CS increased due to the negative sign of the coefficient next to each histogram bar. The culture media that had less amount of available water limited fungus growth and enzyme production. It was not a surprising result in F. solani, since this behavior was also observed in Aspergillus spp. when it grew on different carbon sources<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0435">35</a>. This effect could be explained considering that in most SSF treatments the sterilized and hydrated xylan became a firm gel that perhaps limited nutrient diffusion and product secretion<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0395">27</a>. Consequently, the water in the medium causes a swelling of xylan fibers, and therefore, a reduction in substrate porosity and limitation in oxygen transfer. On the contrary, when the humidity level decreases, the nutrient solubility is reduced and causes a limited swelling with lower porosity. Based on these results, the catabolite xylose repression was discarded<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0395">27</a>. During the fermentation of xylan by F. solani, the highest activity of endoxylanase was observed in treatment 8, where there was no xylose in the culture medium, as can be shown in the HPLC results, since monosaccharides were not detected. It is possible that the fungus utilized the xylose at the same rate it hydrolyzed the xylan.In treatments with low CS concentration, the amount of available water was major. This factor promotes the diffusion of chemical substances, such as the monosaccharide xylose, which could cause the repression of the endoxylanase synthesis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0410">30</a>. On the other hand, when the CS concentration is major, the available water is minor and diffusion of xylose and xylobiose is limited; therefore, this factor restricts their transport into the cytosol, which diminishes their repressive effect in the synthesis of endoxylanases and endocellulases. These results show the influence of culture conditions over the enzymatic activity produced by the fungus. β-xylosidase and endocellulase production was negatively affected by the incubation time<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0485">45</a>. The decrease in enzyme production could occur: (1) as a consequence of the macro and micronutrients exhaustion in the culture medium during the fermentation and consequently, the disruption in the fungus physiology; therefore, the fungal response is to inhibit the secretor process of the extracellular enzymes including the lignocellulose-degrading enzymes; (2) the depolymerization of lignocellulosic materials occurs in the presence of a considerable amount of proteolytic enzymes that cause a significant reduction in xylanolytic activity as the fermentation time increases.Based on the mathematical model, the interaction between CS with urea supplied to the fermentation media had a significant role in the production of endoxylanases and endocellulases as it can be seen in the significance (p<0.05) and effect of the factors on the response variable. Carbon and nitrogen contribute to biomolecule synthesis and carbon is essential in the production of energy. Therefore, the positive interaction between both carbon and nitrogen sources for xylanolytic enzyme production is important. However, the interaction between CS and urea for both enzymes was negative, due to the negative sign of the coefficient next to each histogram bar. Although urea individually had a positive effect on the production of xylanases and cellulases, it behaved negatively in the interaction with the carbon source, possibly due to the persistent negative effect of the carbon source, which was also observed individually.The increment of urea concentration in the culture media favored the endoxylanase and endocellulase production, whereas β-xylosidases were not affected. The yeast extract did not produce any effect on the three enzymes. These results are in accordance with the observation that ammonium sulfate, the yeast extract, and the meat extract yielded a deficient enzyme production in F. solani F7, whereas ammonium nitrate and urea caused a considerable production of xylanases<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370">22</a>.The combination of the best conditions that produce the maximum level of endoxylanase and β-xylosidase activities with the minimum level of endocellulase activity was investigated. The endoxylanases and endocellulases showed a similar behavioral pattern in function of the studied factors. Therefore, in order to minimize the cellulolytic activity, in the process, the necessary adjustments were made to affect as little as possible the desirable values of endoxylanase and β-xylosidase activities.Although the endoxylanase activity was major in the solid media with 35% CS (treatment 8) in comparison with the rest of the treatments, according to the results, the utilization of liquid media is recommendable (2.5% CS) because the β-xylosidase activity would lightly increase and the cellulolytic activity would be significantly reduced<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265">1</a>.During hydrolytic enzyme production, the reduction of cellulolytic activity was expected. It was inevitable that endoxylanase activity diminished since endoxylanases and endocellulases were associated, such as observed in other fungi xylanase producers<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285">5</a>.F. solani produced hydrolytic enzymes at 48h: however, the best fermentation time for maximum hydrolytic enzyme activities was at 120h in accordance with the adjustment. The time for maximum xylanase production varies depending on the production method: 120 and 144h for F. solani F7, from immobilized and free cells, respectively<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370">22</a>, and the organism: 96, 192 and 336h, for Aspergillus sp. M.2.8, Aspergillus fumigatus M.7.3 and Thermomucor sp. M.7.6, respectively. In sugar cane bagasse as CS under SSF and 207.8h for C. graminicola in wheat bran as CS under SSF<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0455">39,50</a>.After verification of conditions for hydrolytic enzyme production, it was observed that these culture conditions did not favor β-xylosidase production since enzymatic activity was not detected. Interestingly, the fermentation conditions limited endocellulase production in a favorable way, and therefore, a low endocellulase activity was detected. Different transcriptional activators for xylanolysis and cellulolysis processes, e.g. may explain this observation. The transcriptional activator XlnR (Xlr1/Xyr1) of A. niger is an important regulator in the degradation of hemicellulose and cellulose by fungi, as well as in the use of D-xylose via the catabolic pathway of the pentose. XlnR homologs are commonly found in filamentous Ascomycetes and often assumed to have the same function in different fungi. However, for Fusarium graminearum it was reported that the production of cellulases was not affected by the elimination of XlnR<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0330">14,15</a>. The presence of endocellulases was observed in F. solani as well as in F. graminerum and Magnaporthe oryzae<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0325">13,28</a>. These data suggest that F. solani has two transcriptional mechanisms, one for the degradation of cellulose and another for the degradation of hemicellulose.The use of SSF provides to the fungi a similar environmental condition to their natural habitat (wood and organic material), and therefore it would be expected that this condition would stimulate them to have a higher production of hemicellulolytic enzymes. In the SSF, the lowest xylanase production could be due to the high CS concentration. The CS increases the viscosity of the media, and therefore, the diffusion and solubility of the media compounds as well as the transference of atmospheric gases (oxygen and nitrogen) are affected. These results are in agreement with the ones obtained in F. solani F7<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370">22</a>.The use of model substrates, like beechwood xylan, to study the best conditions for the xylanase production by F. solani, represents an ideal approximation of lignocellulosic material degradation. In the next phase of this research, it will be interesting to study the utilization of lignocellulosic biomass or other polymers by F. solani, such as agricultural, forestal and agroindustrial subproducts or municipal residues. These polymers are rich in hemicellulose and are ideal to evaluate the hydrolytic enzyme production by F. solani. At the same time, it will be interesting to find out if by using these polymers, the enzyme production costs can be significantly reduced.ConclusionIn the wild-type isolate of F. solani an experimental production of endoxylanases of 10.65U/mg with an absence of endocellulases was achieved based on the best prediction of the BW model. Its singular endoxylanases production and friendly manipulation of nutritional conditions are characteristics potentially useful in scaling the process to obtaining enzymes. This fungal wild strain is useful for future experiments of directed evolution to obtain strains genetically modified for overproducing endoxylanases.Conflict of interestThe authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:12 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1437182" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1311736" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1437183" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1311737" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Materials and methods" "secciones" => array:10 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Biological material" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Inoculum preparation" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Xylanase production by fermentation" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Extraction of hydrolytic enzymes" ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Enzymatic assays" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Endo-β-1,4-xylanase activity" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Endocellulase activity" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "β-1,4-Xylosidase activity" ] ] ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Quantification of reducing sugars" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "Quantification of extracellular protein" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0065" "titulo" => "Analysis of fermentation products by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0070" "titulo" => "Experimental design" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0075" "titulo" => "Adjustment of conditions for xylanase production" ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0080" "titulo" => "Results" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0085" "titulo" => "Hydrolytic enzyme activity in BW treatments" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0090" "titulo" => "Model adjustment to experimental data" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0095" "titulo" => "Effect of nutrimental factors on hydrolytic enzyme production" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0100" "titulo" => "Hydrolytic enzyme production" ] ] ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0105" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0110" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0115" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack501432" "titulo" => "Acknowledgements" ] 11 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2018-12-13" "fechaAceptado" => "2019-12-10" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1311736" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Endoxylanase" 1 => "β-Xylosidase" 2 => "Endocellulase" 3 => "Fusarium solani" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1311737" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Endoxilanasa" 1 => "β-xilosidasa" 2 => "Endocelulasa" 3 => "Fusarium solani" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "Demand for fungal xylanases in industrial biotechnological processes shows a clear increase worldwide, so there is an interest in adjusting the conditions of microbial xylanases production. In this study, the ability of the fungus Fusarium solani to produce extracellular xylanases with low cellulolytic activity was optimized by Box Wilson design. The best culture conditions were determined to obtain a crude enzyme preparation with significant xylanolytic activity and little cellulolytic activity. In most treatments, the xylanolytic activity was higher than the cellulolytic activity. A negative effect on the production of endoxylanases, β-xylosidases and endocellulases was observed with the increasing of xylan concentration. Increasing the incubation time adversely affected the production of endocellulases and β-xylosidases. According to the mathematical model and experimental tests, it is possible to produce endoxylanases with minimal endocellulase activity increasing incubation time and the concentration of ammonium sulfate. The optimal culture conditions to produce a greater amount of endoxylanases (10.65U/mg) and low endocellulases from F. solani were: 2.5% (w/v) xylan, 5.0, 2.0 and 0.4g/l, of yeast extract, ammonium sulfate and urea, respectively, with 120h of incubation." ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "La demanda de xilanasas fúngicas en los procesos biotecnológicos industriales muestra un claro aumento en todo el mundo, por lo que hay un interés en ajustar las condiciones de producción de xilanasas microbianas. En este estudio se optimizó la capacidad del hongo Fusarium solani para producir xilanasas extracelulares con escasa actividad celulolítica mediante el diseño de Box-Wilson. Se determinaron las mejores condiciones de cultivo para obtener una preparación enzimática cruda con una actividad xilanolítica significativa y poca actividad celulolítica. En la mayoría de los tratamientos, la actividad xilanolítica fue mayor que la actividad celulolítica. Se observó un efecto negativo sobre la producción de endoxilanasas, β-xilosidasas y endocelulasas con el aumento de la concentración de xilano. El aumento del tiempo de incubación afectó adversamente la producción de endocelulasas y β-xilosidasas. De acuerdo con el modelo matemático y las pruebas experimentales, es posible producir endoxilanasas con una actividad endocelulasa mínima aumentando el tiempo de incubación y la concentración de sulfato de amonio. Las condiciones de cultivo óptimas para producir una mayor cantidad de endoxilanasas (10,65U/mg) y mínima cantidad de endocelulasas fueron 2,5% (p/v) de xilano y 5, 2 y 0,4g/l de extracto de levadura, sulfato de amonio y urea, respectivamente, con 120h de incubación." ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "etiqueta" => "1" "nota" => "These two authors are working now at Instituto Tecnológico de Morelia, Av. Tecnológico #1500, Col. Lomas de Santiaguito, Morelia, Michoacán, CP 58120, Mexico." "identificador" => "fn0005" ] ] "multimedia" => array:9 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 2337 "Ancho" => 1140 "Tamanyo" => 178452 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Profiles of hydrolytic enzymes obtained from the BW design: (A) endoxylanase, (B) β-xylosidase, and (C) endocellulase. The values represent the average±standard error, n=3." ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 3415 "Ancho" => 1508 "Tamanyo" => 543137 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Significance and effect of the factors on the response variable: (A) endoxylanase, (B) β-xylosidase, and (C) endocellulase. (L) Linear effect of the factor, (Q) quadratic effect of the factor, (x1) concentration of carbon source (w/v,%), (x2) concentration of yeast extract (g/l), (x3) concentration of ammonium sulfate (g/l), (x4) concentration of urea (g/l), (x5) Time (h) (STATISTICAv8.0®, Statsoft)." ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1291 "Ancho" => 2508 "Tamanyo" => 181161 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Desirability profiles for hydrolytic enzyme production. Dotted line represents optimal conditions calculated for the desirability function. For calculations, the 0 and 1 values of desirability were assigned to the minimum and maximum endoxylanase and β-xylosidase activities obtained from treatments of BW design, respectively. Conversely, for endocellulase activity, 0 and 1 values were assigned to the maximum and minimum enzymatic activity, respectively (x1) concentration of carbon source (w/v,%), (x2) concentration of yeast extract (g/l), (x3) concentration of ammonium sulfate (g/l), (x4) concentration of urea (g/l), (x5) time (h)." ] ] 3 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Figure 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 955 "Ancho" => 1341 "Tamanyo" => 44960 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Comparison of the hydrolytic enzyme (■) theoretical, (■) experimental. The values represent the average±standard error, n=3." ] ] 4 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0025" "etiqueta" => "Figure 5" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr5.jpeg" "Alto" => 1131 "Ancho" => 1341 "Tamanyo" => 77552 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "HPLC profile of xylan digestion from treatment 8. Monosaccharide standards (1mg/ml) were: Arabinose, red line; Fructose, lemon green line; Glucose, brown line; Mannose, pink line; and Xylose, dark green line." ] ] 5 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Treatment \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">x1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">x2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">x3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">x4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">x5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">+1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">+1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">+1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">+1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">+1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">+1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">+1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">+1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">+1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">+1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">+1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">+1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">+1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">+1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">+1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">+1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">+1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">+1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">+1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">+1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">+1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">+1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">+1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">+1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">+1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">+1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">+1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">+1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">+1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">+1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">+1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">+1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">+1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">+1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">+1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">16 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">+1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">+1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">+1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">+1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">+1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">17 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">+2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">19 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">+2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">21 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">22 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">+2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">23 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">24 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">+2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">25 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">26 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">+2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">27 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">x1 Concentration of carbon source (g/l)</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">x2 Concentration of the yeast extract (g/l)</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">x3 Concentration of ammonium sulfate (g/l)</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">x4 Concentration of urea (g/l)</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">x5 Time (h)</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2472146.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "BW treatments using the codified factor levels." ] ] 6 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at2" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Factor</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="5" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Level</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">−2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">−1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">+1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">+2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">x1 [Carbon source (g/l)] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">25 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">350 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">675 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1325 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">x2 [Yeast extract (g/l)] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">x3 [Ammonium sulfate (g/l)] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">x4 [Urea (g/l)] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">35 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">65 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">95 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">125 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">x5 [Fermentation time (h)] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">48 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">84 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">120 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">156 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">192 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2472147.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Decodified factor levels." ] ] 7 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at3" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "Experimental data for enzymatic activity correspond to treatment 8 and they are average±SE" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Condition \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Fermentation time (h) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="4" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Best nutrimental condition (g/l)</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Enzymatic activity (U/mg)</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">FC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Yeast extract \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">(NH4)2SO4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Urea \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Endoxylanase \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">β-Xylosidase \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Endocellulase \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Theoretical \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">120 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">25 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6.6238<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl3fn1">*</a>a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.33±0.22<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl3fn1">*</a>a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.49±1.1<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl3fn1">*</a>a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Experimental \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">84 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">350 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12.09±0.92b \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.31±0.01a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.35±0.12b \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2472148.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tbl3fn1" "etiqueta" => "*" "nota" => "Theoretical data correspond to model prediction±prediction interval at optimal conditions. a and b super indexes correspond to homogeneous groups obtained by the Tukey's test at p<0.05 (n=3)." ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Experimental verification of the best theoretical condition obtained with the BW model for hydrolytic enzyme production." ] ] 8 => array:6 [ "identificador" => "eq0005" "etiqueta" => "(1)" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => "yn=β0+∑i=lkβixi+∑i=1kβiixii2+∑jk∑i=1kβikxixj+εj" "Fichero" => "STRIPIN_si1.jpeg" "Tamanyo" => 3828 "Alto" => 49 "Ancho" => 317 ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:52 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0265" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Characterization of novel Trichoderma hemicellulase and its use to enhance downstream processing of lignocellulosic biomass to simple fermentable sugars" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "K.A. Ajijolakewu" 1 => "C.P. Leh" 2 => "C.K. Lee" 3 => "W.A.W. Nadiah" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Biocatal Agric Biotechnol" "fecha" => "2017" "volumen" => "11" "paginaInicial" => "166" "paginaFinal" => "175" ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0270" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "computational method for prediction of xylanase enzymes activity in strains of Bacillus subtilis based on pseudo amino acid composition features" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "S. Ariaeenejad" 1 => "M. Mousivand" 2 => "P. Moradi Dezfouli" 3 => "M. Hashemi" 4 => "K. Kavousi" 5 => "G.A. Hosseini Salekdeh" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1371/journal.pone.0205796" "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "PLoS One" "fecha" => "2018" "volumen" => "13" "paginaInicial" => "e0205796" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30346964" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0275" "etiqueta" => "3" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Saccharification of lignocellulosic materials by cellulolytic and xylanolytic Paenibacillus illioisensis CX11" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "A.A.Q. Ahmed" 1 => "T. McKay" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Asian J Appl Sci" "fecha" => "2017" "volumen" => "05" "paginaInicial" => "259" "paginaFinal" => "264" ] ] ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0280" "etiqueta" => "4" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Mycosphere Essay 10: properties and characteristics of microbial xylanases" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "J. Álvarez-Cervantes" 1 => "E.M. Domínguez-Hernández" 2 => "Y. Mercado-Flores" 3 => "A. O’Donovan" 4 => "G1. Díaz-Godínez" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Mycosphere" "fecha" => "2016" "volumen" => "7" "paginaInicial" => "1600" "paginaFinal" => "1619" "itemHostRev" => array:3 [ "pii" => "S0165587618301083" "estado" => "S300" "issn" => "01655876" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0285" "etiqueta" => "5" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Characterization of production of laccases, cellulases and xylanases of Pleurotus ostreaus grown on solid-state fermentation using an inert support" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "J. Álvarez-Cervantes" 1 => "C. Sanchez" 2 => "R. Díaz" 3 => "G. Díaz-Godínez" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Rev Mex Ing Quím" "fecha" => "2016" "volumen" => "15" "paginaInicial" => "323" "paginaFinal" => "331" ] ] ] ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0290" "etiqueta" => "6" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Selection and molecular identification of fungal isolates that produce xylanolytic enzymes" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "M. Álvarez-Navarrete" 1 => "G.E. Reyna López" 2 => "A. Flores García" 3 => "R. López Gómez" 4 => "M.M. Martínez-Pacheco" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.4238/2015.July.17.19" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Genet Mol Res" "fecha" => "2015" "volumen" => "14" "paginaInicial" => "8100" "paginaFinal" => "8116" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26214493" "web" => "Medline" ] ] "itemHostRev" => array:3 [ "pii" => "S0007091217313715" "estado" => "S300" "issn" => "00070912" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0295" "etiqueta" => "7" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Regulation of cellulase and hemicellulase gene expression in fungi" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "A. Amore" 1 => "S. Giacobbe" 2 => "V. Faraco" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.2174/1389202911314040002" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Curr Genomics" "fecha" => "2013" "volumen" => "14" "paginaInicial" => "230" "paginaFinal" => "249" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24294104" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0300" "etiqueta" => "8" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Extracellular xylanase production by Fusarium species in solid state fermentation" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "M.I.E. Arabi" 1 => "Y. Bakri" 2 => "M. Jawhar" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Pol J Microbiol" "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "60" "paginaInicial" => "209" "paginaFinal" => "212" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22184927" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 8 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0305" "etiqueta" => "9" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Interlaboratory testing of methods for assay of xylanase activity" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "M.J. Bailey" 1 => "P. Biely" 2 => "K. Poutanen" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Biotechnol" "fecha" => "1992" "volumen" => "23" "paginaInicial" => "257" "paginaFinal" => "271" ] ] ] ] ] ] 9 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0310" "etiqueta" => "10" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Molecular and xylanolytic variation identified among isolates of Fusarium species" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "Y. Bakri" 1 => "M. Jawhar" 2 => "M.I.E. Arabi" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Plant Biol Res" "fecha" => "2012" "volumen" => "1" "paginaInicial" => "51" "paginaFinal" => "56" ] ] ] ] ] ] 10 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0315" "etiqueta" => "11" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Characterization of two endo-β-1,4-xylanases from Myceliophthora thermophila and their saccharification efficiencies, synergistic with commercial cellulase" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => "A. Basit" 1 => "J. Liu" 2 => "T. Miao" 3 => "F. Zheng" 4 => "K. Rahim" 5 => "H. Lou" 6 => "W. Jiang" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.3389/fmicb.2018.00001" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Front Microbiol" "fecha" => "2018" "volumen" => "9" "paginaInicial" => "1" "paginaFinal" => "11" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29403456" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 11 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0320" "etiqueta" => "12" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Expression of catalytically efficient xylanases from thermophilic fungus Malbranchea cinnamomea far synergistically enhancing hydrolysis of lignocellulosics" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "N. Basotra" 1 => "S. Joshi" 2 => "T. Satyanarayana" 3 => "P.K. Pati" 4 => "A. Tsange" 5 => "B.S. Chadha" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Int J Biol Macromol" "fecha" => "2018" "volumen" => "108" "paginaInicial" => "185" "paginaFinal" => "192" ] ] ] ] ] ] 12 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0325" "etiqueta" => "13" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Xlr1 is involved in the transcriptional control of the pentose catabolic pathway, but not hemi-cellulolytic enzymes in Magnaporthe oryzae" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "E. Battaglia" 1 => "S. Klaubauf" 2 => "J. Vallet" 3 => "C. Ribot" 4 => "M.H. Lebrun" 5 => "R.P. de Vries" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.fgb.2013.06.005" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Fungal Genet Biol" "fecha" => "2013" "volumen" => "57" "paginaInicial" => "76" "paginaFinal" => "84" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23810898" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 13 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0330" "etiqueta" => "14" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Xyr1 regulates xylanase but not cellulase formation in the head blight fungus Fusarium graminearum" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "K. Brunner" 1 => "A.M. Lichtenauer" 2 => "K. Kratochwill" 3 => "M. Delic" 4 => "R.L. Mach" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s00294-007-0154-x" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Curr Genet" "fecha" => "2007" "volumen" => "52" "paginaInicial" => "213" "paginaFinal" => "220" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17924109" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 14 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0335" "etiqueta" => "15" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Role of the transcriptional activator xlnR of Fusarium oxysporum in regulation of xylanase genes and virulence" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "F. Calero-Nieto" 1 => "A. Di Pietro" 2 => "M.I. Roncero" 3 => "C. Hera" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1094/MPMI-20-8-0977" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Mol Plant Microbe Interact" "fecha" => "2007" "volumen" => "20" "paginaInicial" => "977" "paginaFinal" => "985" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17722701" "web" => "Medline" ] ] "itemHostRev" => array:3 [ "pii" => "S0165587618301873" "estado" => "S300" "issn" => "01655876" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 15 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0340" "etiqueta" => "16" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Optimization of cellulase-free xylanase production by thermophilic Streptomyces thermovulgaris TISTR1948 through Plackett-Burman and response surface methodological approaches" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "T. Chaiyaso" 1 => "A. Kuntiya" 2 => "C. Techapun" 3 => "N. Leksawasdi" 4 => "P. Seesuriyachan" 5 => "P. Hanmoungjai" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1271/bbb.100756" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Biosci Biotechnol Biochem" "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "75" "paginaInicial" => "531" "paginaFinal" => "537" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21389598" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 16 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0345" "etiqueta" => "17" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Isolation and characterization of endocellulase-free multienzyme complex from newly isolated Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum strain NOI-1" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => "S. Chimtong" 1 => "C. Tachaapaikoon" 2 => "P. Pason" 3 => "K.L. Kyu" 4 => "A. Kosugi" 5 => "Y. Mori" 6 => "K. Ratanakhanokchai" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Microbiol Biotechnol" "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "21" "paginaInicial" => "284" "paginaFinal" => "292" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21464600" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 17 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0350" "etiqueta" => "18" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Purification and characterization of two low molecular mass alkaline xylanases from Fusarium oxysporum F3" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "P. Christakopoulos" 1 => "W. Nerinckx" 2 => "D. Kekos" 3 => "B. Macris" 4 => "M. Claeyssens" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/0168-1656(96)01619-7" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Biotechnol" "fecha" => "1996" "volumen" => "51" "paginaInicial" => "181" "paginaFinal" => "189" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8987884" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 18 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0355" "etiqueta" => "19" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Simultaneous optimization of several response variables" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "G. Derringer" 1 => "R. Suich" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Qual Technol" "fecha" => "1980" "volumen" => "12" "paginaInicial" => "214" "paginaFinal" => "219" ] ] ] ] ] ] 19 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0360" "etiqueta" => "20" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Measurement of cellulase activities" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "T.K. Ghose" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Pure Appl Chem" "fecha" => "1987" "volumen" => "59" "paginaInicial" => "257" "paginaFinal" => "268" "itemHostRev" => array:3 [ "pii" => "S0007091217302155" "estado" => "S300" "issn" => "00070912" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 20 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0365" "etiqueta" => "21" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Efficient production of lignocellulolytic enzymes xylanase β-xylosidase, ferulic acid esterase and β-glucosidase by the mutant strain Aspergillus awamori 2B.361 U2/1" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "L.M.F. Gottschalk" 1 => "R.S. Paredes" 2 => "R.S.S. Teixeira" 3 => "A.S.A. da Silva" 4 => "E.P.S. Bon" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1590/S1517-83822013000200037" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Braz J Microbiol" "fecha" => "2013" "volumen" => "44" "paginaInicial" => "569" "paginaFinal" => "576" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24294256" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 21 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0370" "etiqueta" => "22" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Optimization of xylanase production from free and immobilized cells of Fusarium solani F7" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "V.K. Gupta" 1 => "R. Gaur" 2 => "S.K. Yadava" 3 => "N.S. Darmwal" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Bioresources" "fecha" => "2009" "volumen" => "4" "paginaInicial" => "932" "paginaFinal" => "945" ] ] ] ] ] ] 22 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0375" "etiqueta" => "23" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Cellulose and hemicellulose-degrading enzymes in Fusarium commune transcriptome and functional characterization of three identified xylanases" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "Y. Huang" 1 => "P. Kamp Busk" 2 => "L. Lange" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.enzmictec.2015.03.001" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Enzyme Microb Technol" "fecha" => "2015" "volumen" => "73" "paginaInicial" => "9" "paginaFinal" => "19" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26002499" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 23 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0380" "etiqueta" => "24" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Xylanases, cellulases, and acid protease produced by Stenocarpella maydis grown in solid state and submerged fermentation" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => "E.M. Hernández Domínguez" 1 => "A.R. Ríos Latorre" 2 => "J. Alvarez Cervantes" 3 => "O. Loera Corral" 4 => "A.D. Román Gutiérrez" 5 => "G. Díaz Godínez" 6 => "Y. Mercador Flores" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "BioResourses" "fecha" => "2014" "volumen" => "9" "paginaInicial" => "2341" "paginaFinal" => "2358" "itemHostRev" => array:3 [ "pii" => "S016558761300061X" "estado" => "S300" "issn" => "01655876" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 24 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0385" "etiqueta" => "25" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Expression of a Trichoderma reesei b-xylanase gene in Escherichia coli and activity of the enzyme on fiber-bound substrates" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "H. Jun" 1 => "Y. Bing" 2 => "Z. Keying" 3 => "D. Xuemei" 4 => "C. Daiwen" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.pep.2008.07.015" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Protein Expr Purif" "fecha" => "2009" "volumen" => "67" "paginaInicial" => "1" "paginaFinal" => "6" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18725302" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 25 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0390" "etiqueta" => "26" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Microbial xylanases: engineering, production and industrial applications" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "V. Juturu" 1 => "J.C. Wu" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.11.006" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Biotechnol Adv" "fecha" => "2012" "volumen" => "30" "paginaInicial" => "1219" "paginaFinal" => "1227" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22138412" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 26 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0395" "etiqueta" => "27" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Optimization of growth conditions for xylanase production by Aspergillus niger in solid state fermentation" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "V. Kavya" 1 => "T. Padmavathi" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Pol J Microbiol" "fecha" => "2009" "volumen" => "58" "paginaInicial" => "125" "paginaFinal" => "130" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19824396" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 27 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0400" "etiqueta" => "28" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Similar is not the same: differences in the function of the (hemi-)cellulolytic regulator XlnR (Xlr1/Xyr1) in filamentous fungi" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:10 [ 0 => "S. Klaubauf" 1 => "H.M. Narang" 2 => "H. Post" 3 => "M. Zhou" 4 => "K. Brunner" 5 => "A.R. Mach-Aigner" 6 => "R.L. Mach" 7 => "A.J.R. Heck" 8 => "A.F.M. Altelaar" 9 => "R.P. de Vries" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.fgb.2014.07.007" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Fungal Genet Biol" "fecha" => "2014" "volumen" => "72" "paginaInicial" => "73" "paginaFinal" => "81" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25064064" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 28 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0405" "etiqueta" => "29" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Regulation of β-xylosidase formation by xylose in Trichoderma reesei" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "D. Kristufek" 1 => "S. Zeilinger" 2 => "C.P. Kubicek" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Appl Microbiol Biotechnol" "fecha" => "1995" "volumen" => "42" "paginaInicial" => "713" "paginaFinal" => "717" "itemHostRev" => array:3 [ "pii" => "S0165587618302799" "estado" => "S300" "issn" => "01655876" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 29 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0410" "etiqueta" => "30" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Effect of salicin on induction and carbon catabolite repression of endoxylanase synthesis in Penicillum janthinellum MTCC 10889" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "A. Kundu" 1 => "R.R. Ray" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.2478/s11696-013-0478-6" "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Chem Papers" "fecha" => "2014" "volumen" => "68" "paginaInicial" => "451" "paginaFinal" => "456" ] ] ] ] ] ] 30 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0415" "etiqueta" => "31" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "GH10 xylanase D from Penicillium funiculosum: biochemical studies and xylooligosaccharide production" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "M. Lafond" 1 => "A. Tauzin" 2 => "V. Desseaux" 3 => "E. Bonnin" 4 => "E.H. Ajandouz" 5 => "T. Giardina" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1186/1475-2859-10-1" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Microb Cell Fact" "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "10" "paginaInicial" => "1" "paginaFinal" => "8" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21211066" "web" => "Medline" ] ] "itemHostRev" => array:3 [ "pii" => "S0165587615004966" "estado" => "S300" "issn" => "01655876" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 31 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0420" "etiqueta" => "32" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Origin of fungal biomass degrading enzymes: evolution, diversity and function of enzymes of early lineage fungi" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "L. Lange" 1 => "B. Pilgaard" 2 => "F.A. Herbst" 3 => "P.K. Busk" 4 => "F. Gleason" 5 => "A.G. Pedersen" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Fungal Biol Rev" "fecha" => "2019" "volumen" => "33" "paginaInicial" => "82" "paginaFinal" => "97" ] ] ] ] ] ] 32 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0425" "etiqueta" => "33" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Gene cloning, overexpression, and characterization of a xylanase from Penicillium sp. CGMCC 1669" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:8 [ 0 => "W. Liu" 1 => "P. Shi" 2 => "Q. Chen" 3 => "P. Yang" 4 => "G. Wang" 5 => "Y. Wang" 6 => "H. Luo" 7 => "B. Yao" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s12010-009-8719-4" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Appl Biochem Biotechnol" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "162" "paginaInicial" => "1" "paginaFinal" => "12" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19626289" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 33 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0430" "etiqueta" => "34" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "O.H. Lowry" 1 => "N.J. Rosenbrough" 2 => "A.L. Farr" 3 => "R.J. Randall" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Biol Chem" "fecha" => "1951" "volumen" => "193" "paginaInicial" => "265" "paginaFinal" => "275" ] ] ] ] ] ] 34 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0435" "etiqueta" => "35" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Xylanase production by Aspergillus niger LPB 326 in solid-state fermentation using statistical experimental design" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:8 [ 0 => "G.M. Maciel" 1 => "L.P. de Souza Vandenberghe" 2 => "C.W.I. Haminiuk" 3 => "R.C. Fendrich" 4 => "B.E. Della Bianca" 5 => "T.Q. da Silva Brandalize" 6 => "A. Pandey" 7 => "C.R. Soccol" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Food Technol Biotechnol" "fecha" => "2008" "volumen" => "46" "paginaInicial" => "181" "paginaFinal" => "187" ] ] ] ] ] ] 35 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0440" "etiqueta" => "36" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Identification of a major xylanase from Aspergillus flavus as a 14-kD protein" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "J.E. Mellon" 1 => "P.J. Cotty" 2 => "K.A. Callicott" 3 => "H. Abbas" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s11046-011-9425-7" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Mycopathologia" "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "172" "paginaInicial" => "299" "paginaFinal" => "305" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21479830" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 36 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0445" "etiqueta" => "37" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Use of DNS for determination of reducing sugar" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "G.L. Miller" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Anal Chem" "fecha" => "1959" "volumen" => "31" "paginaInicial" => "426" "paginaFinal" => "428" ] ] ] ] ] ] 37 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0450" "etiqueta" => "38" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Applied statistics and probability for engineers" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "D.C. Montgomery" 1 => "G.C. Runger" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:6 [ "edicion" => "3rd ed." "fecha" => "1996" "paginaInicial" => "525" "paginaFinal" => "569" "editorial" => "John Wiley & Sons Inc." "editorialLocalizacion" => "New York" ] ] ] ] ] ] 38 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0455" "etiqueta" => "39" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Selection of thermophilic and thermotolerant fungi for the production of cellulases and xylanases under solid-state fermentation" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "M.M.S. Moretti" 1 => "D.A. Bocchini-Martins" 2 => "R. Da Silva" 3 => "A. Rodrigues" 4 => "L.D. Sette" 5 => "E. Gomes" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1590/S1517-838220120003000032" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Braz J Microbiol" "fecha" => "2012" "volumen" => "43" "paginaInicial" => "1062" "paginaFinal" => "1071" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24031929" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 39 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0460" "etiqueta" => "40" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Heterologous production and characterization of a thermostable GH10 family endo-xylanase from Pycnoporus sanguineus BAFC 2126" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "C. Niderhaus" 1 => "M. Garrido" 2 => "M. Insani" 3 => "E. Campos" 4 => "S. Wirth" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Process Biochem" "fecha" => "2018" "volumen" => "67" "paginaInicial" => "92" "paginaFinal" => "98" ] ] ] ] ] ] 40 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0465" "etiqueta" => "41" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Production of lignocellulose-degrading enzymes employing Fusarium solani F-552" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "S. Obruca" 1 => "I. Marova" 2 => "P. Matouskova" 3 => "A. Haronikova" 4 => "A. Lichnova" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Folia Microbiol" "fecha" => "2012" "volumen" => "57" "paginaInicial" => "221" "paginaFinal" => "227" ] ] ] ] ] ] 41 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0470" "etiqueta" => "42" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Recent process developments in solid-state fermentation" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "A. Pandey" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Process Biochem" "fecha" => "1992" "volumen" => "27" "paginaInicial" => "12" "paginaFinal" => "17" ] ] ] ] ] ] 42 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0475" "etiqueta" => "43" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Solid-state fermentation" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "A. Pandey" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Biochem Eng J" "fecha" => "2003" "volumen" => "13" "paginaInicial" => "81" "paginaFinal" => "84" ] ] ] ] ] ] 43 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0480" "etiqueta" => "44" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Optimization of xylanase production by filamentous fungi in solid-state fermentation and scale-up to horizontal tube bioreactor" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "N. Pérez-Rodríguez" 1 => "F. Oliveira" 2 => "B. Pérez-Bibbins" 3 => "I. Belo" 4 => "A. Torrado Agrasar" 5 => "J.M. Domínguez" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s12010-014-0895-1" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Appl Biochem Biotechnol" "fecha" => "2014" "volumen" => "173" "paginaInicial" => "803" "paginaFinal" => "825" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24728763" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 44 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0485" "etiqueta" => "45" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Production of hydrolytic enzymes by solid-state fermentation with new fungal strains using orange by-products" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "J.R. Ramos-Ibarra" 1 => "C. Miramontes" 2 => "A. Arias" 3 => "E. Arriola" 4 => "G. Guatemala" 5 => "R.I. Corona González" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Rev Mex Ing Quím" "fecha" => "2017" "volumen" => "16" "paginaInicial" => "19" "paginaFinal" => "31" ] ] ] ] ] ] 45 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0490" "etiqueta" => "46" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "A comparative study of taxol production in liquid and solid-state fermentation with Nigrospora sp. a fungus isolated from Taxus globosa" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => "J. Ruiz-Sanchez" 1 => "Z.R. Flores-Bustamante" 2 => "L. Dendooven" 3 => "E. Favela-Torres" 4 => "G. Soca-Chafre" 5 => "J. Galindez-Mayer" 6 => "L.B. Flores-Cotera" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04846.x" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Appl Microbiol" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "109" "paginaInicial" => "2144" "paginaFinal" => "2150" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20846335" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 46 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0495" "etiqueta" => "47" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Characterization of cellulolytic and xylanolytic enzymes of Bacillus licheniformis JK7 isolated from the rumen of a native Korean goat" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "J.K. Seo" 1 => "T.S. Park" 2 => "I. Kwon" 3 => "M.Y. Piao" 4 => "C.H. Lee" 5 => "J.K. Ha" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.5713/ajas.2012.12506" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Asian-Australas J Anim Sci" "fecha" => "2013" "volumen" => "26" "paginaInicial" => "50" "paginaFinal" => "58" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25049705" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 47 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0500" "etiqueta" => "48" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Regulation of transcription of cellulases and hemicellulases encoding genes in Aspergillus niger and Hypocrea jecorina (Trichoderma reesei)" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "A.R. Stricker" 1 => "R.L. Mach" 2 => "L.H. de Graaff" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s00253-007-1322-0" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Appl Microbiol Biotechnol" "fecha" => "2008" "volumen" => "78" "paginaInicial" => "211" "paginaFinal" => "220" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18197406" "web" => "Medline" ] ] "itemHostRev" => array:3 [ "pii" => "S0890856709608972" "estado" => "S300" "issn" => "08908567" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 48 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0505" "etiqueta" => "49" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Microbial xylanases and their industrial application in pulp and paper biobleaching: a review" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "A. Walia" 1 => "S. Guleria" 2 => "P. Mehta" 3 => "A. Chauhan" 4 => "J. Parkash" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s13205-016-0584-6" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "3 Biotech" "fecha" => "2017" "volumen" => "7" "paginaInicial" => "11" "paginaFinal" => "13" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28391477" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 49 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0510" "etiqueta" => "50" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Optimization of β-glucosidase β-xylosidase and xylanase production by Colletotrichum graminicola under solid-state fermentation and application in raw sugarcane trash saccharification" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:9 [ 0 => "A.L.R.L. Zimbardi" 1 => "C. Sehn" 2 => "L.P. Meleiro" 3 => "F.H.M. Souza" 4 => "D.C. Masui" 5 => "M.S.F. Nozawa" 6 => "L.H.S. Guimarães" 7 => "J.A. Jorge" 8 => "R.P.M. Furriel" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.3390/ijms14022875" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Int J Mol Sci" "fecha" => "2013" "volumen" => "14" "paginaInicial" => "2875" "paginaFinal" => "2902" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23364611" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 50 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0515" "etiqueta" => "51" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Prediction of xylanase optimal temperature by support vector regression" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "G. Zhang" 1 => "H. Ge" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Electron J Biotechnol" "fecha" => "2012" "volumen" => "15" "paginaInicial" => "1" "paginaFinal" => "11" ] ] ] ] ] ] 51 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0520" "etiqueta" => "52" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Impact of xylan on synergistic effects of xylanases and cellulases in enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocelluloses" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "J. Zhang" 1 => "L. Viikari" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s12010-014-1140-7" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Appl Biochem Biotechnol" "fecha" => "2014" "volumen" => "174" "paginaInicial" => "1393" "paginaFinal" => "1402" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25113551" "web" => "Medline" ] ] "itemHostRev" => array:3 [ "pii" => "S108707921630137X" "estado" => "S300" "issn" => "10870792" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "agradecimientos" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "identificador" => "xack501432" "titulo" => "Acknowledgements" "texto" => "This work was financially supported by the UMSNH and m3P foundation. MAN held a CONACyT scholarship." "vista" => "all" ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/03257541/0000005200000004/v1_202012180643/S032575412030002X/v1_202012180643/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "37862" "tipo" => "SECCION" "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Microbiología agrícola, ambiental e industrial" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/03257541/0000005200000004/v1_202012180643/S032575412030002X/v1_202012180643/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S032575412030002X?idApp=UINPBA00004N"]

