Evaluation and selection of culture media for the detection of auxin-like compounds and phosphate solubilization on soil yeasts

array:24 ["pii" => "S0325754120300614" "issn" => "03257541" "doi" => "10.1016/j.ram.2020.06.008" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2021-01-01" "aid" => "402" "copyright" => "Asociación Argentina de Microbiología" "copyrightAnyo" => "2020" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Rev Argent Microbiol. 2021;53:78-83" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "itemSiguiente" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S0325754120300262" "issn" => "03257541" "doi" => "10.1016/j.ram.2020.04.002" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2021-01-01" "aid" => "387" "copyright" => "Asociación Argentina de Microbiología" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "sco" "cita" => "Rev Argent Microbiol. 2021;53:84-5" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "en" => array:11 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Microbiological image" "titulo" => "Nematicidal effect of an Argentine strain of Photorhabdus laumondi laumondi (Enterobacteriaceae) on the free-living nematode Panagrellus redivivus (Rhabditidae: Panagrolaimidae)" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "84" "paginaFinal" => "85" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Efecto nematicida de una cepa argentina de Photorabdus laumondi laumondi (Enterobacteriaceae) sobre el nematodo de vida libre Panagrellus redivivus (Rhabditidae: Panagrolaimidae)" ] ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 887 "Ancho" => 1750 "Tamanyo" => 270241 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Nematicidal effect of P. laumondi laumondi LP1900 on the digestive tract of P. redivivus. (A) Both the intestine and the cuticle were intact in untreated nematodes. (B) A rupture in the cuticle near the basal bulb region can be observed on nematodes exposed to a 7-day-old culture of LP1900, spilling the internal contents of the organism. The musculature, from the stoma to the beginning of the basal bulb, showed signs of disintegration. (C, D) A similar effect was observed in the middle and posterior intestinal regions of other treated nematodes." ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Augusto Salas, María Fernanda Achinelly, Diego Herman Sauka" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Augusto" "apellidos" => "Salas" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "María Fernanda" "apellidos" => "Achinelly" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Diego Herman" "apellidos" => "Sauka" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0325754120300262?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/03257541/0000005300000001/v1_202103140751/S0325754120300262/v1_202103140751/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S0325754120300316" "issn" => "03257541" "doi" => "10.1016/j.ram.2019.11.006" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2021-01-01" "aid" => "392" "copyright" => "Asociación Argentina de Microbiología" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Rev Argent Microbiol. 2021;53:75-7" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "en" => array:14 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Brief report" "titulo" => "Cladosporium species causing “Cladosporium rot” on “Bosc” pear fruit in Argentina" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:3 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "en" 2 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "75" "paginaFinal" => "77" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Especies de Cladosporium causantes de podredumbre en peras «Bosc» en Argentina" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 560 "Ancho" => 750 "Tamanyo" => 42526 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "External symptoms of Cladosporium rot on Bosc pears." ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Temperini Carolina Virginia, Alonso Javier Néstor, Colodner Adrián Dario, Pose Graciela Noemí" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Temperini" "apellidos" => "Carolina Virginia" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Alonso" "apellidos" => "Javier Néstor" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Colodner" "apellidos" => "Adrián Dario" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Pose" "apellidos" => "Graciela Noemí" ] ] ] ] "resumen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Highlights" "clase" => "author-highlights" "resumen" => "<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005">•Cladosporium rot on Bosc pears has been reported in the valleys of Río Negro and Neuquén.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010">•Cladosporium macrocarpum, C. subtilissimum and C. floccosum were the species involved.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015">•This is the first report of identified Cladosporium species as involved in this pathology.</li></ul>" ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0325754120300316?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/03257541/0000005300000001/v1_202103140751/S0325754120300316/v1_202103140751/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:18 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Brief report" "titulo" => "Evaluation and selection of culture media for the detection of auxin-like compounds and phosphate solubilization on soil yeasts" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "78" "paginaFinal" => "83" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "María Cecilia Mestre, María Elena Severino, Sonia Fontenla" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "María Cecilia" "apellidos" => "Mestre" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "mariaceciliamestre@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "María Elena" "apellidos" => "Severino" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Sonia" "apellidos" => "Fontenla" "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "IPATEC (Universidad Nacional del Comahue-CONICET), Quintral 1250, Bariloche (8400), Río Negro, Argentina" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Laboratorio de Microbiología Aplicada y Biotecnología, Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Quintral 1250, Bariloche (8400), Río Negro, Argentina" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Laboratorio de Química Orgánica, Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche (CRUB), UNCO, Quintral 1250, Bariloche (8400), Río Negro, Argentina" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Evaluación y selección de medios de cultivo para detectar compuestos tipo auxinas y la solubilización de fosfato en levaduras de suelo" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "Physiological features associated with plant growth promotion commonly used on microorganism screening are production of auxin-like compounds, siderophores and polyamines, solubilization of inorganic-P, ACC-deaminase activity, and the ability of reducing pathogen growth.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">4</a> The study of plant growth promoting features in yeasts have drawn attention in recent years; however, it is a relatively unexplored subject. Published studies on yeasts have usually evaluated relevant features using media and methods developed for bacteria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075">1,5,11,12</a>. The selection of media for physiologic determination is not trivial, the use of inadequate medium could lead to overlook microorganisms with important biotechnological features. The present manuscript reports on the evaluation of different culture media mentioned in the literature and some new modifications, to propose reliable media for the detection of auxin-like compounds production and phosphate solubilization on yeast strains. Media evaluation was performed on four different yeasts including Basiodiomycota and Ascomycota strains: Tausonia pullulans CRUB 1772 and Lachancea nothofagi CRUB2011 were used for auxin-like compound production and inorganic-P solubilization; Candida saitoana CRUB 1770 was used for auxin-like compounds production and Saccharomyces eubayanus CRUB 2014 for inorganic-P solubilization. All yeasts are deposited at the Yeast Collection of Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche, Universidad Nacional del Comahue. T. pullulans and C. saitoana were previously described as potential plant growth promoting yeasts or PGPY<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115">9</a>, as auxine-like compound producer and inorganic P solubilizers, respectively. L. nothofagi, a novel species from Patagonia, and S. eubayanus showed positive results for organic acid production<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110">8,10</a>, a proxy for inorganic P-solubilization.The most widely used technique for the detection of auxin-like compounds is based on colorimetric estimation of 3-indoleacetic