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Inicio Revista Española de Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatología Utilización de la capacidad de calcificación y osificación de la pared arteri...
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Vol. 49. Issue 6.
Pages 450-462 (January 2005)
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Vol. 49. Issue 6.
Pages 450-462 (January 2005)
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Utilización de la capacidad de calcificación y osificación de la pared arterial para conseguir regeneración ósea completa en defectos de huesos largos*
Use of the calcification and ossification capacity of arterial walls to achieve bone regeneration in complete defects of long bones
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M.A. Suárez-Suáreza,b,
Corresponding author
miguel.suarez@sespa.princast.es

Correspondencia: Servicio de Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatología. Hospital de Cabueñes-Gijón. C/ Los Prados, 395. 33203 Gijón.
, A. Murcia-Mazóna,b, J.C. de Vicente-Rodríguezb,c, P. Menéndez-Rodríguezd, M.A. del Brío-Leóne, P. Riera-Rovirae
a Servicio de Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatología. Hospital de Cabueñes-Gijón. Gijón
b Departamento de Cirugía y Especialidades Médico-Quirúrgicas. Universidad de Oviedo. Oviedo
c Servicio de Cirugía Oral y Máxilo-Facial. Hospital Central de Asturias. Oviedo
d Servicio de Anatomía Patológica II. Hospital Central de Asturias. Oviedo
e Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular. Universidad de Oviedo. Oviedo
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Objetivo

Evaluar el uso de aloinjertos arteriales criopreservados como membranas de regeneración ósea guiada en defectos de hueso largo.

Material y método

Estudio experimental, prospectivo, aleatorizado y ciego. Se crearon defectos osteoperiósticos de 10 mm de longitud en el tercio medio de la diáfisis del radio de conejos de raza blanca de Nueva Zelanda. En los casos experimentales el defecto se aisló de los tejidos circundantes con un aloinjerto aórtico criopreservado, conforme a las técnicas de regeneración tisular guiada. En los controles no se colocó ningún tipo de membrana.

Resultados

No se obtuvo curación del defecto en ningún control. En 9 de los 10 defectos experimentales se observó una regeneración ósea completa, con un patrón similar al del hueso sano en los estudios con técnicas de diagnóstico por imagen, de cuantificación morfodensitométrica y de microscopía óptica y electrónica. Además, los estudios morfológicos y ultraestructurales han mostrado imágenes sugerentes de que los propios aloinjertos aórticos criopreservados pueden haber contribuido a la regeneración ósea en el defecto, por diferenciación osteoblástica de las «células calcificantes vasculares» de la pared arterial (una subpoblación de musculares lisas de la pared arterial que algunos autores consideran células madre adultas) y/o por calcificación u osificación inducida por alteraciones en las proteínas de la matriz extracelular arterial.

Conclusiones

Es posible utilizar aloinjertos arteriales criopreservados como membranas de osteopromoción para conseguir regeneración ósea completa en defectos diafisarios de hueso largo, siendo una alternativa al uso de membranas sintéticas.

Palabras clave:
regeneración ósea
regeneración tisular guiada
osteopromoción
calcificación arterial
Aim

To assess the use of cryopreserved arterial allograft membranes in guided bone regeneration (GBR) in bone defects of long bones.

Materials and methods

Prospective randomized blind study using white New Zealand rabbits as an animal model. Bone and periosteum defects 10 mm in length were created in the middle third of the shaft of the radius of white New Zealand rabbits.

In the rabbits in the study group the bone defect was isolated from surrounding tissues with a membrane of cryopreserved aortic allograft according to guided tissue regeneration (GTR) techniques.

In the rabbits in the control group no membrane was used.

Results

The defect did not heal in any of the rabbits in the control group. In 9 out of 10 of the rabbits in the study group there was complete bone regeneration. The regenerated bone had a similar pattern to that of healthy bone in diagnostic images, in morpho-densitometric quantification studies and when seen using light and electron microscopes. Morphological and microscopic images suggest that cryopreserved aortic allografts may have contributed to bone regeneration in the defect area by osteoblastic differentiation of calcifying vascular cells (CVC) of the arterial walls and/or by calcification or ossification induced by alterations of proteins of the arterial extracellular matrix.

Calcifying vascular cells are a sub-population of smooth muscle cells of the arterial walls that are considered to be adult stem cells by some authors.

Conclusions

It is possible to use cryopreserved arterial allografts as membranes to promote bone growth and achieve complete bone regeneration in long bone shaft defects. These membranes can be used as an alternative to synthetic membranes.

Key words:
bone regeneration
guided tissue regeneration
osteopromotion
arterial calcification
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Premio Fundación SECOT-Mapfre 2004 a trabajos relacionados con la Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatología.

Copyright © 2005. Sociedad Española de Cirugia Ortopédica y Traumatología (SECOT)
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