Statistics

Original article

Optimización de la producción de xilanasas con celulasas bajas en Fusarium solani mediante una fermentación del estado sólido utilizando diseño experimental estadístico

Mauro M. Martínez-Pachecoa,

Corresponding author

mpacheco@umich.mx

Corresponding author.

, Alberto Flores-Garcíaa, Miguel A. Zamudio-Jaramillob,1, Ma. Carmen Chávez-Pargab, Mariana Alvarez-Navarretea,1

a Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Francisco J. Mújica s/n. Col. Felicitas del Río, Morelia, Michoacán, CP 58060, Mexico

b Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Francisco J. Mújica s/n. Col. Felicitas del Río, Morelia, Michoacán, CP 58060, Mexico

Read

1628

Times
was read the article

485

Total PDF

1143

Total HTML

Share statistics

 array:24 [
  "pii" => "S032575412030002X"
  "issn" => "03257541"
  "doi" => "10.1016/j.ram.2019.12.003"
  "estado" => "S300"
  "fechaPublicacion" => "2020-10-01"
  "aid" => "379"
  "copyright" => "Asociaci&#243;n Argentina de Microbiolog&#237;a"
  "copyrightAnyo" => "2020"
  "documento" => "article"
  "crossmark" => 1
  "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"
  "subdocumento" => "fla"
  "cita" => "Rev Argent Microbiol. 2020;52:328-38"
  "abierto" => array:3 [
    "ES" => true
    "ES2" => true
    "LATM" => true
  ]
  "gratuito" => true
  "lecturas" => array:1 [
    "total" => 0
  ]
  "itemSiguiente" => array:19 [
    "pii" => "S0325754120300559"
    "issn" => "03257541"
    "doi" => "10.1016/j.ram.2020.06.002"
    "estado" => "S300"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "2020-10-01"
    "aid" => "396"
    "copyright" => "Asociaci&#243;n Argentina de Microbiolog&#237;a"
    "documento" => "article"
    "crossmark" => 1
    "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"
    "subdocumento" => "fla"
    "cita" => "Rev Argent Microbiol. 2020;52:339-47"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => true
      "ES2" => true
      "LATM" => true
    ]
    "gratuito" => true
    "lecturas" => array:1 [
      "total" => 0
    ]
    "en" => array:14 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Special article</span>"
      "titulo" => "Toxigenic fungal species and natural occurrence of mycotoxins in crops harvested in Argentina"
      "tienePdf" => "en"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en"
      "tieneResumen" => array:3 [
        0 => "en"
        1 => "en"
        2 => "es"
      ]
      "paginas" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "paginaInicial" => "339"
          "paginaFinal" => "347"
        ]
      ]
      "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
        "es" => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "Especies f&#250;ngicas toxig&#233;nicas y ocurrencia natural de micotoxinas en cultivos y productos cosechados en Argentina"
        ]
      ]
      "contieneResumen" => array:2 [
        "en" => true
        "es" => true
      ]
      "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [
        "original" => 0
        "multimedia" => array:7 [
          "identificador" => "fig0005"
          "etiqueta" => "Figure 1"
          "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
          "mostrarFloat" => true
          "mostrarDisplay" => false
          "figura" => array:1 [
            0 => array:4 [
              "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
              "Alto" => 3023
              "Ancho" => 3032
              "Tamanyo" => 818318
            ]
          ]
          "descripcion" => array:1 [
            "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Main crops grown in Argentina&#46; Scale&#58; less than 100&#44;000 tn&#44; between 100&#44;000 tn and 500&#44;000 tn&#44; between 500&#44;000 tn and 1&#44;500&#44;000 tn&#44; between 1&#44;500&#44;000 tn and 4&#44;000&#44;000 tn&#44; between 4&#44;000&#44;000 tn and 6&#44;000&#44;000 tn&#46;</p>"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "autores" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "Mar&#237;a Laura Chiotta, Mar&#237;a Ver&#243;nica Fumero, Eugenia Cendoya, Juan Manuel Palazzini, Mar&#237;a Silvina Alaniz-Zanon, Mar&#237;a Laura Ramirez, Sof&#237;a Noem&#237; Chulze"
          "autores" => array:7 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Mar&#237;a Laura"
              "apellidos" => "Chiotta"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Mar&#237;a Ver&#243;nica"
              "apellidos" => "Fumero"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Eugenia"
              "apellidos" => "Cendoya"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Juan Manuel"
              "apellidos" => "Palazzini"
            ]
            4 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Mar&#237;a Silvina"
              "apellidos" => "Alaniz-Zanon"
            ]
            5 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Mar&#237;a Laura"
              "apellidos" => "Ramirez"
            ]
            6 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Sof&#237;a Noem&#237;"
              "apellidos" => "Chulze"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "resumen" => array:1 [
        0 => array:3 [
          "titulo" => "Highlights"
          "clase" => "author-highlights"
          "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fusarium&#44; Aspergillus</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Alternaria</span> species are isolated in crops from Argentina&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fumonisins are mainly detected in maize&#44; wheat and by-products&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Trichotecenes occurrence is high in wheat&#44; soybean and by-products&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ochratoxin A and patulin are the main toxins detected in fruits and by-products&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mycotoxin contamination in the food chain represent a toxicological risk for humans&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0325754120300559?idApp=UINPBA00004N"
    "url" => "/03257541/0000005200000004/v1_202012180643/S0325754120300559/v1_202012180643/en/main.assets"
  ]
  "itemAnterior" => array:19 [
    "pii" => "S0325754120300018"
    "issn" => "03257541"
    "doi" => "10.1016/j.ram.2019.12.002"
    "estado" => "S300"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "2020-10-01"
    "aid" => "378"
    "copyright" => "Asociaci&#243;n Argentina de Microbiolog&#237;a"
    "documento" => "article"
    "crossmark" => 1
    "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"
    "subdocumento" => "fla"
    "cita" => "Rev Argent Microbiol. 2020;52:315-27"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => true
      "ES2" => true
      "LATM" => true
    ]
    "gratuito" => true
    "lecturas" => array:1 [
      "total" => 0
    ]
    "es" => array:13 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original</span>"
      "titulo" => "Caracterizaci&#243;n gen&#233;tica de bacterias endof&#237;ticas de arroz <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;Oryza sativa L&#46;&#41;</span> con actividad antimicrobiana contra <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Burkholderia glumae</span>"
      "tienePdf" => "es"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => "es"
      "tieneResumen" => array:2 [
        0 => "es"
        1 => "en"
      ]
      "paginas" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "paginaInicial" => "315"
          "paginaFinal" => "327"
        ]
      ]
      "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
        "en" => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "Genetic characterization of rice endophytic bacteria &#40;Oryza sativa L&#46;&#41; with antimicrobial activity against Burkholderia glumae"
        ]
      ]
      "contieneResumen" => array:2 [
        "es" => true
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [
        "es" => true
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "es" => true
      ]
      "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [
        "original" => 0
        "multimedia" => array:7 [
          "identificador" => "fig0005"
          "etiqueta" => "Figura 1"
          "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
          "mostrarFloat" => true
          "mostrarDisplay" => false
          "figura" => array:1 [
            0 => array:4 [
              "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
              "Alto" => 769
              "Ancho" => 1674
              "Tamanyo" => 144272
            ]
          ]
          "descripcion" => array:1 [
            "es" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Actividad inhibitoria de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; vietnamiensis</span> TUR04-03 &#40;A&#41; y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; aryabhattai</span> AMH12-02 &#40;B&#41; contra <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; glumae</span> THT en medio TSA incubado a 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C por 72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>horas&#46;</p>"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "autores" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "Renzo A&#46; Valdez-Nu&#241;ez, Winston F&#46; R&#237;os-Ruiz, Ernesto Orme&#241;o-Orrillo, Edson E&#46; Torres-Ch&#225;vez, Jorge Torres-Delgado"
          "autores" => array:5 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Renzo A&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Valdez-Nu&#241;ez"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Winston F&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "R&#237;os-Ruiz"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Ernesto"
              "apellidos" => "Orme&#241;o-Orrillo"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Edson E&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Torres-Ch&#225;vez"
            ]
            4 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Jorge"
              "apellidos" => "Torres-Delgado"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "es"
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0325754120300018?idApp=UINPBA00004N"
    "url" => "/03257541/0000005200000004/v1_202012180643/S0325754120300018/v1_202012180643/es/main.assets"
  ]
  "en" => array:21 [
    "idiomaDefecto" => true
    "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original article</span>"
    "titulo" => "Optimization of production of xylanases with low cellulases in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fusarium solani</span> by means of a solid state fermentation using statistical experimental design"
    "tieneTextoCompleto" => true
    "paginas" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "paginaInicial" => "328"
        "paginaFinal" => "338"
      ]
    ]
    "autores" => array:1 [
      0 => array:4 [
        "autoresLista" => "Mauro M&#46; Mart&#237;nez-Pacheco, Alberto Flores-Garc&#237;a, Miguel A&#46; Zamudio-Jaramillo, Ma&#46; Carmen Ch&#225;vez-Parga, Mariana Alvarez-Navarrete"
        "autores" => array:5 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "nombre" => "Mauro M&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Mart&#237;nez-Pacheco"
            "email" => array:1 [
              0 => "mpacheco@umich.mx"
            ]
            "referencia" => array:2 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0005"
              ]
              1 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span>"
                "identificador" => "cor0005"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          1 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Alberto"
            "apellidos" => "Flores-Garc&#237;a"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0005"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          2 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Miguel A&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Zamudio-Jaramillo"
            "referencia" => array:2 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0010"
              ]
              1 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span>"
                "identificador" => "fn0005"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          3 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Ma&#46; Carmen"
            "apellidos" => "Ch&#225;vez-Parga"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0010"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          4 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Mariana"
            "apellidos" => "Alvarez-Navarrete"
            "referencia" => array:2 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0005"
              ]
              1 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span>"
                "identificador" => "fn0005"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "afiliaciones" => array:2 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Instituto de Investigaciones Qu&#237;mico Biol&#243;gicas&#44; Universidad Michoacana de San Nicol&#225;s de Hidalgo&#44; Francisco J&#46; M&#250;jica s&#47;n&#46; Col&#46; Felicitas del R&#237;o&#44; Morelia&#44; Michoac&#225;n&#44; CP 58060&#44; Mexico"
            "etiqueta" => "a"
            "identificador" => "aff0005"
          ]
          1 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Facultad de Ingenier&#237;a Qu&#237;mica&#44; Universidad Michoacana de San Nicol&#225;s de Hidalgo&#44; Francisco J&#46; M&#250;jica s&#47;n&#46; Col&#46; Felicitas del R&#237;o&#44; Morelia&#44; Michoac&#225;n&#44; CP 58060&#44; Mexico"
            "etiqueta" => "b"
            "identificador" => "aff0010"
          ]
        ]
        "correspondencia" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "cor0005"
            "etiqueta" => "&#8270;"
            "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author&#46;"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
      "es" => array:1 [
        "titulo" => "Optimizaci&#243;n de la producci&#243;n de xilanasas con celulasas bajas en <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fusarium solani</span> mediante una fermentaci&#243;n del estado s&#243;lido utilizando dise&#241;o experimental estad&#237;stico"
      ]
    ]
    "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [
      "original" => 0
      "multimedia" => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0025"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 5"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr5.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1131
            "Ancho" => 1341
            "Tamanyo" => 77552
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">HPLC profile of xylan digestion from treatment 8&#46; Monosaccharide standards &#40;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;ml&#41; were&#58; Arabinose&#44; red line&#59; Fructose&#44; lemon green line&#59; Glucose&#44; brown line&#59; Mannose&#44; pink line&#59; and Xylose&#44; dark green line&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The key enzymes involved in microbial xylanolysis are endoxylanases &#40;1&#44;4-&#946;-D-xylan xylanohydrolase&#44; EC 3&#46;2&#46;1&#46;8&#41; and &#946;-xylosidases &#40;1&#44;4-&#946;-xylan xylohydrolase&#44; EC 3&#46;2&#46;1&#46;37&#41;&#46; The products of the catalytic reaction on xylan are xylose&#44; xylobiose&#44; and xylooligosaccharides<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0425"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a>&#46; Xylanases&#44; cellulases&#44; and pectinases represent about 20&#37; of the world wide enzyme market and their use have increased exponentially in diverse biotechnological processes&#46; In some of these processes&#44; the products from the hydrolysis of xylan&#44; such as xylose and xylooligosaccharides are kept as valuable chemical products&#46; While in some biochemical processes&#44; it is necessary to eliminate them in order to keep the cellulose fibers intact&#44; such as in the case of the desirable cellulase-free xylanolytic complex<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#46; These enzymes have many applications in the food&#44; paper and cellulose pulp&#44; textile and chemical industries &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">i&#46;e&#46;</span> xylitol and biofuels&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#44;17&#44;25&#44;31&#44;36</span></a>&#46; Moreover&#44; the same enzymes are widely utilized in the treatment of lignocellulosic products from agricultural&#44; agroindustrial and municipal residues<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0420"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32&#44;47</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Industrially&#44; xylanases are produced mainly by two microbial fermentation methods&#44; the submerged fermentation &#40;SmF&#41; and the solid fermentation &#40;SSF&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0470"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42</span></a>&#46; Both processes show advantages and disadvantages&#46; For the selection of one method over the other&#44; it is necessary to carefully evaluate the quality of the products expected&#44; the producing microorganism&#44; the kind of substrates&#44; and the technological tools available&#46; In the last decade about 80&#8211;90&#37; commercial xylanases were produced by SmF<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#46; However&#44; SSF presents many advantages compared to SmF&#44; such as less space requirements&#44; lower costs and the abundance of agricultural waste as a substrate for the production of enzymes&#46; Moreover&#44; SSF involves simplicity of the fermentation media&#44; with fewer requirements for complex machinery&#44; equipment or control systems&#46; It also offers greater compactness of the fermentation vessel owing to a higher productivity per reactor volume&#44; reduced energy demand&#44; lower capital and low recurring costs under industrial operation&#46; Easy scale-up processes&#44; less downstream processing and superior yield&#44; absence of foam build-up&#44; and easier control of contaminants due to the low moisture levels in the system are additional advantages of the SSF<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;43</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nevertheless&#44; the SSF is commonly used for the production of enzyme and secondary metabolites in a minor scale<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0490"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">46</span></a>&#46; Unfortunately&#44; at industrial scale&#44; there are many engineering complications to control the key parameters of the SSF such as temperature&#44; pH&#44; O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#44; substrate concentration gradients&#44; humidity and microbial inoculant&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose&#44; 50&#37; of the total cost of the process is related to cellulase &#40;hemicellulases and cellulases&#41; acquisition&#46; Therefore&#44; the aim of this line of research is to reduce the costs to obtain these enzymes&#46; One way to achieve this is by researching the best conditions for the production of hemicellulases&#44; such as&#44; the selection of the producer organism&#44; substrates and microbial growth conditions&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Filamentous fungi are particularly interesting because they secrete cellulases into the culture media and their enzymatic activity level is remarkable in comparison with yeasts and bacteria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0380"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a>&#46; Even though&#44; the xylanases produced by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichoderma viride</span> or <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus oryzae</span> are commercially available&#44; these fungal enzymatic preparations have limitations to certain applications<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#46; To date&#44; no natural microorganism that produces an ideal enzyme preparation for biomass hydrolysis has been discovered&#46; Therefore&#44; enzyme preparations must be supplemented with native or recombinant enzymes for use in particular biotechnological applications and the search for new xylanases with potential biotechnological application is ongoing&#46; Moreover&#44; the production of xylanases from <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F&#46; solani</span> has been recently reported by the exploration of their xylanolytic activity<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> and enzyme production<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;22&#44;41</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Usually&#44; the xylanolytic activity is adjusted by varying one environmental or nutrimental factor while other factors are kept constant&#46; Unfortunately&#44; this is a highly costly and inefficient strategy because it cannot yield the best global response value as it disregards the influence of the interactions between factors in the process&#46; An interesting strategy for xylanase production is to reduce the unnecessary steps and treatments to minimize time and the process costs by experimental design methods<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;44&#44;49&#44;51</span></a>&#46; The aim of this work was to optimize the production of extracellular xylanases with low cellulolytic activity in a wild-type <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F&#46; solani</span> isolate&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Materials and methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Biological material</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The filamentous fungus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F&#46; solani</span> &#40;NCBI accession number JQ910159&#46;1&#41; isolated from a bean crop field was used in this study<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#46; It was previously selected for its ability to produce extracellular xylanases and was identified by molecular tools in the Laboratory of Cellular Physiology at Instituto de Investigaciones Qu&#237;mico Biol&#243;gicas of the Universidad Michoacana de San Nicol&#225;s de Hidalgo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F&#46; solani</span> spores were preserved on silica gel at 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#46; The monosporic fungal culture was propagated by successive reseeding in potato dextrose agar &#40;PDA&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Inoculum preparation</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Liquid culture medium was prepared with the following composition per liter of triple distilled water&#58; 1&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g &#40;NH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>SO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#44; 2&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g KH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>PO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#44; 0&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g urea&#44; 0&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g MgSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#183;7H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#44; 0&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g CaCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#44; 5&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg FeSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#183;7H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#44; 1&#46;56<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg MnSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#183;H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#44; 2&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg CoCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#44; 1&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg ZnSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#183;7H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#44; 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g beechwood xylan &#40;carbon source for fungus and its production of hydrolytic enzymes according to Bailey and co-workers<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#41;&#44; 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g dextrose&#44; 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;l vitamins solution &#40;MEM Vitamin Solution 1000&#215;&#44; Sigma Cell Culture&#41;&#46; The pH of the culture medium was adjusted to 5&#46;5 and was autoclaved at 121<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C for 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#46; Four <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F&#46; solani</span> propagules were inoculated into 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml of culture medium&#44; which was incubated at 150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>rpm at room temperature&#46; After 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h of incubation&#44; the mycelium was removed and washed three times with sterile deionized water&#46; An aliquot of 500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;l mycelium suspension was taken and 500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;l of 0&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>M NaOH was added&#46; The mixture was incubated for 14<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h at 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C to lyse the mycelium&#46; The sample was centrifuged at 12&#44;000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>rpm for 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#46; The supernatant was removed to measure the content of intracellular protein&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Xylanase production by fermentation</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Based on the treatments listed in the experimental design shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#44; the required amounts of carbon source &#40;CS&#58; beechwood xylan<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#41; and the three nitrogen sources were combined&#46; A 10x mixture of trace elements and vitamin solution was added &#40;100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;l&#47;ml of culture medium&#41;&#44; composed as follows per 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml of deionized water&#58; KH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>PO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#44; 2&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#59; MgSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#183;7H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#44; 0&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#59; CaCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#44; 0&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#59; FeSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#183;7H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#44; 5&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#59; MnSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#183;H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#44; 1&#46;56<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#59; CoCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#44; 2&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#59; ZnSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#183;7H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#44; 1&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#59; vitamin solution &#40;MEM Vitamins Solution 1000&#215;&#41;&#44; 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;l&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The solid support was formulated with xylan&#44; yeast extract&#44; ammonium sulfate or urea&#44; moistened with phosphate buffer supplemented with a mixture of trace elements and vitamins&#46; Fermentations were done in 200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml Erlenmeyer flasks that contained solid support and were inoculated with 500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;l of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F&#46; solani</span> mycelium suspension&#44; which represented 10&#37; of the culture medium volume and was equivalent to 