acid (IAA) on culture supernatant<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">6</a>. Several IAA biosynthetic pathways, both tryptophan-dependent and independent, have been proposed<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">3</a>. Yeast studies used the same colorimetric estimation of IAA on different liquid media with or without tryptophan: glucose peptone broth<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125">11</a>, YPD<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0095">5,12,14</a> and DEV<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120">10</a>. In order to analyze the appropriate medium for yeasts, two in vitro analyses were done. A first experiment, YPD (yeast extract 10g/l, soy peptone 20g/l, dextrose 20g/) and DEV (NaCl 5g/l, soy peptone 10g/l) were evaluated in their typical composition with or without tryptophan (0.1%, Trp). A second experiment was performed using a modified composition on both media, by adjusting glucose concentration (5g/l): adding glucose to DEV (DEV+glu) and reducing glucose concentration in YPD (YPD-glu). In both experiments, tubes containing 1.8ml of liquid medium were inoculated with 0.2ml of a cell suspension (NaCl 0.85% in water; DO600nm=0.3). Cultures were incubated for 7 days at 20°C, in triplicate. Determinations of culture growth were performed by measuring absorbance at 600nm. Detection of auxin-like compounds was performed using Salkowski's reagent (12g/l FeCl3, 7.9M H2SO4) and absorbance determination at 530nm<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">6</a>. Auxin-like compounds production was calculated using a reference curve with commercial IAA (Sigma), informed as IAA units (mM). Statistical analysis was performed using R software. The effect of media composition on yeast growth and auxin-like compound production was evaluated using the Kruskal–Wallis and Kruskal multiple comparison post hoc tests. All yeast cultures with positive growth were compared (10 levels for the independent variable). Auxin-like compound production results from the second experiment were Log10-transformed to fit the assumption for the statistical analysis. All yeast cultures with positive growth were compared (12 levels for the independent variable) The well-known PGPR bacterium Azospirillum brasilense (Az39) was used as positive control for the colorimetric technique; however, it was not included in the statistical analysis.The results of yeast growth and auxin-like compound production obtained are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>. In the first experiment, the growth of yeasts was different on the four media tested. Three yeasts showed very weak growth on DEV-based media. L. nothofagi and T. pullulans grew at a much higher level on YPD-based media than on DEV-based media, while C. saitoana showed no growth on YPD-based media. As a general feature, yeast growth using DEV as base medium was lower than YPD, probably due to the dextrose content. In this experiment, T. pullulans CRUB1772 was the only yeast that was able to produce auxin-like compounds on DEV and YPD-based media with tryptophan, while the other yeasts showed little or no production at all (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>). In the second experiment, both media were modified to contain the same final dextrose concentration (0.5%); as a result, the growth of all yeasts was enhanced on DEV+glu media and only C. saitoana and T. pullulans improved growth on YPD-glu media. The detection of auxin-like compounds was possible on all yeast cultures, while the production levels differed among yeasts. Auxin-like compound production was improved on media with tryptophan compared with media without tryptophan, which indicates that tryptophan is needed to produce these compounds. L. nothofagi seems to be a poor producer of auxin-like compounds. C. saitoana and T. pullulans auxin-like compound production was highest on DEV+glu+Trp media. These yeasts seem to produce auxin-like compounds even at relatively low levels of growth: DO600nm was 0.271 and 0.475 for C. saitoana and T. pullulans, respectively. T. pullulans seems to be a good producer of auxin-like compounds on any base media when tryptophan is added (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>) compared with the other two yeasts. The auxin-like compound production level of yeasts on any media was lower than the control (bacterial strain Az39). Nevertheless, the levels of production were higher on DEV+glu+Trp than YPD-glu+Trp, even when low growth of the bacteria was registered (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>). The negative result of auxin-like compound production on DEV media from the first experiment could be attributed to the low growth of yeasts. We addressed this fact in the second experiment by modifying the dextrose concentration. Autoclaved YPD sometimes exhibited a darker color which varied depending on the medium batch and could interfere with determinations. We reduced color variation in the second experiment by modifying the dextrose content. We propose the use of DEV+glu+Trp medium for auxin-like compound production screening on yeasts due to higher production, simple composition and lack of color change during the autoclave procedure.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Inorganic P-solubilization by microorganisms is mostly attributed to the production of organic acids. The released P results from either lowering pH, chelation of cations or complexation of metal bonds to P, or from competition for P-absorption sites in soil<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135">13</a>. The most widely used method for the detection of inorganic P-solubilization rely on the formation of a clear halo surrounding the colonies growing on the solid medium with tricalcium phosphate [Ca3(PO4)2]. Some researchers have resisted the use of tricalcium phosphate as sole selection factor and proposed the simultaneous use of diverse P-insoluble compounds<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">2</a>. The most commonly used medium to test phosphate solubilization ability on yeasts is Pikovskaya<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075">1,5,12</a> and YPD in previous works<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115">9</a>. In the present study four media were tested: Pikovskaya [PKV: MgSO4·7H2O 0.15g/l, MnSO4·4H2O (10% v/v) 0.15ml/l; (NH4)2SO4 0.75g/l, KCl 0.3g/l, yeast extract 0.75g/l glucose 15g/l and agar 15g/l]; YPD (yeast extract 10g/l, soy peptone 20g/l, dextrose 20g/l); CPM medium (yeast extract 5g/l, glucose 50g/l and agar 15g/l) and modified CPM with lower glucose content (20g/l) called CPM-glu; 0.5% of HCaPO4 was added to all media. Custer's Phosphate Medium (CPM) is based on Custer's Chalk Medium, used for the determination of organic acid production in the physiological identification of yeasts using CaCO3<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">7</a>; here chalk was exchanged for HCaPO4. The solubility of HCaPO4 in water (0.02g/100ml) is higher than in Ca3(PO4)2 (0.002g/100ml) or CaCO3 (0.0013g/ml), used in the Custer's chalk medium. The use of HCaPO4 allowed us to search for a medium to be used as a base for testing different P-insoluble compounds in short term cultures. Triplicate plates were inoculated with a 10μl drop of a cell suspension (NaCl 0.85% in water; DO600nm=0.3), incubated for 7 days at 20°C and examined daily. Positive results were observed as clear halos around the yeast colony. Semi-quantitative determination was performed comparing colony and halo diameter. The yield of HCaPO4 solubilization (%YP) was determined as: [(halo diameter−colony diameter)/colony diameter]×100. Statistical analysis was performed using R-software. All yeast cultures with positive halo formation were compared. The effect of media composition on colony diameter (yeast growth) and solubilization halo diameter was evaluated using the Kruskal–Wallis test and the Kruskal multiple comparison post hoc test (nine levels). Solubilization yield results were square-root transformed to fit a two-way ANOVA (independent factors used were yeast strain and medium) assumption, followed by the post hoc Tukey test. Pseudomonas protegens Cha0 was used as positive control for the detection; however, it was not included in the statistical analysis.The results for colony diameter (yeast growth), halo diameter and percentage yield obtained are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>. All yeasts and the bacterial control were able to grow on the four media tested. Yeast colony diameters on PKV plates were the smallest compared to the other 3 media, which showed low growth. After 72h incubation, halos formed by yeasts were observed on CPM, CPM-glu and PKV media but they were absent on YPD medium. Halos produced by yeasts on the CPM-glu medium were difficult to measure due to their small diameter and diffuse borders. CPM and PKV media showed visible solubilization halos and yield was similar on both media for ascomycetous yeasts L. nothofagi and S. eubayanus. For these yeasts, the CPM medium allowed a better halo identification (color and borders) than PKV at 72h. T. pullulans’ halos on PKV medium were similar to those formed on CPM. Bacterial control strains P. protegens Cha0 showed the best results for solubilization yield and halo diameter on PKV (most commonly used media for bacterial screenings). CPM medium seems to be a good alternative when performing screening studies that include yeasts (Basidiomycota and Ascomycota) and bacteria due to a high level of yield for all the strains tested. Solubilization yield increased with time; however, the risk of plate contamination also increased. When using Ca3(PO4)2, halo development takes one or two weeks due to low solubility (unpublished results). The results presented here allowed us to select the CPM medium for phosphate solubilization screening on yeasts in short periods of time. If other P-insoluble compounds were used, a longer period of incubation should be considered.