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Vol. 53. Issue 2.
Pages 113-119 (March - April 2009)
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Vol. 53. Issue 2.
Pages 113-119 (March - April 2009)
Review article
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The unstable knee prosthesis
La prótesis total de rodilla inestable
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E.C. Rodríguez-Merchán
Corresponding author
, O.I. García-Tovar
Department of Orthropedic and Trauma Surgery, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
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Abstract

Prosthetic instability is the third most frequent cause for the failure of total knee replacement (TKR), which leads to between 10% and 22% of surgical revisions. In addition to individual factors such as previous instabilities or deformities, an associated neuromuscular condition, rheumatoid arthritis or obesity, the main causes for prosthetic instability are related to errors in selecting the primary prosthesis or mistakes in the surgical technique, i.e. inadequate bone resections, failure to obtain an appropriate joint balance with symmetrical flexion and extension gaps, causing a iatrogenic laxity, etc. - all of them easily preventable. In order to successfully correct these instabilities, it is indispensable to identify its causes so as to be able to address and thereby avoid repeating the same mistakes that provoked them in the first place. As, the majority of cases will require surgical treatment and prosthetic revision, in this study we carry out an analysis of the different models available. As a general rule, we recommend the use of a prosthetic model with the minimum constraint necessary to achieve stability, taking into account that a posterostabilized prosthesis may be able to address a flexion instability, although it cannot compensate for a medial-lateral instability, and that even if a highly constrained prosthesis can compensate for both instabilities initially, in the long term it can lead to mechanical complications.

Keywords:
Knee: Prosthesis
Total
Instability
Treatment
Resumen

La inestabilidad protésica es la tercera causa más frecuente de fallo de una prótesis total de rodilla (PTR). Entre el 10 y el 22% de las revisiones quirúrgicas se deben a esta causa. Además de factores individuales, como inestabilidades o deformidades previas, afección neuromuscular concomitante, artritis reumatoide u obesidad, las principales causas se deben a errores en la selección de la prótesis primaria o a defectos en la técnica quirúrgica, como inadecuadas resecciones óseas, no obtener un apropiado balance con espacio simétrico en extensión y flexión o producir una laxitud iatrogénica, por lo que pueden ser prevenibles. Para obtener un buen resultado en su corrección es imprescindible identificar la causa de la inestabilidad a fin de actuar sobre ella y no repetir los errores que la produjeron. La mayoría de los casos requerirán tratamiento quirúrgico y recambio protésico, por lo que en este artículo realizamos un análisis de los distintos modelos disponibles. Como regla general recomendamos utilizar un modelo de prótesis con la mínima constricción necesaria para lograr la estabilidad, teniendo en cuenta que una prótesis estabilizada posterior puede solucionar una inestabilidad en flexión, aunque no compensa una inestabilidad medio-lateral, y que si bien una prótesis altamente constreñida compensa inicialmente ambas inestabilidades, a largo plazo pueden producir complicaciones mecánicas.

Palabras clave:
Rodilla
Prótesis
Total
Inestabilidad
Tratamiento
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Copyright © 2009. Sociedad Española de Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatología (SECOT). All rights reserved
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