39&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g of intracellular protein&#46; In all the treatments&#44; the initial pH and fermentation volume were 5&#46;0 and 6&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#44; respectively&#46; During the fermentation&#44; the pH was not controlled due to the presence of solid fermentation media and the difficulty to homogenize the buffer solution in these treatments&#46; The inoculated flasks were incubated for the time stated in the Box-Wilson Central Composite Design &#40;BW&#41; at 150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>rpm and room temperature&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Extraction of hydrolytic enzymes</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Flasks were removed from incubation and 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml of 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mM sodium citrate buffer&#44; pH 5&#46;0 were added to wash the solids&#46; The supernatant was separated from the solids by filtration through filter paper and by centrifugation at 10&#44;000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>rpm for 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#44; and was used to quantify extracellular protein and hydrolytic enzyme activities&#46; One unit &#40;U&#41; of enzyme activity is defined as the amount of enzyme that liberates 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;mol of reducing sugar per minute or <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-nitrophenol under the assay conditions&#46; Each assay was performed in triplicate&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Enzymatic assays</span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Endo-&#946;-1&#44;4-xylanase activity</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Endo-&#946;-1&#44;4-xylanase activity was measured by the method proposed by Bailey and coworkers<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#46; The reaction mixture contained 0&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml of 1&#37; &#40;w&#47;v&#41; birchwood xylan &#40;Sigma-Aldrich&#44; Co&#46;&#41; as substrate&#44; suspended in 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mM sodium citrate buffer pH 5&#46;0 and 0&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml of enzyme properly diluted &#40;0&#46;2&#8211;4&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;ml of protein&#41;&#46; These samples were thoroughly mixed and incubated at 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C for 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#46; The reaction was stopped by boiling the samples for 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min in a water bath&#44; followed by centrifugation at 5000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>rpm for 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#46; One milliliter of the reaction supernatant was extracted and the reducing sugars were quantified with xylose as standard&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Endocellulase activity</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The endocellulase activity &#40;endo-&#946;-1&#44;4-glucanase&#41; is a measure of total cellulase activity and was quantified by the modified method of Ghose<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0360"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&#46; The reaction mixture contained 0&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml of 1&#37; &#40;w&#47;v&#41; carboxymethylcellulose &#40;CMC purchased Sigma-Aldrich Co&#46;&#41; as substrate prepared in 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mM sodium citrate buffer pH 5&#46;0 and 0&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml of enzyme properly diluted &#40;0&#46;2&#8211;4&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;ml of protein&#41;&#46; These samples were thoroughly mixed and incubated at 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C for 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#46; The reducing sugars released were quantified with glucose as standard&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">&#946;-1&#44;4-Xylosidase activity</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The activity of &#946;-1&#44;4-xylosidase was determined according to the modified method of Kristufek and coworkers<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0405"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a>&#46; The reaction mixture contained 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;l of 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mM <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-nitrophenyl &#946;-xylopyranoside &#40;PNPX&#41; &#40;Sigma&#41; as substrate and enzyme equivalent to 0&#46;2&#8211;4&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;ml of protein&#44; properly diluted in 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mM sodium citrate buffer pH 5&#46;0&#44; in a total volume of 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#46; The samples were incubated at 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C during 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#46; The reaction was stopped by adding 2&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml of 1&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>M Na<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>&#46; The amount of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-nitrophenol released from PNPX was measured by monitoring the increase in absorbance at 410<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm and interpolating the absorbance value in a standard curve of absorbance against <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-nitrophenol concentration&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Quantification of reducing sugars</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The reducing sugars were quantified by the method proposed by Miller<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0445"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a> by adding 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml of 3&#44;5-dinitrosalicylic acid &#40;DNS&#41; reagent to 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml of reaction mixture&#46; Samples were incubated in a boiling water bath for 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#46; The reducing sugars released were measured at 540<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm in a UV-visible spectrophotometer &#40;Varian Cary 50&#174; Bio&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Quantification of extracellular protein</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The extracellular protein was quantified by the Lowry method with bovine serum albumin &#40;BSA&#41; as standard<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0430"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a>&#46; Each assay was performed in triplicate&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Analysis of fermentation products by high-performance liquid chromatography &#40;HPLC&#41;</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The fermentation products&#44; such as monosaccharides and oligosaccharides&#44; were detected from micro-filtered supernatants using HPLC&#44; with a 300<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm Metacarb 87C column&#44; &#40;Varian ProStar&#41; heated at 70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C with a column oven&#46; The monosaccharide standards used were arabinose&#44; fructose&#44; glucose&#44; mannose and xylose at a concentration of 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;ml for the qualitative analysis of the hydrolysis products&#46; Deionized water was used as a mobile phase with a flow rate of 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;min for 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#46; Detection was performed with a Varian ProStar 355 refractive index &#40;RI&#41; detector&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Experimental design</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Five factors were studied for the xylanase production by fungal fermentation&#58; fermentation time and concentrations of beechwood&#44; yeast extract&#44; ammonium sulfate and urea&#46; Beechwood xylan was used as CS&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A Box-Wilson &#40;BW&#41; central composite design was established consisting of a fractional factorial design 2<span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">k</span>&#8722;1</span> with sixteen factorial treatments&#44; ten axial treatments and one central treatment<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0450"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a>&#46; Twenty-seven different treatments were generated and replicated three times &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; The consideration is that a SSF is a fermentation process occurring in the absence &#40;or near absence&#41; of free water&#44; with enough moisture content to support growth and metabolism of microorganisms<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0475"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a>&#46; After sterilization&#44; the xylan fibers were hydrated and were swollen so that all treatments had a homogenous and uniform appearance without suspended solids&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The treatments were randomized to avoid biased results in the application of design&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a> shows the decoded levels of each factor&#46; Response variables measured were the activities of endo-&#946;-1&#44;4-xylanase&#44; exo-&#946;-1&#44;4-xylosidase and endocellulase&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Adjustment of conditions for xylanase production</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A general second-order model was proposed to estimate the effects of factors on the response variables&#46; Main effects as well as interactions and quadratic effects were included in the model used&#44; which is shown by Eq&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#eq0005">&#40;1&#41;</a>&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0005"></elsevierMultimedia>where <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">y</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span></span> is any of the response variables&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">x</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">i</span></span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">x</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">j</span></span> are the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">k</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5 factors&#44; the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#946;</span> coefficients are regression parameters and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#603;</span> experimental error&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The parameters of Eq&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#eq0005">&#40;1&#41;</a> were fitted to the fermentation results and they were statistically analyzed&#46; The desirability profile approach of Derringer and Suich<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> was used in the optimization of the response variables &#40;enzymatic activity&#41;&#46; This approach &#40;Eq&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#eq0005">&#40;1&#41;</a>&#41; allows to optimize a single objective variable called desirability&#44; which is a function of the responses in the model&#46; This method was used to find the best conditions for hydrolytic enzyme production using the software STATISTICAv8&#46;0&#174; &#40;Statsoft&#41; and the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">profiler</span> function in the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Generalized linear&#47;nonlinear</span> result window&#46; The solution takes into account the fact that the levels for the factors that maximize endoxylanase and &#946;-xylosidase activities must minimize endocellulase activity&#46; The 0 and 1 values of desirability were assigned to the minimum and maximum endoxylanase and &#946;-xylosidase activities obtained from the treatments with the BW design&#44; respectively&#46; Conversely&#44; for endocellulase activity&#44; 0 and 1 values were assigned to the maximum and minimum enzymatic activity&#44; respectively&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Results</span><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Hydrolytic enzyme activity in BW treatments</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The treatments obtained with the BW design were the following&#58; one&#44; in liquid medium &#40;17&#44; 2&#46;5&#37; CS&#41;&#44; eight&#44; in semisolid media &#40;1&#8211;8&#44; 35&#37; CS&#41;&#44; and eighteen&#44; in solid media &#40;19&#8211;27&#44; 67&#46;5&#37; CS&#44; 9&#8211;16&#44; 100&#37; CS&#44; and 18&#44; 132&#46;5&#37; CS&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The major production of endoxylases and &#946;-xylosidases was observed in treatment 8&#44; a solid culture &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>A&#41; and in treatment 17&#44; a liquid culture &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>B&#41;&#44; respectively&#46; On the other hand&#44; the minor cellulolytic activity was obtained in treatment 11&#44; a solid culture &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>C&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Interestingly&#44; the treatments for the best endoxylanase production were also the same for the endocellulase production &#40;2 and 8&#41;&#46; A correlation between the xylanolytic and cellulolytic activities was confirmed &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;71&#41;&#46; On the other hand&#44; a correlation between endoxylanases and &#946;-xylosidases was not observed &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;0&#46;41&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0090" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Model adjustment to experimental data</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Through the residual graphs for the model&#44; adjustment and their values of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> correlation coefficients indicated that the adjustments made were accepted for endoxylanase &#40;0&#46;73&#41; and endocellulase &#40;0&#46;81&#41;&#44; but not for &#946;-xylosidase &#40;0&#46;49&#41;&#46; According to the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span> test&#44; the quadratic models were fitted successfully&#44; since the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span> value for the models was greater than the critical values &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41;&#58; 8&#46;15 for endoxylanase&#44; 12&#46;88 for endocellulase and 2&#46;85 for &#946;-xylosidase&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">However&#44; the best theoretical nutritional factors and the theoretical fermentation time obtained with the BW model&#44; predicted the hydrolytic enzyme production in the following way&#58; endoxylanases<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>endocellulases<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>xylosidases at 120<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h of fermentation&#46; This theoretical result was contrasted with the best experimental treatment for the production of hydrolytic enzymes &#40;treatment 8&#41;&#44; see <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#46; The predicted behavior is observed with a numerical difference of two times for endoxylanases and three times for endocellulases&#46; The major hydrolytic enzyme production was the experimental and not the theoretical&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0095" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Effect of nutrimental factors on hydrolytic enzyme production</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The identification of the nutrimental factors that have an effect on the hydrolytic enzyme activities was evaluated&#46; The significance and effect of the nutrimental factors on enzyme production are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 2</a>&#46; Pareto diagrams show the nutriments that were significant for endoxylanase activity with low endocellulase activity and they were xylan&#44; yeast extract&#44; ammonium sulfate and urea&#46; Endoxylanase production with a minimum amount of endocellulases was possible when there was an increase in ammonium sulfate concentration as well as in the incubation time&#46; The quadratic value of the CS concentration had a positive effect on endoxylanase and endocellulase production&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0100" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Hydrolytic enzyme production</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The combination of the best conditions that produce the maximum level of endoxylanase and &#946;-xylosidase activities with the minimum level of endocellulase activity was obtained&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Figure 3</a> shows the results of the optimization calculations based on the desirability function&#46; The points with maximum desirability shown in the graph &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">x</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;5&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">x</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;l&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">x</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;l&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">x</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;l&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">x</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">5</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>120<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#41; were taken&#46; Then&#44; theoretical hydrolytic enzyme production was verified experimentally with the level of factors specified with the disability function&#46; The endoxylanase activity obtained almost doubled the value given by the model &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>&#41;&#46; The endoxylanase activity was of 10&#46;65<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>U&#47;mg and 2&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>U&#47;mg of endocellulases&#46; These nutrimental conditions and fermentation time were better than the conditions of treatment 8 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a> and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46; According to the verification of the disability parameters &#40;BW model&#41;&#44; the endocellulase activity decreased more than three times&#46; The endoxylanase activity was observed by HPLC&#44; there was a major signal of xylooligosaccharides and free monosaccharides were not detected &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig&#46; 5</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0105" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Discussion</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During the xylanase production by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F&#46; solani</span>&#44; it was important to already know the effect of one specific nutritional variable over the hydrolytic enzyme activities when we modify several factors at once&#46; In filamentous fungi&#44; the production of enzymes that degrade plant polymers such as cellulases&#44; hemicellulases&#44; ligninases&#44; and pectinases was regulated mainly through a coordinated pathway at a transcriptional level<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0390"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a>&#46; The turn on of the genes that codify these extracellular enzymes occur only when polymers&#44; molecules from polymers&#44; or other inductors are present<span class="elsevierStyleSup">52</span>&#46; There is a significant intercommunication between the induced expressions of the genes codifying for the different types of enzymes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0475"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a>&#46; This is an important knowledge that should be considered when inducing the productions of fungal hydrolytic enzymes in any type of the well-known production processes and in any new fermentation design&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Another important aspect is that xylanolytic enzymes have already been considered a biological possibility to recover cellulose fibers from lignocellulosic materials&#46; One characteristic of these enzymatic extracts is that they should have little or no cellulolytic activity to be used on a larger scale&#46; For that reason and through a scrutiny a wild <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F&#46; solani</span> isolate was chosen for its interesting xylanolytic activity and the poor cellulolytic activity when grown on xylan as the sole carbon source<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The major endoxylanase and &#946;-xylosidase activities were obtained in different culture conditions&#44; indicating that nutritional requirements for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F&#46; solani</span> are specific to produce a different kind of enzymatic activity<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0375"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a>&#46; Such as the nutrimental behavior of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pichia pastoris</span> observed in the heterologous expression of xylanases from <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Malbranchea cinnamomea</span> genes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Since the treatments for the best endoxylanase production were also the same for the endocellulase production &#40;2 and 8&#41;&#44; a correlation between the xylanolytic and cellulolytic enzymes confirmed that the production of both enzymes is closely associated&#46; A similar behavior was observed in the heterologous production of the endoxylanases from <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pycnoporus sanguineous</span> BAFC 2126<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0460"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In most of the treatments&#44; the production of endoxylanases and endocellulases is associated under these culture conditions&#44; where the endoxylanase activity is almost two times higher than the endocellulase activity&#46; However&#44;a lignocellulosic substrate for the production of these enzymes was not used in this work<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#44;52</span></a>&#46; Since the fermentation media were supplemented with pure xylan&#44; endocellulase production was also present&#46;</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This is due to the fact that the production of fungal extracellular glycohydrolases is coordinately regulated<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0515"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">51</span></a>&#46; The presence of small oligosaccharides in the fungal cytosol elicit a high level of synthesis of glycohydrolases with different specificities<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; These glycohydrolases act together in synergism for the degradation of polysaccharides<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For instance&#44; the same compounds may provoke expression of both cellulases and hemicellulases&#44; albeit to different extent<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; In <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus niger</span>&#44; the transcriptional regulator XlnR that was initially identified as the transcriptional regulator of xylanase-encoding genes controls the transcription of about 20&#8211;30 genes encoding hemicellulases and cellulases&#46; In addition&#44; the orthologous xyr1 &#40;xylanase regulator 1-encoding&#41; gene product of fungus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hypocrea jecorina</span> has a similar function as XlnR<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0500"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48</span></a>&#46; Some treatments did not maintain this tendency&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">i&#46;e&#46;</span> treatment 7&#44; in which endoxylanase production was six times higher than endocellulase&#46;</p><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The lack of correlation between endoxylanases and &#946;-xylosidases can be due to the type of fungal species&#44; the intrinsic nature of both enzymes&#44; the kind of reaction that these enzymes catalyze&#44; the CS used&#44; and the fact that &#946;-xylosidases are involved in a subsequent phase of xylan depolymerization&#46; These results are in agreement with data already reported where the major endoxylanase and &#946;-xylosidase production was observed at different nutritional conditions and fermentation times in a mutant strain of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus awamori</span> 2B&#46;361 U2&#47;1 and in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Colletotrichum graminicola</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0365"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21&#44;50</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In relation to the effect of the nutrimental factors on hydrolytic enzyme production&#44; the mathematical models indicate a negative effect in the production of endoxylanase&#44; &#946;-xylosidase and endocellulase when the concentration of CS increased due to the negative sign of the coefficient next to each histogram bar&#46; The culture media that had less amount of available water limited fungus growth and enzyme production&#46; It was not a surprising result in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F&#46; solani</span>&#44; since this behavior was also observed in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus</span> spp&#46; when it grew on different carbon sources<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0435"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a>&#46; This effect could be explained considering that in most SSF treatments the sterilized and hydrated xylan became a firm gel that perhaps limited nutrient diffusion and product secretion<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0395"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a>&#46; Consequently&#44; the water in the medium causes a swelling of xylan fibers&#44; and therefore&#44; a reduction in substrate porosity and limitation in oxygen transfer&#46; On the contrary&#44; when the humidity level decreases&#44; the nutrient solubility is reduced and causes a limited swelling with lower porosity&#46; Based on these results&#44; the catabolite xylose repression was discarded<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0395"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a>&#46; During the fermentation of xylan by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F&#46; solani</span>&#44; the highest activity of endoxylanase was observed in treatment 8&#44; where there was no xylose in the culture medium&#44; as can be shown in the HPLC results&#44; since monosaccharides were not detected&#46; It is possible that the fungus utilized the xylose at the same rate it hydrolyzed the xylan&#46;</p><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In treatments with low CS concentration&#44; the amount of available water was major&#46; This factor promotes the diffusion of chemical substances&#44; such as the monosaccharide xylose&#44; which could cause the repression of the endoxylanase synthesis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0410"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a>&#46; On the other hand&#44; when the CS concentration is major&#44; the available water is minor and diffusion of xylose and xylobiose is limited&#59; therefore&#44; this factor restricts their transport into the cytosol&#44; which diminishes their repressive effect in the synthesis of