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia>Several media have been used for the detection of plant growth promoting (PGP) features on yeasts and most of them were initially developed for bacterial studies. The present report searches for the best suitable media for detection of auxin-like compounds production and inorganic-P solubilization on yeasts. Already published and newly proposed media, as well as yeasts with different genetic backgrounds were used for the comparison. Media were selected based on the adequate growth of yeasts and reliable recognition of the studied features either by an easy detection of the metabolite (color or halo production) or simple medium preparation (low number of reagents and regular autoclaving). We propose the use of the DEV+glu medium with tryptophan to identify auxin-like compound producers; and the CPM medium (a variation of the Custer's Chalk Medium) as base-medium to identify yeasts capable of inorganic-P solubilization.Conflict of interestThe authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.FundingThis work was supported by FONCYT2014-PICT1839 and PFIP-ESPRO2013 (Disp. 007/13) from the MINCyT Argentina." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:7 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1480275" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1348109" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1480276" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1348108" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 6 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2019-09-17" "fechaAceptado" => "2020-06-17" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1348109" "palabras" => array:2 [ 0 => "PGPY" 1 => "Plant growth promoter" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1348108" "palabras" => array:2 [ 0 => "PGPY" 1 => "Promotores del crecimiento vegetal" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "The detection of characteristics associated with plant growth promotion has been studied frequently on bacteria and some of these detection methods were also used on yeasts. Sometimes, these methods, designed for prokaryotes, were used with no prior analysis regarding growth and production on eukaryotes. The aim of the present study was to assess and select the best suitable media for the detection of auxin-like compound production and inorganic-P solubilization on yeast strains. Already published media and new formulations, as well as yeasts with different genetic backgrounds were used for the comparison. Media were selected based on the adequate growth of yeast strains and reliable recognition of the studied features either by an easy detection of the metabolite (color or halo production) or simple medium preparation (low number of reagent and regular autoclaving). We propose here the use of the new DEV medium with glucose and with tryptophan to identify auxin-like compounds producers; and CPM medium (a variation from Custer's Chalk Medium) as base medium to identify yeasts capable of inorganic-P solubilization." ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "La detección de características relacionadas con la promoción del crecimiento vegetal ha sido estudiada frecuentemente en bacterias; algunos de los métodos de detección también han sido usados en levaduras. En muchos casos, estos métodos se utilizaron en levaduras sin haber hecho análisis previos respecto de cómo funcionan para el crecimiento y la producción de compuestos por parte de estos eucariotas. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar y seleccionar los medios de cultivo adecuados para detectar solubilización de P inorgánico y producción de compuestos de tipo auxinas en levaduras. Para ello se utilizaron diferentes levaduras y se realizaron comparaciones empleando medios de cultivos conocidos y nuevas formulaciones adaptadas al crecimiento de las levaduras. Los medios de cultivo fueron seleccionados sobre la base del crecimiento adecuado de las levaduras y el reconocimiento fiable de los rasgos estudiados, ya sea por una determinación simple del metabolito (producción de color y halos) o por la sencillez en la preparación del medio de cultivo. Se propone aquí el uso del medio DEV adicionado con glucosa más triptófano para identificar levaduras productoras de compuestos de tipo auxinas y del medio CPM (una variación del medio Custer's con carbonato de calcio) como medio base para identificar levaduras capaces de solubilizar P inorgánico." ] ] "multimedia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "(A): Ascomycota; (B): Basidiomycota; −: negative; nd: not detected. Letters indicate different homogenous groups calculated by the KW multiple comparison test among yeast cultures (10 in experiment I and 12 in experiment II), for growth and auxin-like compounds individually. Bold characters correspond to highest level of production." "tablatextoimagen" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Experiment I \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Growth (absorbance 600nm)</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Auxin-like compound production (AIA mM)</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Medium \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">L. nothofagi CRUB2011 (A) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">C. saitoana CRUB1770 (A) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">T. pullulans CRUB1772 (B) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">L. nothofagi CRUB2011 (A) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">C. saitoana CRUB1770 (A) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">T. pullulans CRUB1772 (B) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">DEV \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.041±0.019 f \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.049±0.006 f \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.080±0.014 e \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">− \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">− \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.001±0.000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">DEV+Trp \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.043±0.009 f \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.042±0.018 f \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.105±0.036 de \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">− \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">− \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.017±0.006 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">DEV+Trp/DEV \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">13.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">YPD \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.278±0.037 a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">nd \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.341±0.044 bc \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">− \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.001±0.002 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">YPD+Trp \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.237±0.019 ab \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">nd \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.217±0.022 cd \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.002±0.002 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.038±0.017 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">YPD+Trp/YPD \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">31.