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Inicio Revista Colombiana de Reumatología Interstitial lung disease in primary Sjögren's syndrome
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Vol. 31. Issue S1.
Interstitial Lung Disease Associated with Autoimmune Diseases
Pages S123-S131 (April 2024)
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Vol. 31. Issue S1.
Interstitial Lung Disease Associated with Autoimmune Diseases
Pages S123-S131 (April 2024)
Review Article
Interstitial lung disease in primary Sjögren's syndrome
Enfermedad pulmonar intersticial en el síndrome de Sjögren primario
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425
Santiago Auteria,b,
Corresponding author
santiagoauteri@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Anastasia Seccoc,d
a Specialized Multidisciplinary Clinic in IPF at the Maria Ferrer Respiratory Rehabilitation Hospital, CABA, Argentina
b Pulmonology Department and Pulmonary Fibrosis Clinic at Sanatorio de la Mujer, Rosario, Argentina
c Rheumatology Section, Bernardino Rivadavia Hospital, CABA, Argentina
d Coordination of the Sjögren Syndrome Study Group at the Argentine Society of Rheumatology and the Pan-American League of Rheumatology, Argentina
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Table 1. Definition of progressive pulmonary fibrosis.
Table 2. Studies with pharmacological therapy in Sjögren syndrome-associated interstitial lung disease.
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Special issue
This article is part of special issue:
Vol. 31. Issue S1

Interstitial Lung Disease Associated with Autoimmune Diseases

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Abstract

Interstitial lung disease is a common complication of Sjögren's syndrome that can occur at diagnosis or during follow-up. To detect it, complete pulmonary function studies should be performed, including spirometry, measurement of lung volumes, and DLCO, with the latter being the most sensitive parameter for detecting the presence of the disease. High-resolution computed tomography is essential for the study. Sixty percent of patients present a single tomographic pattern, with non-specific interstitial pneumonia being the most frequent pattern, followed by usual interstitial pneumonia pattern. Mortality is high, being higher in those with lower forced vital capacity, lower DLCO, and higher fibrosis score on chest computed tomography. Currently, there are two international guidelines for the treatment of pulmonary manifestations of Sjögren, but recommendations are based on low-quality scientific evidence. A stepwise approach is suggested, initially with glucocorticoids, then immunosuppressants, and in refractory or severe cases, considering other agents such as rituximab. The use of antifibrotic medication is recommended in patients who develop progressive pulmonary fibrosis as defined by current criteria. It is important to bear in mind that although non-specific interstitial pneumonia is considered a pattern where inflammation predominates, there may be progression to progressive pulmonary fibrosis in some cases. Lung transplantation and oxygen therapy may be options for selected patients. The relevance of an interdisciplinary team approach to achieve adequate diagnosis and treatment of patients is highlighted.

Keywords:
Sjogren's syndrome
Lung diseases, Interstitial
Autoimmunity
ILD screening
Tomography, X-ray computed, high-resolution
Treatment outcome
Resumen

La enfermedad pulmonar intersticial es una complicación común del síndrome de Sjögren, la cual puede aparecer al diagnóstico o durante el seguimiento de dicho síndrome. Para detectarla es necesario llevar a cabo estudios de función pulmonar completos, que incluyan espirometría, medición de volúmenes pulmonares y prueba de difusión de monóxido de carbono (DLCO, por su abreviatura en inglés), siendo este último el parámetro más sensible para detectar la presencia de la enfermedad. La tomografía computarizada de alta resolución es esencial para el estudio. El 60% de los pacientes presentan un único patrón tomográfico; el patrón de neumonía intersticial no específica es el más frecuente, seguido por el patrón de neumonía intersticial usual. La mortalidad es elevada, siendo mayor en aquellos con menor capacidad vital forzada, menor DLCO y mayor score de fibrosis en la tomografía computarizada de tórax. En la actualidad, hay 2 guías internacionales para el tratamiento de las manifestaciones pulmonares del Sjögren, pero las recomendaciones se basan en evidencia científica de baja calidad. Se sugiere un abordaje escalonado, inicialmente con corticoides, luego inmunosupresores y en casos refractarios o severos es preciso considerar otros agentes como el rituximab. El uso de medicación antifibrótica se recomienda en los pacientes que tengan una evolución con criterios de fibrosis pulmonar progresiva. Es importante considerar que, aun cuando la neumonía intersticial no específica se considera un patrón donde predomina la inflamación, en algunos casos puede haber progresión a fibrosis pulmonar progresiva. El trasplante de pulmón y la oxigenoterapia pueden ser opciones para pacientes seleccionados. Se destaca la relevancia de contar con un enfoque de equipo interdisciplinario para lograr un diagnóstico y un tratamiento adecuados para los pacientes.

Palabras clave:
Síndrome de Sjögren
Enfermedades pulmonares intersticiales
Autoinmunidad
Tamizaje masivo
Tomografía computarizada de alta resolución
Tratamiento

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