endoxylanases and endocellulases&#46; These results show the influence of culture conditions over the enzymatic activity produced by the fungus&#46; &#946;-xylosidase and endocellulase production was negatively affected by the incubation time<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0485"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45</span></a>&#46; The decrease in enzyme production could occur&#58; &#40;1&#41; as a consequence of the macro and micronutrients exhaustion in the culture medium during the fermentation and consequently&#44; the disruption in the fungus physiology&#59; therefore&#44; the fungal response is to inhibit the secretor process of the extracellular enzymes including the lignocellulose-degrading enzymes&#59; &#40;2&#41; the depolymerization of lignocellulosic materials occurs in the presence of a considerable amount of proteolytic enzymes that cause a significant reduction in xylanolytic activity as the fermentation time increases&#46;</p><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Based on the mathematical model&#44; the interaction between CS with urea supplied to the fermentation media had a significant role in the production of endoxylanases and endocellulases as it can be seen in the significance &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41; and effect of the factors on the response variable&#46; Carbon and nitrogen contribute to biomolecule synthesis and carbon is essential in the production of energy&#46; Therefore&#44; the positive interaction between both carbon and nitrogen sources for xylanolytic enzyme production is important&#46; However&#44; the interaction between CS and urea for both enzymes was negative&#44; due to the negative sign of the coefficient next to each histogram bar&#46; Although urea individually had a positive effect on the production of xylanases and cellulases&#44; it behaved negatively in the interaction with the carbon source&#44; possibly due to the persistent negative effect of the carbon source&#44; which was also observed individually&#46;</p><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The increment of urea concentration in the culture media favored the endoxylanase and endocellulase production&#44; whereas &#946;-xylosidases were not affected&#46; The yeast extract did not produce any effect on the three enzymes&#46; These results are in accordance with the observation that ammonium sulfate&#44; the yeast extract&#44; and the meat extract yielded a deficient enzyme production in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F&#46; solani</span> F7&#44; whereas ammonium nitrate and urea caused a considerable production of xylanases<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The combination of the best conditions that produce the maximum level of endoxylanase and &#946;-xylosidase activities with the minimum level of endocellulase activity was investigated&#46; The endoxylanases and endocellulases showed a similar behavioral pattern in function of the studied factors&#46; Therefore&#44; in order to minimize the cellulolytic activity&#44; in the process&#44; the necessary adjustments were made to affect as little as possible the desirable values of endoxylanase and &#946;-xylosidase activities&#46;</p><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although the endoxylanase activity was major in the solid media with 35&#37; CS &#40;treatment 8&#41; in comparison with the rest of the treatments&#44; according to the results&#44; the utilization of liquid media is recommendable &#40;2&#46;5&#37; CS&#41; because the &#946;-xylosidase activity would lightly increase and the cellulolytic activity would be significantly reduced<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During hydrolytic enzyme production&#44; the reduction of cellulolytic activity was expected&#46; It was inevitable that endoxylanase activity diminished since endoxylanases and endocellulases were associated&#44; such as observed in other fungi xylanase producers<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F&#46; solani</span> produced hydrolytic enzymes at 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#58; however&#44; the best fermentation time for maximum hydrolytic enzyme activities was at 120<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h in accordance with the adjustment&#46; The time for maximum xylanase production varies depending on the production method&#58; 120 and 144<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F&#46; solani</span> F7&#44; from immobilized and free cells&#44; respectively<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#44; and the organism&#58; 96&#44; 192 and 336<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus</span> sp&#46; M&#46;2&#46;8&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus fumigatus</span> M&#46;7&#46;3 and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Thermomucor</span> sp&#46; M&#46;7&#46;6&#44; respectively&#46; In sugar cane bagasse as CS under SSF and 207&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; graminicola</span> in wheat bran as CS under SSF<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39&#44;50</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After verification of conditions for hydrolytic enzyme production&#44; it was observed that these culture conditions did not favor &#946;-xylosidase production since enzymatic activity was not detected&#46; Interestingly&#44; the fermentation conditions limited endocellulase production in a favorable way&#44; and therefore&#44; a low endocellulase activity was detected&#46; Different transcriptional activators for xylanolysis and cellulolysis processes&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">e&#46;g&#46;</span> may explain this observation&#46; The transcriptional activator XlnR &#40;Xlr1&#47;Xyr1&#41; of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; niger</span> is an important regulator in the degradation of hemicellulose and cellulose by fungi&#44; as well as in the use of D-xylose <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">via</span> the catabolic pathway of the pentose&#46; XlnR homologs are commonly found in filamentous Ascomycetes and often assumed to have the same function in different fungi&#46; However&#44; for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fusarium graminearum</span> it was reported that the production of cellulases was not affected by the elimination of XlnR<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#44;15</span></a>&#46; The presence of endocellulases was observed in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F&#46; solani</span> as well as in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F&#46; graminerum</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Magnaporthe oryzae</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;28</span></a>&#46; These data suggest that <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F&#46; solani</span> has two transcriptional mechanisms&#44; one for the degradation of cellulose and another for the degradation of hemicellulose&#46;</p><p id="par0235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The use of SSF provides to the fungi a similar environmental condition to their natural habitat &#40;wood and organic material&#41;&#44; and therefore it would be expected that this condition would stimulate them to have a higher production of hemicellulolytic enzymes&#46; In the SSF&#44; the lowest xylanase production could be due to the high CS concentration&#46; The CS increases the viscosity of the media&#44; and therefore&#44; the diffusion and solubility of the media compounds as well as the transference of atmospheric gases &#40;oxygen and nitrogen&#41; are affected&#46; These results are in agreement with the ones obtained in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F&#46; solani</span> F7<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The use of model substrates&#44; like beechwood xylan&#44; to study the best conditions for the xylanase production by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F&#46; solani</span>&#44; represents an ideal approximation of lignocellulosic material degradation&#46; In the next phase of this research&#44; it will be interesting to study the utilization of lignocellulosic biomass or other polymers by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F&#46; solani</span>&#44; such as agricultural&#44; forestal and agroindustrial subproducts or municipal residues&#46; These polymers are rich in hemicellulose and are ideal to evaluate the hydrolytic enzyme production by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F&#46; solani</span>&#46; At the same time&#44; it will be interesting to find out if by using these polymers&#44; the enzyme production costs can be significantly reduced&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0110" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Conclusion</span><p id="par0245" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the wild-type isolate of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F&#46; solani</span> an experimental production of endoxylanases of 10&#46;65<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>U&#47;mg with an absence of endocellulases was achieved based on the best prediction of the BW model&#46; Its singular endoxylanases production and friendly manipulation of nutritional conditions are characteristics potentially useful in scaling the process to obtaining enzymes&#46; This fungal wild strain is useful for future experiments of directed evolution to obtain strains genetically modified for overproducing endoxylanases&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0115" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0250" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
    "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [
      "secciones" => array:12 [
        0 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "xres1437182"
          "titulo" => "Abstract"
          "secciones" => array:1 [
            0 => array:1 [
              "identificador" => "abst0005"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        1 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1311736"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
        ]
        2 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "xres1437183"
          "titulo" => "Resumen"
          "secciones" => array:1 [
            0 => array:1 [
              "identificador" => "abst0010"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        3 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1311737"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
        ]
        4 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0005"
          "titulo" => "Introduction"
        ]
        5 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0010"
          "titulo" => "Materials and methods"
          "secciones" => array:10 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0015"
              "titulo" => "Biological material"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0020"
              "titulo" => "Inoculum preparation"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0025"
              "titulo" => "Xylanase production by fermentation"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0030"
              "titulo" => "Extraction of hydrolytic enzymes"
            ]
            4 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "sec0035"
              "titulo" => "Enzymatic assays"
              "secciones" => array:3 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "identificador" => "sec0040"
                  "titulo" => "Endo-&#946;-1&#44;4-xylanase activity"
                ]
                1 => array:2 [
                  "identificador" => "sec0045"
                  "titulo" => "Endocellulase activity"
                ]
                2 => array:2 [
                  "identificador" => "sec0050"
                  "titulo" => "&#946;-1&#44;4-Xylosidase activity"
                ]
              ]
            ]
            5 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0055"
              "titulo" => "Quantification of reducing sugars"
            ]
            6 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0060"
              "titulo" => "Quantification of extracellular protein"
            ]
            7 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0065"
              "titulo" => "Analysis of fermentation products by high-performance liquid chromatography &#40;HPLC&#41;"
            ]
            8 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0070"
              "titulo" => "Experimental design"
            ]
            9 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0075"
              "titulo" => "Adjustment of conditions for xylanase production"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        6 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0080"
          "titulo" => "Results"
          "secciones" => array:4 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0085"
              "titulo" => "Hydrolytic enzyme activity in BW treatments"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0090"
              "titulo" => "Model adjustment to experimental data"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0095"
              "titulo" => "Effect of nutrimental factors on hydrolytic enzyme production"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0100"
              "titulo" => "Hydrolytic enzyme production"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        7 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0105"
          "titulo" => "Discussion"
        ]
        8 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0110"
          "titulo" => "Conclusion"
        ]
        9 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0115"
          "titulo" => "Conflict of interest"
        ]
        10 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xack501432"
          "titulo" => "Acknowledgements"
        ]
        11 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "References"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2018-12-13"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2019-12-10"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1311736"
          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Endoxylanase"
            1 => "&#946;-Xylosidase"
            2 => "Endocellulase"
            3 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fusarium solani</span>"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "es" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1311737"
          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Endoxilanasa"
            1 => "&#946;-xilosidasa"
            2 => "Endocelulasa"
            3 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fusarium solani</span>"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Demand for fungal xylanases in industrial biotechnological processes shows a clear increase worldwide&#44; so there is an interest in adjusting the conditions of microbial xylanases production&#46; In this study&#44; the ability of the fungus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fusarium solani</span> to produce extracellular xylanases with low cellulolytic activity was optimized by Box Wilson design&#46; The best culture conditions were determined to obtain a crude enzyme preparation with significant xylanolytic activity and little cellulolytic activity&#46; In most treatments&#44; the xylanolytic activity was higher than the cellulolytic activity&#46; A negative effect on the production of endoxylanases&#44; &#946;-xylosidases and endocellulases was observed with the increasing of xylan concentration&#46; Increasing the incubation time adversely affected the production of endocellulases and &#946;-xylosidases&#46; According to the mathematical model and experimental tests&#44; it is possible to produce endoxylanases with minimal endocellulase activity increasing incubation time and the concentration of ammonium sulfate&#46; The optimal culture conditions to produce a greater amount of endoxylanases &#40;10&#46;65<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>U&#47;mg&#41; and low endocellulases from <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F&#46; solani</span> were&#58; 2&#46;5&#37; &#40;w&#47;v&#41; xylan&#44; 5&#46;0&#44; 2&#46;0 and 0&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;l&#44; of yeast extract&#44; ammonium sulfate and urea&#44; respectively&#44; with 120<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h of incubation&#46;</p></span>"
      ]
      "es" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La demanda de xilanasas f&#250;ngicas en los procesos biotecnol&#243;gicos industriales muestra un claro aumento en todo el mundo&#44; por lo que hay un inter&#233;s en ajustar las condiciones de producci&#243;n de xilanasas microbianas&#46; En este estudio se optimiz&#243; la capacidad del hongo <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fusarium solani</span> para producir xilanasas extracelulares con escasa actividad celulol&#237;tica mediante el dise&#241;o de Box-Wilson&#46; Se determinaron las mejores condiciones de cultivo para obtener una preparaci&#243;n enzim&#225;tica cruda con una actividad xilanol&#237;tica significativa y poca actividad celulol&#237;tica&#46; En la mayor&#237;a de los tratamientos&#44; la actividad xilanol&#237;tica fue mayor que la actividad celulol&#237;tica&#46; Se observ&#243; un efecto negativo sobre la producci&#243;n de endoxilanasas&#44; &#946;-xilosidasas y endocelulasas con el aumento de la concentraci&#243;n de xilano&#46; El aumento del tiempo de incubaci&#243;n afect&#243; adversamente la producci&#243;n de endocelulasas y &#946;-xilosidasas&#46; De acuerdo con el modelo matem&#225;tico y las pruebas experimentales&#44; es posible producir endoxilanasas con una actividad endocelulasa m&#237;nima aumentando el tiempo de incubaci&#243;n y la concentraci&#243;n de sulfato de amonio&#46; Las condiciones de cultivo &#243;ptimas para producir una mayor cantidad de endoxilanasas &#40;10&#44;65<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>U&#47;mg&#41; y m&#237;nima cantidad de endocelulasas fueron 2&#44;5&#37; &#40;p&#47;v&#41; de xilano y 5&#44; 2 y 0&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;l de extracto de levadura&#44; sulfato de amonio y urea&#44; respectivamente&#44; con 120<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h de incubaci&#243;n&#46;</p></span>"
      ]
    ]
    "NotaPie" => array:1 [
      0 => array:3 [
        "etiqueta" => "1"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015">These two authors are working now at Instituto Tecnol&#243;gico de Morelia&#44; Av&#46; Tecnol&#243;gico &#35;1500&#44; Col&#46; Lomas de Santiaguito&#44; Morelia&#44; Michoac&#225;n&#44; CP 58120&#44; Mexico&#46;</p>"
        "identificador" => "fn0005"
      ]
    ]
    "multimedia" => array:9 [
      0 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 2337
            "Ancho" => 1140
            "Tamanyo" => 178452
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Profiles of hydrolytic enzymes obtained from the BW design&#58; &#40;A&#41; endoxylanase&#44; &#40;B&#41; &#946;-xylosidase&#44; and &#40;C&#41; endocellulase&#46; The values represent the average<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>standard error&#44; n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      1 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 3415
            "Ancho" => 1508
            "Tamanyo" => 543137
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Significance and effect of the factors on the response variable&#58; &#40;A&#41; endoxylanase&#44; &#40;B&#41; &#946;-xylosidase&#44; and &#40;C&#41; endocellulase&#46; &#40;L&#41; Linear effect of the factor&#44; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Q</span>&#41; quadratic effect of the factor&#44; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">x</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#41; concentration of carbon source &#40;w&#47;v&#44;&#37;&#41;&#44; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">x</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41; concentration of yeast extract &#40;g&#47;l&#41;&#44; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">x</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>&#41; concentration of ammonium sulfate &#40;g&#47;l&#41;&#44; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">x</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#41; concentration of urea &#40;g&#47;l&#41;&#44; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">x</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">5</span>&#41; Time &#40;h&#41; &#40;STATISTICAv8&#46;0&#174;&#44; Statsoft&#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      2 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0015"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1291
            "Ancho" => 2508
            "Tamanyo" => 181161
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Desirability profiles for hydrolytic enzyme production&#46; Dotted line represents optimal conditions calculated for the desirability function&#46; For calculations&#44; the 0 and 1 values of desirability were assigned to the minimum and maximum endoxylanase and &#946;-xylosidase activities obtained from treatments of BW design&#44; respectively&#46; Conversely&#44; for endocellulase activity&#44; 0 and 1 values were assigned to the maximum and minimum enzymatic activity&#44; respectively &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">x</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#41; concentration of carbon source &#40;w&#47;v&#44;&#37;&#41;&#44; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">x</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41; concentration of yeast extract &#40;g&#47;l&#41;&#44; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">x</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>&#41; concentration of ammonium sulfate &#40;g&#47;l&#41;&#44; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">x</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#41; concentration of urea &#40;g&#47;l&#41;&#44; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">x</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">5</span>&#41; time &#40;h&#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      3 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0020"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 4"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 955
            "Ancho" => 1341
            "Tamanyo" => 44960
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Comparison of the hydrolytic enzyme &#40;&#9632;&#41; theoretical&#44; &#40;&#9632;&#41; experimental&#46; The values represent the average<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>standard error&#44; n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      4 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0025"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 5"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr5.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1131
            "Ancho" => 1341
            "Tamanyo" => 77552
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">HPLC profile of xylan digestion from treatment 8&#46; Monosaccharide standards &#40;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;ml&#41; were&#58; Arabinose&#44; red line&#59; Fructose&#44; lemon green line&#59; Glucose&#44; brown line&#59; Mannose&#44; pink line&#59; and Xylose&#44; dark green line&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      5 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at1"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:1 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Treatment&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">x</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">x</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">x</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">x</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">x</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">5</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#43;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#43;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#43;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#43;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#43;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#43;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#43;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#43;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#43;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#43;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#43;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#43;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#43;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#43;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#43;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#43;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#43;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#43;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#43;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#43;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#43;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#43;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#43;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#43;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#43;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#43;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#43;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#43;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#43;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#43;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#43;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#43;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#43;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#43;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#43;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#43;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#43;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#43;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#43;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#43;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#43;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#43;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#43;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">23&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#43;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">26&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#43;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">27&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">x</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> Concentration of carbon source &#40;g&#47;l&#41;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">x</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> Concentration of the yeast extract &#40;g&#47;l&#41;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">x</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> Concentration of ammonium sulfate &#40;g&#47;l&#41;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">x</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> Concentration of urea &#40;g&#47;l&#41;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">x</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">5</span> Time &#40;h&#41;</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab2472146.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">BW treatments using the codified factor levels&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      6 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at2"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:1 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Factor</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Level</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#8722;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#8722;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#43;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#43;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">x</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> &#91;Carbon source &#40;g&#47;l&#41;&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">350&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">675&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1325&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">x</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#91;Yeast extract &#40;g&#47;l&#41;&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">x</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> &#91;Ammonium sulfate &#40;g&#47;l&#41;&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">x</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> &#91;Urea &#40;g&#47;l&#41;&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">35&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">65&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">95&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">125&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">x</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">5</span> &#91;Fermentation time &#40;h&#41;&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">48&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">84&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">120&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">156&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">192&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab2472147.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Decodified factor levels&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      7 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0015"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at3"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:3 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Experimental data for enzymatic activity correspond to treatment 8 and they are average<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SE</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Condition&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Fermentation time &#40;h&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Best nutrimental condition &#40;g&#47;l&#41;</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Enzymatic activity &#40;U&#47;mg&#41;</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">FC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Yeast extract&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#40;NH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>SO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Urea&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Endoxylanase&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#946;-Xylosidase&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Endocellulase&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Theoretical&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">120&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;62<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>38<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl3fn1">&#42;</a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;33<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;22<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl3fn1">&#42;</a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;49<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;1<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl3fn1">&#42;</a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Experimental&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">84&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">350&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&#46;09<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;92<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;31<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;01<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;35<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;12<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab2472148.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          "notaPie" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tbl3fn1"