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2547168.png" ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Experiment II \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Growth (absorbance 600nm)</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="5" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Auxin-like compound production (AIA mM)</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Medium \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">L. nothofagi CRUB2011 (A) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">C. saitoana CRUB1770 (A) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">T. pullulans CRUB 1772 (B) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">A. brasilense Az39 (control) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">L. nothofagi CRUB2011 (A) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">C. saitoana CRUB1770 (A) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">T. pullulans CRUB 1772 (B) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">A. brasilense Az39 (control) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">DEV+glu \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.882±0.026 a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.820±0.120 ab \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.501±0.051 c \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.468±0.014 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.003±0.002 de \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.003±0.001 e \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.001±0.000 f \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.009±0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">DEV+glu+Trp \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.788±0.009 b \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.271±0.060 d \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.475±0.094 c \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.456±0.066 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.007±0.001 cd \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.027±0.007 ab \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.036±0.008 a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.126±0.015 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">DEV+glu+Trp/DEV+glu \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">36.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">14.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">YPD-glu \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.880±0.048 a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.291±0.115 d \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.758±0.087 b \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.805±0.150 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.001±0.000 f \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.004±0.001 e \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.004±0.001 e \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.002±0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">YPD-glu+Trp \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.834±0.022 ab \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.206±0.023 d \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.482±0.045 c \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.942±0.103 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.004±0.001 cd \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.010±0.003 bc \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.030±0.004 ab \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.082±0.024 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">YPD+glu+Trp/YPD+glu \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">43.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2547169.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Growth and auxin-like compounds production of yeasts on different culture media. Variables are expressed as mean±standard deviation." ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at2" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "nd: not detected. (A): Ascomycota; (B): Basidiomycota. Letters indicate different homogenous groups calculated by the KW multiple comparison test among nine yeast cultures. Capital letters indicate different homogenous groups calculated by the Tukey test." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Medium \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="4" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Colony diameter (mm)</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="4" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Halo diameter (mm)</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="4" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">% Yield</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">T. pullulans CRUB 1772 (B) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">L. nothofagui CRUB2011 (A) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">S. eubayanus CRUB2014 (A) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">P. protegens Cha0 (control) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">T. pullulans CRUB 1772 (B) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">L. nothofagui CRUB2011 (A) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">S. eubayanus CRUB2014 (A) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">P. protegens Cha0 (control) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">T. pullulans CRUB 1772 (B) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">L. nothofagui CRUB2011 (A) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">S. eubayanus CRUB2014 (A) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">P. protegens Cha0 (control) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">CPM \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.8±0.3 ab \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.2±0.8 ab \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6.8±0.3 bc \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6.0±0.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">16.0±0.0 b \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">15.2±4.6 b \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">16.8±0.3 a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">13.7±0.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">104±8 a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">112±16 a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">147±6 a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">128±10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">CPM-glu \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.0±0.0 a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.5±1.5 ab \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.7±0.6 ab \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6.7±0.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10.7±0.6 de \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9.7±1.2 ef \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9.5±0.5 f \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">17.7±1.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">33±7 b \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">31±17 b \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">24±12 b \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">165±7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">PKV \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.3±0.6 d \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6.2±0.3 cd \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.8±0.3 d \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6.7±1.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.7±0.6 g \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">13.3±0.3 c \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">11.7±1.2 cd \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">18.3±1.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">44±14 b \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">117±17 a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">100±17 a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">179±40 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">YPD \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9.0±0.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.0±0.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.7±0.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.3±0.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.0±0.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.0±0.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.0±0.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12.0±1.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">nd \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">nd \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">nd \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">44±16 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2547170.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Growth and phosphate solubilization on yeast cultures after 72h of incubation. 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Evaluación y selección de medios de cultivo para detectar compuestos tipo auxinas y la solubilización de fosfato en levaduras de suelo

María Cecilia Mestrea,b,

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mariaceciliamestre@gmail.com

Corresponding author.

, María Elena Severinoc, Sonia Fontenlaa,b

a IPATEC (Universidad Nacional del Comahue-CONICET), Quintral 1250, Bariloche (8400), Río Negro, Argentina

b Laboratorio de Microbiología Aplicada y Biotecnología, Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Quintral 1250, Bariloche (8400), Río Negro, Argentina

c Laboratorio de Química Orgánica, Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche (CRUB), UNCO, Quintral 1250, Bariloche (8400), Río Negro, Argentina

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            "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Nematicidal effect of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P&#46; laumondi laumondi</span> LP1900 on the digestive tract of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P&#46; redivivus</span>&#46; &#40;A&#41; Both the intestine and the cuticle were intact in untreated nematodes&#46; &#40;B&#41; A rupture in the cuticle near the basal bulb region can be observed on nematodes exposed to a 7-day-old culture of LP1900&#44; spilling the internal contents of the organism&#46; The musculature&#44; from the stoma to the beginning of the basal bulb&#44; showed signs of disintegration&#46; &#40;C&#44; D&#41; A similar effect was observed in the middle and posterior intestinal regions of other treated nematodes&#46;</p>"
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          "autoresLista" => "Augusto Salas, Mar&#237;a Fernanda Achinelly, Diego Herman Sauka"
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    "doi" => "10.1016/j.ram.2019.11.006"
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      "titulo" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cladosporium</span> species causing &#8220;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cladosporium</span> rot&#8221; on &#8220;Bosc&#8221; pear fruit in Argentina"
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            "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">External symptoms of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cladosporium</span> rot on Bosc pears&#46;</p>"
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          "autoresLista" => "Temperini Carolina Virginia, Alonso Javier N&#233;stor, Colodner Adri&#225;n Dario, Pose Graciela Noem&#237;"
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              "nombre" => "Temperini"
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          "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cladosporium</span> rot on Bosc pears has been reported in the valleys of R&#237;o Negro and Neuqu&#233;n&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cladosporium macrocarpum</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; subtilissimum</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; floccosum</span> were the species involved&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This is the first report of identified <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cladosporium</span> species as involved in this pathology&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span>"
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    "titulo" => "Evaluation and selection of culture media for the detection of auxin-like compounds and phosphate solubilization on soil yeasts"
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        "titulo" => "Evaluaci&#243;n y selecci&#243;n de medios de cultivo para detectar compuestos tipo auxinas y la solubilizaci&#243;n de fosfato en levaduras de suelo"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Physiological features associated with plant growth promotion commonly used on microorganism screening are production of auxin-like compounds&#44; siderophores and polyamines&#44; solubilization of inorganic-P&#44; ACC-deaminase activity&#44; and the ability of reducing pathogen growth&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> The study of plant growth promoting features in yeasts have drawn attention in recent years&#59; however&#44; it is a relatively unexplored subject&#46; Published studies on yeasts have usually evaluated relevant features using media and methods developed for bacteria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;5&#44;11&#44;12</span></a>&#46; The selection of media for physiologic determination is not trivial&#44; the use of inadequate medium could lead to overlook microorganisms with important biotechnological features&#46; The present manuscript reports on the evaluation of different culture media mentioned in the literature and some new modifications&#44; to propose reliable media for the detection of auxin-like compounds production and phosphate solubilization on yeast strains&#46; Media evaluation was performed on four different yeasts including Basiodiomycota and Ascomycota strains&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tausonia pullulans</span> CRUB 1772 and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Lachancea nothofagi</span> CRUB2011 were used for auxin-like compound production and inorganic-P solubilization&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida saitoana</span> CRUB 1770 was used for auxin-like compounds production and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Saccharomyces eubayanus</span> CRUB 2014 for inorganic-P solubilization&#46; All yeasts are deposited at the Yeast Collection of Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche&#44; Universidad Nacional del Comahue&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; pullulans</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; saitoana</span> were previously described as potential plant growth promoting yeasts or PGPY<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#44; as auxine-like compound producer and inorganic P solubilizers&#44; respectively&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">L&#46; nothofagi</span>&#44; a novel species from Patagonia&#44; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S&#46; eubayanus</span> showed positive results for organic acid production<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;10</span></a>&#44; a proxy for inorganic P-solubilization&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The most widely used technique for the detection of auxin-like compounds is based on colorimetric estimation of 3-indoleacetic acid &#40;IAA&#41; on culture supernatant<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#46; Several IAA biosynthetic pathways&#44; both tryptophan-dependent and independent&#44; have been proposed<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#46; Yeast studies used the same colorimetric estimation of IAA on different liquid media with or without tryptophan&#58; glucose peptone broth<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#44; YPD<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;12&#44;14</span></a> and DEV<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#46; In order to analyze the appropriate medium for yeasts&#44; two in vitro analyses were done&#46; A first experiment&#44; YPD &#40;yeast extract 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;l&#44; soy peptone 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;l&#44; dextrose 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;&#41; and DEV &#40;NaCl 