              "etiqueta" => "&#42;"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Theoretical data correspond to model prediction<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>prediction interval at optimal conditions&#46;</p> <p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">a</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleBold">b</span> super indexes correspond to homogeneous groups obtained by the Tukey&#39;s test at <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05 &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#41;&#46;</p>"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Experimental verification of the best theoretical condition obtained with the BW model for hydrolytic enzyme production&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      8 => array:6 [
        "identificador" => "eq0005"
        "etiqueta" => "&#40;1&#41;"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA"
        "mostrarFloat" => false
        "mostrarDisplay" => true
        "Formula" => array:5 [
          "Matematica" => "yn&#61;&#946;0&#43;&#8721;i&#61;lk&#946;ixi&#43;&#8721;i&#61;1k&#946;iixii2&#43;&#8721;jk&#8721;i&#61;1k&#946;ikxixj&#43;&#949;j"
          "Fichero" => "STRIPIN_si1.jpeg"
          "Tamanyo" => 3828
          "Alto" => 49
          "Ancho" => 317
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0015"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:52 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0265"
              "etiqueta" => "1"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Characterization of novel <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichoderma hemicellulase</span> and its use to enhance downstream processing of lignocellulosic biomass to simple fermentable sugars"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "K&#46;A&#46; Ajijolakewu"
                            1 => "C&#46;P&#46; Leh"
                            2 => "C&#46;K&#46; Lee"
                            3 => "W&#46;A&#46;W&#46; Nadiah"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Biocatal Agric Biotechnol"
                        "fecha" => "2017"
                        "volumen" => "11"
                        "paginaInicial" => "166"
                        "paginaFinal" => "175"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0270"
              "etiqueta" => "2"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "computational method for prediction of xylanase enzymes activity in strains of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus subtilis</span> based on pseudo amino acid composition features"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "S&#46; Ariaeenejad"
                            1 => "M&#46; Mousivand"
                            2 => "P&#46; Moradi Dezfouli"
                            3 => "M&#46; Hashemi"
                            4 => "K&#46; Kavousi"
                            5 => "G&#46;A&#46; Hosseini Salekdeh"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1371/journal.pone.0205796"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "PLoS One"
                        "fecha" => "2018"
                        "volumen" => "13"
                        "paginaInicial" => "e0205796"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30346964"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0275"
              "etiqueta" => "3"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Saccharification of lignocellulosic materials by cellulolytic and xylanolytic <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Paenibacillus illioisensis</span> CX11"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "A&#46;A&#46;Q&#46; Ahmed"
                            1 => "T&#46; McKay"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Asian J Appl Sci"
                        "fecha" => "2017"
                        "volumen" => "05"
                        "paginaInicial" => "259"
                        "paginaFinal" => "264"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0280"
              "etiqueta" => "4"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Mycosphere Essay 10&#58; properties and characteristics of microbial xylanases"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "J&#46; &#193;lvarez-Cervantes"
                            1 => "E&#46;M&#46; Dom&#237;nguez-Hern&#225;ndez"
                            2 => "Y&#46; Mercado-Flores"
                            3 => "A&#46; O&#8217;Donovan"
                            4 => "G1&#46; D&#237;az-God&#237;nez"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Mycosphere"
                        "fecha" => "2016"
                        "volumen" => "7"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1600"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1619"
                        "itemHostRev" => array:3 [
                          "pii" => "S0165587618301083"
                          "estado" => "S300"
                          "issn" => "01655876"
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            4 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0285"
              "etiqueta" => "5"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Characterization of production of laccases&#44; cellulases and xylanases of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pleurotus ostreaus</span> grown on solid-state fermentation using an inert support"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "J&#46; &#193;lvarez-Cervantes"
                            1 => "C&#46; Sanchez"
                            2 => "R&#46; D&#237;az"
                            3 => "G&#46; D&#237;az-God&#237;nez"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Rev Mex Ing Qu&#237;m"
                        "fecha" => "2016"
                        "volumen" => "15"
                        "paginaInicial" => "323"
                        "paginaFinal" => "331"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            5 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0290"
              "etiqueta" => "6"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Selection and molecular identification of fungal isolates that produce xylanolytic enzymes"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "M&#46; &#193;lvarez-Navarrete"
                            1 => "G&#46;E&#46; Reyna L&#243;pez"
                            2 => "A&#46; Flores Garc&#237;a"
                            3 => "R&#46; L&#243;pez G&#243;mez"
                            4 => "M&#46;M&#46; Mart&#237;nez-Pacheco"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.4238/2015.July.17.19"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Genet Mol Res"
                        "fecha" => "2015"
                        "volumen" => "14"
                        "paginaInicial" => "8100"
                        "paginaFinal" => "8116"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26214493"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                        "itemHostRev" => array:3 [
                          "pii" => "S0007091217313715"
                          "estado" => "S300"
                          "issn" => "00070912"
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            6 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0295"
              "etiqueta" => "7"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Regulation of cellulase and hemicellulase gene expression in fungi"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "A&#46; Amore"
                            1 => "S&#46; Giacobbe"
                            2 => "V&#46; Faraco"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.2174/1389202911314040002"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Curr Genomics"
                        "fecha" => "2013"
                        "volumen" => "14"
                        "paginaInicial" => "230"
                        "paginaFinal" => "249"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24294104"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            7 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0300"
              "etiqueta" => "8"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Extracellular xylanase production by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fusarium</span> species in solid state fermentation"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "M&#46;I&#46;E&#46; Arabi"
                            1 => "Y&#46; Bakri"
                            2 => "M&#46; Jawhar"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Pol J Microbiol"
                        "fecha" => "2011"
                        "volumen" => "60"
                        "paginaInicial" => "209"
                        "paginaFinal" => "212"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22184927"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            8 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0305"
              "etiqueta" => "9"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Interlaboratory testing of methods for assay of xylanase activity"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "M&#46;J&#46; Bailey"
                            1 => "P&#46; Biely"
                            2 => "K&#46; Poutanen"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Biotechnol"
                        "fecha" => "1992"
                        "volumen" => "23"
                        "paginaInicial" => "257"
                        "paginaFinal" => "271"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            9 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0310"
              "etiqueta" => "10"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Molecular and xylanolytic variation identified among isolates of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fusarium</span> species"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "Y&#46; Bakri"
                            1 => "M&#46; Jawhar"
                            2 => "M&#46;I&#46;E&#46; Arabi"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Plant Biol Res"
                        "fecha" => "2012"
                        "volumen" => "1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "51"
                        "paginaFinal" => "56"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            10 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0315"
              "etiqueta" => "11"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Characterization of two endo-&#946;-1&#44;4-xylanases from <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Myceliophthora thermophila</span> and their saccharification efficiencies&#44; synergistic with commercial cellulase"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:7 [
                            0 => "A&#46; Basit"
                            1 => "J&#46; Liu"
                            2 => "T&#46; Miao"
                            3 => "F&#46; Zheng"
                            4 => "K&#46; Rahim"
                            5 => "H&#46; Lou"
                            6 => "W&#46; Jiang"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.3389/fmicb.2018.00001"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Front Microbiol"
                        "fecha" => "2018"
                        "volumen" => "9"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1"
                        "paginaFinal" => "11"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29403456"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            11 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0320"
              "etiqueta" => "12"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Expression of catalytically efficient xylanases from thermophilic fungus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Malbranchea cinnamomea</span> far synergistically enhancing hydrolysis of lignocellulosics"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "N&#46; Basotra"
                            1 => "S&#46; Joshi"
                            2 => "T&#46; Satyanarayana"
                            3 => "P&#46;K&#46; Pati"
                            4 => "A&#46; Tsange"
                            5 => "B&#46;S&#46; Chadha"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Int J Biol Macromol"
                        "fecha" => "2018"
                        "volumen" => "108"
                        "paginaInicial" => "185"
                        "paginaFinal" => "192"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            12 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0325"
              "etiqueta" => "13"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Xlr1 is involved in the transcriptional control of the pentose catabolic pathway&#44; but not hemi-cellulolytic enzymes in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Magnaporthe oryzae</span>"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "E&#46; Battaglia"
                            1 => "S&#46; Klaubauf"
                            2 => "J&#46; Vallet"
                            3 => "C&#46; Ribot"
                            4 => "M&#46;H&#46; Lebrun"
                            5 => "R&#46;P&#46; de Vries"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.fgb.2013.06.005"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Fungal Genet Biol"
                        "fecha" => "2013"
                        "volumen" => "57"
                        "paginaInicial" => "76"
                        "paginaFinal" => "84"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23810898"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            13 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0330"
              "etiqueta" => "14"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Xyr1 regulates xylanase but not cellulase formation in the head blight fungus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fusarium graminearum</span>"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "K&#46; Brunner"
                            1 => "A&#46;M&#46; Lichtenauer"
                            2 => "K&#46; Kratochwill"
                            3 => "M&#46; Delic"
                            4 => "R&#46;L&#46; Mach"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/s00294-007-0154-x"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Curr Genet"
                        "fecha" => "2007"
                        "volumen" => "52"
                        "paginaInicial" => "213"
                        "paginaFinal" => "220"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17924109"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            14 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0335"
              "etiqueta" => "15"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Role of the transcriptional activator xlnR of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fusarium oxysporum</span> in regulation of xylanase genes and virulence"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "F&#46; Calero-Nieto"
                            1 => "A&#46; Di Pietro"
                            2 => "M&#46;I&#46; Roncero"
                            3 => "C&#46; Hera"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1094/MPMI-20-8-0977"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Mol Plant Microbe Interact"
                        "fecha" => "2007"
                        "volumen" => "20"
                        "paginaInicial" => "977"
                        "paginaFinal" => "985"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17722701"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                        "itemHostRev" => array:3 [
                          "pii" => "S0165587618301873"
                          "estado" => "S300"
                          "issn" => "01655876"
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            15 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0340"
              "etiqueta" => "16"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Optimization of cellulase-free xylanase production by thermophilic <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Streptomyces thermovulgaris</span> TISTR1948 through Plackett-Burman and response surface methodological approaches"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "T&#46; Chaiyaso"
                            1 => "A&#46; Kuntiya"
                            2 => "C&#46; Techapun"
                            3 => "N&#46; Leksawasdi"
                            4 => "P&#46; Seesuriyachan"
                            5 => "P&#46; Hanmoungjai"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1271/bbb.100756"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Biosci Biotechnol Biochem"
                        "fecha" => "2011"
                        "volumen" => "75"
                        "paginaInicial" => "531"
                        "paginaFinal" => "537"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21389598"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            16 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0345"
              "etiqueta" => "17"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Isolation and characterization of endocellulase-free multienzyme complex from newly isolated <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum</span> strain NOI-1"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:7 [
                            0 => "S&#46; Chimtong"
                            1 => "C&#46; Tachaapaikoon"
                            2 => "P&#46; Pason"
                            3 => "K&#46;L&#46; Kyu"
                            4 => "A&#46; Kosugi"
                            5 => "Y&#46; Mori"
                            6 => "K&#46; Ratanakhanokchai"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Microbiol Biotechnol"
                        "fecha" => "2011"
                        "volumen" => "21"
                        "paginaInicial" => "284"
                        "paginaFinal" => "292"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21464600"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            17 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0350"
              "etiqueta" => "18"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Purification and characterization of two low molecular mass alkaline xylanases from <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fusarium oxysporum</span> F3"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "P&#46; Christakopoulos"
                            1 => "W&#46; Nerinckx"
                            2 => "D&#46; Kekos"
                            3 => "B&#46; Macris"
                            4 => "M&#46; Claeyssens"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/0168-1656(96)01619-7"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Biotechnol"
                        "fecha" => "1996"
                        "volumen" => "51"
                        "paginaInicial" => "181"
                        "paginaFinal" => "189"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8987884"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            18 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0355"
              "etiqueta" => "19"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Simultaneous optimization of several response variables"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "G&#46; Derringer"
                            1 => "R&#46; Suich"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Qual Technol"
                        "fecha" => "1980"
                        "volumen" => "12"
                        "paginaInicial" => "214"
                        "paginaFinal" => "219"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            19 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0360"
              "etiqueta" => "20"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Measurement of cellulase activities"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "T&#46;K&#46; Ghose"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Pure Appl Chem"
                        "fecha" => "1987"
                        "volumen" => "59"
                        "paginaInicial" => "257"
                        "paginaFinal" => "268"
                        "itemHostRev" => array:3 [
                          "pii" => "S0007091217302155"
                          "estado" => "S300"
                          "issn" => "00070912"
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            20 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0365"
              "etiqueta" => "21"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Efficient production of lignocellulolytic enzymes xylanase &#946;-xylosidase&#44; ferulic acid esterase and &#946;-glucosidase by the mutant strain <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus awamori</span> 2B&#46;361 U2&#47;1"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "L&#46;M&#46;F&#46; Gottschalk"
                            1 => "R&#46;S&#46; Paredes"
                            2 => "R&#46;S&#46;S&#46; Teixeira"
                            3 => "A&#46;S&#46;A&#46; da Silva"
                            4 => "E&#46;P&#46;S&#46; Bon"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1590/S1517-83822013000200037"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Braz J Microbiol"
                        "fecha" => "2013"
                        "volumen" => "44"
                        "paginaInicial" => "569"
                        "paginaFinal" => "576"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24294256"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            21 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0370"
              "etiqueta" => "22"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Optimization of xylanase production from free and immobilized cells of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fusarium solani</span> F7"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "V&#46;K&#46; Gupta"
                            1 => "R&#46; Gaur"
                            2 => "S&#46;K&#46; Yadava"
                            3 => "N&#46;S&#46; Darmwal"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Bioresources"
                        "fecha" => "2009"
                        "volumen" => "4"
                        "paginaInicial" => "932"
                        "paginaFinal" => "945"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            22 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0375"
              "etiqueta" => "23"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Cellulose and hemicellulose-degrading enzymes in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fusarium</span> commune transcriptome and functional characterization of three identified xylanases"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "Y&#46; Huang"
                            1 => "P&#46; Kamp Busk"
                            2 => "L&#46; Lange"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.enzmictec.2015.03.001"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Enzyme Microb Technol"
                        "fecha" => "2015"
                        "volumen" => "73"
                        "paginaInicial" => "9"
                        "paginaFinal" => "19"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26002499"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            23 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0380"
              "etiqueta" => "24"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Xylanases&#44; cellulases&#44; and acid protease produced by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Stenocarpella maydis</span> grown in solid state and submerged fermentation"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:7 [
                            0 => "E&#46;M&#46; Hern&#225;ndez Dom&#237;nguez"
                            1 => "A&#46;R&#46; R&#237;os Latorre"
                            2 => "J&#46; Alvarez Cervantes"
                            3 => "O&#46; Loera Corral"
                            4 => "A&#46;D&#46; Rom&#225;n Guti&#233;rrez"
                            5 => "G&#46; D&#237;az God&#237;nez"
                            6 => "Y&#46; Mercador Flores"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "BioResourses"