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;l&#44; soy peptone 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;l&#41; were evaluated in their typical composition with or without tryptophan &#40;0&#46;1&#37;&#44; Trp&#41;&#46; A second experiment was performed using a modified composition on both media&#44; by adjusting glucose concentration &#40;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;l&#41;&#58; adding glucose to DEV &#40;DEV&#43;glu&#41; and reducing glucose concentration in YPD &#40;YPD-glu&#41;&#46; In both experiments&#44; tubes containing 1&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml of liquid medium were inoculated with 0&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml of a cell suspension &#40;NaCl 0&#46;85&#37; in water&#59; DO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">600<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;3&#41;&#46; Cultures were incubated for 7 days at 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#44; in triplicate&#46; Determinations of culture growth were performed by measuring absorbance at 600<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm&#46; Detection of auxin-like compounds was performed using Salkowski&#39;s reagent &#40;12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;l FeCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>&#44; 7&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>M H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>SO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#41; and absorbance determination at 530<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#46; Auxin-like compounds production was calculated using a reference curve with commercial IAA &#40;Sigma&#41;&#44; informed as IAA units &#40;mM&#41;&#46; Statistical analysis was performed using R software&#46; The effect of media composition on yeast growth and auxin-like compound production was evaluated using the Kruskal&#8211;Wallis and Kruskal multiple comparison post hoc tests&#46; All yeast cultures with positive growth were compared &#40;10 levels for the independent variable&#41;&#46; Auxin-like compound production results from the second experiment were Log10-transformed to fit the assumption for the statistical analysis&#46; All yeast cultures with positive growth were compared &#40;12 levels for the independent variable&#41; The well-known PGPR bacterium <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Azospirillum brasilense</span> &#40;Az39&#41; was used as positive control for the colorimetric technique&#59; however&#44; it was not included in the statistical analysis&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results of yeast growth and auxin-like compound production obtained are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46; In the first experiment&#44; the growth of yeasts was different on the four media tested&#46; Three yeasts showed very weak growth on DEV-based media&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">L&#46; nothofagi</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; pullulans</span> grew at a much higher level on YPD-based media than on DEV-based media&#44; while <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; saitoana</span> showed no growth on YPD-based media&#46; As a general feature&#44; yeast growth using DEV as base medium was lower than YPD&#44; probably due to the dextrose content&#46; In this experiment&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; pullulans</span> CRUB1772 was the only yeast that was able to produce auxin-like compounds on DEV and YPD-based media with tryptophan&#44; while the other yeasts showed little or no production at all &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; In the second experiment&#44; both media were modified to contain the same final dextrose concentration &#40;0&#46;5&#37;&#41;&#59; as a result&#44; the growth of all yeasts was enhanced on DEV&#43;glu media and only <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; saitoana</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; pullulans</span> improved growth on YPD-glu media&#46; The detection of auxin-like compounds was possible on all yeast cultures&#44; while the production levels differed among yeasts&#46; Auxin-like compound production was improved on media with tryptophan compared with media without tryptophan&#44; which indicates that tryptophan is needed to produce these compounds&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">L&#46; nothofagi</span> seems to be a poor producer of auxin-like compounds&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; saitoana</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; pullulans</span> auxin-like compound production was highest on DEV&#43;glu&#43;Trp media&#46; These yeasts seem to produce auxin-like compounds even at relatively low levels of growth&#58; DO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">600nm</span> was 0&#46;271 and 0&#46;475 for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; saitoana</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; pullulans</span>&#44; respectively&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; pullulans</span> seems to be a good producer of auxin-like compounds on any base media when tryptophan is added &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41; compared with the other two yeasts&#46; The auxin-like compound production level of yeasts on any media was lower than the control &#40;bacterial strain Az39&#41;&#46; Nevertheless&#44; the levels of production were higher on DEV&#43;glu&#43;Trp than YPD-glu&#43;Trp&#44; even when low growth of the bacteria was registered &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; The negative result of auxin-like compound production on DEV media from the first experiment could be attributed to the low growth of yeasts&#46; We addressed this fact in the second experiment by modifying the dextrose concentration&#46; Autoclaved YPD sometimes exhibited a darker color which varied depending on the medium batch and could interfere with determinations&#46; We reduced color variation in the second experiment by modifying the dextrose content&#46; We propose the use of DEV&#43;glu&#43;Trp medium for auxin-like compound production screening on yeasts due to higher production&#44; simple composition and lack of color change during the autoclave procedure&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Inorganic P-solubilization by microorganisms is mostly attributed to the production of organic acids&#46; The released P results from either lowering pH&#44; chelation of cations or complexation of metal bonds to P&#44; or from competition for P-absorption sites in soil<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&#46; The most widely used method for the detection of inorganic P-solubilization rely on the formation of a clear halo surrounding the colonies growing on the solid medium with tricalcium phosphate &#91;Ca<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>&#40;PO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#93;&#46; Some researchers have resisted the use of tricalcium phosphate as sole selection factor and proposed the simultaneous use of diverse P-insoluble compounds<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#46; The most commonly used medium to test phosphate solubilization ability on yeasts is Pikovskaya<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;5&#44;12</span></a> and YPD in previous works<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#46; In the present study four media were tested&#58; Pikovskaya &#91;PKV&#58; MgSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#183;7H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O 0&#46;15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;l&#44; MnSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#183;4H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O &#40;10&#37; v&#47;v&#41; 0&#46;15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;l&#59; &#40;NH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>SO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> 0&#46;75<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;l&#44; KCl 0&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;l&#44; yeast extract 0&#46;75<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;l glucose 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;l and agar 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;l&#93;&#59; YPD &#40;yeast extract 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;l&#44; soy peptone 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;l&#44; dextrose 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;l&#41;&#59; CPM medium &#40;yeast extract 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;l&#44; glucose 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;l and agar 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;l&#41; and modified CPM with lower glucose content &#40;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;l&#41; called CPM-glu&#59; 0&#46;5&#37; of HCaPO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> was added to all media&#46; Custer&#39;s Phosphate Medium &#40;CPM&#41; is based on Custer&#39;s Chalk Medium&#44; used for the determination of organic acid production in the physiological identification of yeasts using CaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&#59; here chalk was exchanged for HCaPO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#46; The solubility of HCaPO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> in water &#40;0&#46;02<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#41; is higher than in Ca<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>&#40;PO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#40;0&#46;002<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#41; or CaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> &#40;0&#46;0013<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;ml&#41;&#44; used in the Custer&#39;s chalk medium&#46; The use of HCaPO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> allowed us to search for a medium to be used as a base for testing different P-insoluble compounds in short term cultures&#46; Triplicate plates were inoculated with a 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;l drop of a cell suspension &#40;NaCl 0&#46;85&#37; in water&#59; DO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">600<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;3&#41;&#44; incubated for 7 days at 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C and examined daily&#46; Positive results were observed as clear halos around the yeast colony&#46; Semi-quantitative determination was performed comparing colony and halo diameter&#46; The yield of HCaPO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> solubilization &#40;&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Y</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">P</span>&#41; was determined as&#58; &#91;&#40;halo diameter<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>colony diameter&#41;&#47;colony diameter&#93;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>100&#46; Statistical analysis was performed using R-software&#46; All yeast cultures with positive halo formation were compared&#46; The effect of media composition on colony diameter &#40;yeast growth&#41; and solubilization halo diameter was evaluated using the Kruskal&#8211;Wallis test and the Kruskal multiple comparison post hoc test &#40;nine levels&#41;&#46; Solubilization yield results were square-root transformed to fit a two-way ANOVA &#40;independent factors used were yeast strain and medium&#41; assumption&#44; followed by the post hoc Tukey test&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pseudomonas protegens</span> Cha0 was used as positive control for the detection&#59; however&#44; it was not included in the statistical analysis&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results for colony diameter &#40;yeast growth&#41;&#44; halo diameter and percentage yield obtained are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#46; All yeasts and the bacterial control were able to grow on the four media tested&#46; Yeast colony diameters on PKV plates were the smallest compared to the other 3 media&#44; which showed low growth&#46; After 72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h incubation&#44; halos formed by yeasts were observed on CPM&#44; CPM-glu and PKV media but they were absent on YPD medium&#46; Halos produced by yeasts on the CPM-glu medium were difficult to measure due to their small diameter and diffuse borders&#46; CPM and PKV media showed visible solubilization halos and yield was similar on both media for ascomycetous yeasts <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">L&#46; nothofagi</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S&#46; eubayanus</span>&#46; For these yeasts&#44; the CPM medium allowed a better halo identification &#40;color and borders&#41; than PKV at 72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; pullulans&#8217;</span> halos on PKV medium were similar to those formed on CPM&#46; Bacterial control strains <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P&#46; protegens</span> Cha0 showed the best results for solubilization yield and halo diameter on PKV &#40;most commonly used media for bacterial screenings&#41;&#46; CPM medium seems to be a good alternative when performing screening studies that include yeasts &#40;Basidiomycota and Ascomycota&#41; and bacteria due to a high level of yield for all the strains tested&#46; Solubilization yield increased with time&#59; however&#44; the risk of plate contamination also increased&#46; When using Ca<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>&#40;PO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#44; halo development takes one or two weeks due to low solubility &#40;unpublished results&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleInf">&#46;</span> The results presented here allowed us to select the CPM medium for phosphate solubilization screening on yeasts in short periods of time&#46; If other P-insoluble compounds were used&#44; a longer period of incubation should be considered&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Several media have been used for the detection of plant growth promoting &#40;PGP&#41; features on yeasts and most of them were initially developed for bacterial studies&#46; The present report searches for the best suitable media for detection of auxin-like compounds production