                        "fecha" => "2014"
                        "volumen" => "9"
                        "paginaInicial" => "2341"
                        "paginaFinal" => "2358"
                        "itemHostRev" => array:3 [
                          "pii" => "S016558761300061X"
                          "estado" => "S300"
                          "issn" => "01655876"
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            24 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0385"
              "etiqueta" => "25"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Expression of a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichoderma reesei</span> b-xylanase gene in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Escherichia coli</span> and activity of the enzyme on fiber-bound substrates"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "H&#46; Jun"
                            1 => "Y&#46; Bing"
                            2 => "Z&#46; Keying"
                            3 => "D&#46; Xuemei"
                            4 => "C&#46; Daiwen"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.pep.2008.07.015"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Protein Expr Purif"
                        "fecha" => "2009"
                        "volumen" => "67"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1"
                        "paginaFinal" => "6"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18725302"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            25 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0390"
              "etiqueta" => "26"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Microbial xylanases&#58; engineering&#44; production and industrial applications"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "V&#46; Juturu"
                            1 => "J&#46;C&#46; Wu"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.11.006"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Biotechnol Adv"
                        "fecha" => "2012"
                        "volumen" => "30"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1219"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1227"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22138412"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            26 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0395"
              "etiqueta" => "27"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Optimization of growth conditions for xylanase production by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus niger</span> in solid state fermentation"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "V&#46; Kavya"
                            1 => "T&#46; Padmavathi"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Pol J Microbiol"
                        "fecha" => "2009"
                        "volumen" => "58"
                        "paginaInicial" => "125"
                        "paginaFinal" => "130"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19824396"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            27 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0400"
              "etiqueta" => "28"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Similar is not the same&#58; differences in the function of the &#40;hemi-&#41;cellulolytic regulator XlnR &#40;Xlr1&#47;Xyr1&#41; in filamentous fungi"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:10 [
                            0 => "S&#46; Klaubauf"
                            1 => "H&#46;M&#46; Narang"
                            2 => "H&#46; Post"
                            3 => "M&#46; Zhou"
                            4 => "K&#46; Brunner"
                            5 => "A&#46;R&#46; Mach-Aigner"
                            6 => "R&#46;L&#46; Mach"
                            7 => "A&#46;J&#46;R&#46; Heck"
                            8 => "A&#46;F&#46;M&#46; Altelaar"
                            9 => "R&#46;P&#46; de Vries"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.fgb.2014.07.007"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Fungal Genet Biol"
                        "fecha" => "2014"
                        "volumen" => "72"
                        "paginaInicial" => "73"
                        "paginaFinal" => "81"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25064064"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            28 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0405"
              "etiqueta" => "29"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Regulation of &#946;-xylosidase formation by xylose in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichoderma reesei</span>"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "D&#46; Kristufek"
                            1 => "S&#46; Zeilinger"
                            2 => "C&#46;P&#46; Kubicek"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"
                        "fecha" => "1995"
                        "volumen" => "42"
                        "paginaInicial" => "713"
                        "paginaFinal" => "717"
                        "itemHostRev" => array:3 [
                          "pii" => "S0165587618302799"
                          "estado" => "S300"
                          "issn" => "01655876"
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            29 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0410"
              "etiqueta" => "30"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Effect of salicin on induction and carbon catabolite repression of endoxylanase synthesis in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Penicillum janthinellum</span> MTCC 10889"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "A&#46; Kundu"
                            1 => "R&#46;R&#46; Ray"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.2478/s11696-013-0478-6"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Chem Papers"
                        "fecha" => "2014"
                        "volumen" => "68"
                        "paginaInicial" => "451"
                        "paginaFinal" => "456"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            30 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0415"
              "etiqueta" => "31"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "GH10 xylanase D from <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Penicillium funiculosum</span>&#58; biochemical studies and xylooligosaccharide production"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Lafond"
                            1 => "A&#46; Tauzin"
                            2 => "V&#46; Desseaux"
                            3 => "E&#46; Bonnin"
                            4 => "E&#46;H&#46; Ajandouz"
                            5 => "T&#46; Giardina"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1186/1475-2859-10-1"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Microb Cell Fact"
                        "fecha" => "2011"
                        "volumen" => "10"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1"
                        "paginaFinal" => "8"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21211066"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                        "itemHostRev" => array:3 [
                          "pii" => "S0165587615004966"
                          "estado" => "S300"
                          "issn" => "01655876"
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            31 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0420"
              "etiqueta" => "32"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Origin of fungal biomass degrading enzymes&#58; evolution&#44; diversity and function of enzymes of early lineage fungi"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "L&#46; Lange"
                            1 => "B&#46; Pilgaard"
                            2 => "F&#46;A&#46; Herbst"
                            3 => "P&#46;K&#46; Busk"
                            4 => "F&#46; Gleason"
                            5 => "A&#46;G&#46; Pedersen"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Fungal Biol Rev"
                        "fecha" => "2019"
                        "volumen" => "33"
                        "paginaInicial" => "82"
                        "paginaFinal" => "97"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            32 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0425"
              "etiqueta" => "33"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Gene cloning&#44; overexpression&#44; and characterization of a xylanase from <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Penicillium</span> sp&#46; CGMCC 1669"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:8 [
                            0 => "W&#46; Liu"
                            1 => "P&#46; Shi"
                            2 => "Q&#46; Chen"
                            3 => "P&#46; Yang"
                            4 => "G&#46; Wang"
                            5 => "Y&#46; Wang"
                            6 => "H&#46; Luo"
                            7 => "B&#46; Yao"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/s12010-009-8719-4"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Appl Biochem Biotechnol"
                        "fecha" => "2010"
                        "volumen" => "162"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1"
                        "paginaFinal" => "12"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19626289"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            33 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0430"
              "etiqueta" => "34"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "O&#46;H&#46; Lowry"
                            1 => "N&#46;J&#46; Rosenbrough"
                            2 => "A&#46;L&#46; Farr"
                            3 => "R&#46;J&#46; Randall"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Biol Chem"
                        "fecha" => "1951"
                        "volumen" => "193"
                        "paginaInicial" => "265"
                        "paginaFinal" => "275"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            34 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0435"
              "etiqueta" => "35"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Xylanase production by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus niger</span> LPB 326 in solid-state fermentation using statistical experimental design"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:8 [
                            0 => "G&#46;M&#46; Maciel"
                            1 => "L&#46;P&#46; de Souza Vandenberghe"
                            2 => "C&#46;W&#46;I&#46; Haminiuk"
                            3 => "R&#46;C&#46; Fendrich"
                            4 => "B&#46;E&#46; Della Bianca"
                            5 => "T&#46;Q&#46; da Silva Brandalize"
                            6 => "A&#46; Pandey"
                            7 => "C&#46;R&#46; Soccol"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Food Technol Biotechnol"
                        "fecha" => "2008"
                        "volumen" => "46"
                        "paginaInicial" => "181"
                        "paginaFinal" => "187"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            35 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0440"
              "etiqueta" => "36"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Identification of a major xylanase from <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus flavus</span> as a 14-kD protein"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "J&#46;E&#46; Mellon"
                            1 => "P&#46;J&#46; Cotty"
                            2 => "K&#46;A&#46; Callicott"
                            3 => "H&#46; Abbas"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/s11046-011-9425-7"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Mycopathologia"
                        "fecha" => "2011"
                        "volumen" => "172"
                        "paginaInicial" => "299"
                        "paginaFinal" => "305"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21479830"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            36 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0445"
              "etiqueta" => "37"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Use of DNS for determination of reducing sugar"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "G&#46;L&#46; Miller"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Anal Chem"
                        "fecha" => "1959"
                        "volumen" => "31"
                        "paginaInicial" => "426"
                        "paginaFinal" => "428"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            37 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0450"
              "etiqueta" => "38"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Applied statistics and probability for engineers"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "D&#46;C&#46; Montgomery"
                            1 => "G&#46;C&#46; Runger"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:6 [
                        "edicion" => "3rd ed&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "1996"
                        "paginaInicial" => "525"
                        "paginaFinal" => "569"
                        "editorial" => "John Wiley &#38; Sons Inc&#46;"
                        "editorialLocalizacion" => "New York"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            38 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0455"
              "etiqueta" => "39"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Selection of thermophilic and thermotolerant fungi for the production of cellulases and xylanases under solid-state fermentation"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "M&#46;M&#46;S&#46; Moretti"
                            1 => "D&#46;A&#46; Bocchini-Martins"
                            2 => "R&#46; Da Silva"
                            3 => "A&#46; Rodrigues"
                            4 => "L&#46;D&#46; Sette"
                            5 => "E&#46; Gomes"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1590/S1517-838220120003000032"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Braz J Microbiol"
                        "fecha" => "2012"
                        "volumen" => "43"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1062"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1071"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24031929"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            39 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0460"
              "etiqueta" => "40"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Heterologous production and characterization of a thermostable GH10 family endo-xylanase from <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pycnoporus sanguineus</span> BAFC 2126"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "C&#46; Niderhaus"
                            1 => "M&#46; Garrido"
                            2 => "M&#46; Insani"
                            3 => "E&#46; Campos"
                            4 => "S&#46; Wirth"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Process Biochem"
                        "fecha" => "2018"
                        "volumen" => "67"
                        "paginaInicial" => "92"
                        "paginaFinal" => "98"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            40 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0465"
              "etiqueta" => "41"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Production of lignocellulose-degrading enzymes employing <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fusarium solani</span> F-552"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "S&#46; Obruca"
                            1 => "I&#46; Marova"
                            2 => "P&#46; Matouskova"
                            3 => "A&#46; Haronikova"
                            4 => "A&#46; Lichnova"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Folia Microbiol"
                        "fecha" => "2012"
                        "volumen" => "57"
                        "paginaInicial" => "221"
                        "paginaFinal" => "227"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            41 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0470"
              "etiqueta" => "42"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Recent process developments in solid-state fermentation"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "A&#46; Pandey"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Process Biochem"
                        "fecha" => "1992"
                        "volumen" => "27"
                        "paginaInicial" => "12"
                        "paginaFinal" => "17"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            42 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0475"
              "etiqueta" => "43"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Solid-state fermentation"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "A&#46; Pandey"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Biochem Eng J"
                        "fecha" => "2003"
                        "volumen" => "13"
                        "paginaInicial" => "81"
                        "paginaFinal" => "84"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            43 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0480"
              "etiqueta" => "44"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Optimization of xylanase production by filamentous fungi in solid-state fermentation and scale-up to horizontal tube bioreactor"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "N&#46; P&#233;rez-Rodr&#237;guez"
                            1 => "F&#46; Oliveira"
                            2 => "B&#46; P&#233;rez-Bibbins"
                            3 => "I&#46; Belo"
                            4 => "A&#46; Torrado Agrasar"
                            5 => "J&#46;M&#46; Dom&#237;nguez"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/s12010-014-0895-1"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Appl Biochem Biotechnol"
                        "fecha" => "2014"
                        "volumen" => "173"
                        "paginaInicial" => "803"
                        "paginaFinal" => "825"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24728763"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            44 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0485"
              "etiqueta" => "45"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Production of hydrolytic enzymes by solid-state fermentation with new fungal strains using orange by-products"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "J&#46;R&#46; Ramos-Ibarra"
                            1 => "C&#46; Miramontes"
                            2 => "A&#46; Arias"
                            3 => "E&#46; Arriola"
                            4 => "G&#46; Guatemala"
                            5 => "R&#46;I&#46; Corona Gonz&#225;lez"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Rev Mex Ing Qu&#237;m"
                        "fecha" => "2017"
                        "volumen" => "16"
                        "paginaInicial" => "19"
                        "paginaFinal" => "31"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            45 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0490"
              "etiqueta" => "46"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "A comparative study of taxol production in liquid and solid-state fermentation with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Nigrospora</span> sp&#46; a fungus isolated from <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Taxus globosa</span>"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:7 [
                            0 => "J&#46; Ruiz-Sanchez"
                            1 => "Z&#46;R&#46; Flores-Bustamante"
                            2 => "L&#46; Dendooven"
                            3 => "E&#46; Favela-Torres"
                            4 => "G&#46; Soca-Chafre"
                            5 => "J&#46; Galindez-Mayer"
                            6 => "L&#46;B&#46; Flores-Cotera"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04846.x"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Appl Microbiol"
                        "fecha" => "2010"
                        "volumen" => "109"
                        "paginaInicial" => "2144"
                        "paginaFinal" => "2150"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20846335"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            46 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0495"
              "etiqueta" => "47"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Characterization of cellulolytic and xylanolytic enzymes of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus licheniformis</span> JK7 isolated from the rumen of a native Korean goat"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "J&#46;K&#46; Seo"
                            1 => "T&#46;S&#46; Park"
                            2 => "I&#46; Kwon"
                            3 => "M&#46;Y&#46; Piao"
                            4 => "C&#46;H&#46; Lee"
                            5 => "J&#46;K&#46; Ha"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.5713/ajas.2012.12506"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Asian-Australas J Anim Sci"
                        "fecha" => "2013"
                        "volumen" => "26"
                        "paginaInicial" => "50"
                        "paginaFinal" => "58"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25049705"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            47 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0500"
              "etiqueta" => "48"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Regulation of transcription of cellulases and hemicellulases encoding genes in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus niger</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hypocrea jecorina</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichoderma reesei</span>&#41;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "A&#46;R&#46; Stricker"
                            1 => "R&#46;L&#46; Mach"
                            2 => "L&#46;H&#46; de Graaff"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/s00253-007-1322-0"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"
                        "fecha" => "2008"
                        "volumen" => "78"
                        "paginaInicial" => "211"
                        "paginaFinal" => "220"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18197406"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                        "itemHostRev" => array:3 [
                          "pii" => "S0890856709608972"
                          "estado" => "S300"
                          "issn" => "08908567"
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            48 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0505"
              "etiqueta" => "49"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Microbial xylanases and their industrial application in pulp and paper biobleaching&#58; a review"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "A&#46; Walia"
                            1 => "S&#46; Guleria"
                            2 => "P&#46; Mehta"
                            3 => "A&#46; Chauhan"
                            4 => "J&#46; Parkash"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/s13205-016-0584-6"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "3 Biotech"
                        "fecha" => "2017"
                        "volumen" => "7"
                        "paginaInicial" => "11"
                        "paginaFinal" => "13"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28391477"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            49 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0510"
              "etiqueta" => "50"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Optimization of &#946;-glucosidase &#946;-xylosidase and xylanase production by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Colletotrichum graminicola</span> under solid-state fermentation and application in raw sugarcane trash saccharification"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:9 [
                            0 => "A&#46;L&#46;R&#46;L&#46; Zimbardi"
                            1 => "C&#46; Sehn"
                            2 => "L&#46;P&#46; Meleiro"
                            3 => "F&#46;H&#46;M&#46; Souza"
                            4 => "D&#46;C&#46; Masui"
                            5 => "M&#46;S&#46;F&#46; Nozawa"
                            6 => "L&#46;H&#46;S&#46; Guimar&#227;es"
                            7 => "J&#46;A&#46; Jorge"
                            8 => "R&#46;P&#46;M&#46; Furriel"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.3390/ijms14022875"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Int J Mol Sci"
                        "fecha" => "2013"
                        "volumen" => "14"
                        "paginaInicial" => "2875"
                        "paginaFinal" => "2902"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23364611"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            50 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0515"
              "etiqueta" => "51"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Prediction of xylanase optimal temperature by support vector regression"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "G&#46; Zhang"
                            1 => "H&#46; Ge"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Electron J Biotechnol"
                        "fecha" => "2012"
                        "volumen" => "15"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1"
                        "paginaFinal" => "11"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            51 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0520"
              "etiqueta" => "52"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Impact of xylan on synergistic effects of xylanases and cellulases in enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocelluloses"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "J&#46; Zhang"
                            1 => "L&#46; Viikari"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/s12010-014-1140-7"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Appl Biochem Biotechnol"
                        "fecha" => "2014"
                        "volumen" => "174"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1393"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1402"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25113551"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                        "itemHostRev" => array:3 [
                          "pii" => "S108707921630137X"
                          "estado" => "S300"
                          "issn" => "10870792"
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "agradecimientos" => array:1 [
      0 => array:4 [
        "identificador" => "xack501432"
        "titulo" => "Acknowledgements"
        "texto" => "<p id="par0255" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This work was financially supported by the UMSNH and m3P foundation&#46; MAN held a CONACyT scholarship&#46;</p>"
        "vista" => "all"
      ]
    ]
  ]
  "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
  "url" => "/03257541/0000005200000004/v1_202012180643/S032575412030002X/v1_202012180643/en/main.assets"
  "Apartado" => array:4 [
    "identificador" => "37862"
    "tipo" => "SECCION"
    "en" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "Microbiolog&#237;a agr&#237;cola&#44; ambiental e industrial"
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
  ]
  "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/03257541/0000005200000004/v1_202012180643/S032575412030002X/v1_202012180643/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/"
  "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S032575412030002X?idApp=UINPBA00004N"
]