and inorganic-P solubilization on yeasts&#46; Already published and newly proposed media&#44; as well as yeasts with different genetic backgrounds were used for the comparison&#46; Media were selected based on the adequate growth of yeasts and reliable recognition of the studied features either by an easy detection of the metabolite &#40;color or halo production&#41; or simple medium preparation &#40;low number of reagents and regular autoclaving&#41;&#46; We propose the use of the DEV&#43;glu medium with tryptophan to identify auxin-like compound producers&#59; and the CPM medium &#40;a variation of the Custer&#39;s Chalk Medium&#41; as base-medium to identify yeasts capable of inorganic-P solubilization&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Funding</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This work was supported by FONCYT2014-PICT1839 and PFIP-ESPRO2013 &#40;Disp&#46; 007&#47;13&#41; from the <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs1">MINCyT Argentina</span>&#46;</p></span></span>"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2019-09-17"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The detection of characteristics associated with plant growth promotion has been studied frequently on bacteria and some of these detection methods were also used on yeasts&#46; Sometimes&#44; these methods&#44; designed for prokaryotes&#44; were used with no prior analysis regarding growth and production on eukaryotes&#46; The aim of the present study was to assess and select the best suitable media for the detection of auxin-like compound production and inorganic-P solubilization on yeast strains&#46; Already published media and new formulations&#44; as well as yeasts with different genetic backgrounds were used for the comparison&#46; Media were selected based on the adequate growth of yeast strains and reliable recognition of the studied features either by an easy detection of the metabolite &#40;color or halo production&#41; or simple medium preparation &#40;low number of reagent and regular autoclaving&#41;&#46; We propose here the use of the new DEV medium with glucose and with tryptophan to identify auxin-like compounds producers&#59; and CPM medium &#40;a variation from Custer&#39;s Chalk Medium&#41; as base medium to identify yeasts capable of inorganic-P solubilization&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La detecci&#243;n de caracter&#237;sticas relacionadas con la promoci&#243;n del crecimiento vegetal ha sido estudiada frecuentemente en bacterias&#59; algunos de los m&#233;todos de detecci&#243;n tambi&#233;n han sido usados en levaduras&#46; En muchos casos&#44; estos m&#233;todos se utilizaron en levaduras sin haber hecho an&#225;lisis previos respecto de c&#243;mo funcionan para el crecimiento y la producci&#243;n de compuestos por parte de estos eucariotas&#46; El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar y seleccionar los medios de cultivo adecuados para detectar solubilizaci&#243;n de P inorg&#225;nico y producci&#243;n de compuestos de tipo auxinas en levaduras&#46; Para ello se utilizaron diferentes levaduras y se realizaron comparaciones empleando medios de cultivos conocidos y nuevas formulaciones adaptadas al crecimiento de las levaduras&#46; Los medios de cultivo fueron seleccionados sobre la base del crecimiento adecuado de las levaduras y el reconocimiento fiable de los rasgos estudiados&#44; ya sea por una determinaci&#243;n simple del metabolito &#40;producci&#243;n de color y halos&#41; o por la sencillez en la preparaci&#243;n del medio de cultivo&#46; Se propone aqu&#237; el uso del medio DEV adicionado con glucosa m&#225;s tript&#243;fano para identificar levaduras productoras de compuestos de tipo auxinas y del medio CPM &#40;una variaci&#243;n del medio Custer&#39;s con carbonato de calcio&#41; como medio base para identificar levaduras capaces de solubilizar P inorg&#225;nico&#46;</p></span>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#40;A&#41;&#58; Ascomycota&#59; &#40;B&#41;&#58; Basidiomycota&#59; &#8722;&#58; negative&#59; nd&#58; not detected&#46; Letters indicate different homogenous groups calculated by the KW multiple comparison test among yeast cultures &#40;10 in experiment I and 12 in experiment II&#41;&#44; for growth and auxin-like compounds individually&#46; Bold characters correspond to highest level of production&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Experiment I&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Growth &#40;absorbance 600<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm&#41;</th><th class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">YPD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">YPD&#43;Trp&#47;YPD</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  """
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Experiment II&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Growth &#40;absorbance 600<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm&#41;</th><th class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Auxin-like compound production &#40;AIA mM&#41;</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Medium&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; brasilense</span> Az39 &#40;control&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">L&#46; nothofagi</span> CRUB2011 &#40;A&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; saitoana</span> CRUB1770 &#40;A&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; pullulans</span> CRUB 1772 &#40;B&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; brasilense</span> Az39 &#40;control&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;271<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;060 d&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;126<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;015&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">DEV&#43;glu&#43;Trp&#47;DEV&#43;glu</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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Article information

ISSN: 03257541
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.ram.2020.06.008

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Year/Month	Html	Pdf	Total

2024 November	2	1	3
2024 October	34	11	45
2024 September	49	6	55
2024 August	39	11	50
2024 July	34	3	37
2024 June	28	5	33
2024 May	49	4	53
2024 April	32	3	35
2024 March	46	4	50
2024 February	42	5	47
2024 January	57	6	63
2023 December	57	13	70
2023 November	49	5	54
2023 October	64	5	69
2023 September	54	5	59
2023 August	49	3	52
2023 July	43	1	44
2023 June	46	8	54
2023 May	67	8	75
2023 April	45	8	53
2023 March	34	17	51
2023 February	40	7	47
2023 January	42	5	47
2022 December	53	19	72
2022 November	48	16	64
2022 October	41	12	53
2022 September	43	18	61
2022 August	28	11	39
2022 July	29	15	44
2022 June	19	12	31
2022 May	32	11	43
2022 April	29	11	40
2022 March	41	24	65
2022 February	28	16	44
2022 January	23	20	43
2021 December	19	19	38
2021 November	15	25	40
2021 October	13	11	24
2021 September	20	11	31
2021 August	41	8	49
2021 July	9	11	20
2021 June	18	11	29
2021 May	27	8	35
2021 April	78	22	100
2021 March	16	9	25
2021 February	3	10	13
2021 January	2	10	12
2020 December	2	9	11
2020 November	2	4	6
2020 October	2	9	11
2020 September	5	13	18

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