Article information

ISSN: 03257541
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.ram.2019.12.003

The statistics are updated each day

Year/Month	Html	Pdf	Total

2024 November	2	0	2
2024 October	19	9	28
2024 September	21	5	26
2024 August	23	1	24
2024 July	27	3	30
2024 June	27	5	32
2024 May	16	3	19
2024 April	18	10	28
2024 March	28	7	35
2024 February	19	6	25
2024 January	14	1	15
2023 December	15	3	18
2023 November	30	9	39
2023 October	34	9	43
2023 September	39	0	39
2023 August	27	4	31
2023 July	32	2	34
2023 June	54	5	59
2023 May	86	14	100
2023 April	74	10	84
2023 March	62	4	66
2023 February	24	2	26
2023 January	12	3	15
2022 December	13	11	24
2022 November	14	11	25
2022 October	19	6	25
2022 September	19	10	29
2022 August	13	10	23
2022 July	16	9	25
2022 June	15	9	24
2022 May	18	13	31
2022 April	20	18	38
2022 March	15	10	25
2022 February	13	7	20
2022 January	8	10	18
2021 December	17	11	28
2021 November	19	10	29
2021 October	17	8	25
2021 September	32	13	45
2021 August	29	10	39
2021 July	23	9	32
2021 June	8	8	16
2021 May	16	6	22
2021 April	23	19	42
2021 March	17	7	24
2021 February	24	29	53
2021 January	25	12	37
2020 December	7	10	17
2020 November	0	12	12
2020 October	0	6	6
2020 September	0	7	7
2020 August	0	14	14
2020 July	0	7	7
2020 June	0	13	13
2020 May	0	11	11
2020 April	0	13	13
2020 March	0	11	11

Show all

Indexed in:

Follow us:

Statistics

Indexed in:

Follow us:

Statistics

Subscribe to our newsletter